Capture of Fez (1576)

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Capture of Fez
Part of the Conflicts between the Regency of Algiers and Morocco
Ottoman miniature depicting the capture of Fez under the command of Ramazan Pasha, Beylerbey of Algiers..jpg
Ottoman miniature depicting the capture of Fez under the command of Ramazan Pasha, Beylerbey of Algiers.
DateMarch 1576
Location
Fez
34°18′N4°54′W / 34.3°N 4.9°W / 34.3; -4.9
Result

Regency of Algiers victory

  • Forces of the Regency of Algiers capture Fez and Marrakesh [1] [2] [3]
  • Abd al-Malek assumes rule over the Saadian domain acknowledging Ottoman authority [4] [5] [6] [7]
Belligerents
Saadi Sultanate Regency of Algiers
Kingdom of Kuku
Commanders and leaders
Muhammad al-Mutawakkil Abd al-Malek
Ramazan Pasha
Units involved
Makhzania:
Jazulas
Andalusians		 Janissaries
Zwawas
Strength
Turkish sources: 60,000 [8] [9] Turkish sources: 14,700 [8]
Casualties and losses
Unknown Unknown
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Red pog.svg
Capture of Fez
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Location of capture of Fez

The Capture of Fez took place in 1576 at Fez, when forces operating from the Regency of Algiers supported the Saadian prince Abd al-Malik in securing the Saadian throne against his nephew and rival claimant, Muhammad al-Mutawakkil. This support was linked to a political arrangement in which Abd al-Malik publicly acknowledged Ottoman supremacy in political practice. [10] [3]

Contents

Background

The Saadian ruler Abdallah al-Ghalib is reported to have remitted regular payments to Ottoman authorities in a tributary arrangement, and his successor al-Mutawakkil entered into an accommodation with Murad III that involved ongoing remittances. These arrangements, however, did not prevent the Regency of Algiers, acting within an Ottoman imperial context, from supporting Abd al-Malik’s competing claim. [11]

During his exile, Abd al-Malik learned Turkish, adopted Ottoman dress, and moved within the Janissary forcesa and became a trusted member of the Ottomans. [2] He petitioned Murad III for assistance in pressing his claim to the Saadian throne and presented recognition of Ottoman supremacy as part of the political terms for such support. [2]

Battle

In 1576 an Regency of Algiers forces, commanded by Ramazan Pasha and accompanied by Abd al-Malik, departed Algiers (in present-day Algeria) to support his accession. [3] [12] Its forces reportedly included a contingent of Janissaries, about 1,000 Zwawas from the polity of Kuku, [13] and additional troops under Abd al-Malik’s command. [14] A decisive engagement took place at al-Rukn, near Fez (in present-day Morocco), [15] [10] [12] in which al-Mutawakkil was defeated, reportedly in part because al-Dughali, commander of his Andalusian contingents, withdrew or defected on the eve of battle. [12] [2]

Abd al-Malik entered Fez on 11 March 1576. [15] Al-Mutawakkil fled toward Marrakesh, suffered further defeat, and ultimately sought refuge in the Sous. [15] [2] After taking power, Abd al-Malik publicly acknowledged Ottoman supremacy. [4] [5] [6] Murad III’s name was proclaimed in the Friday khutba and struck on coinage, both recognized markers of political authority and hierarchical recognition in Islamic political life. [16]

Aftermath

Once established at Fez, Abd al-Malik recognized the Ottoman Sultan Murad III as Caliph, and reorganized his army along Ottoman lines and adopted Ottoman customs, yet he negotiated for the Ottoman troops to leave his domain in exchange for a large payment in gold. This suggests that he envisioned a more autonomous tributary status than the Ottoman Sultan may have anticipated. [2] [3] At his request, a smaller force, reported as 300 Janissaries and 1,000 Zwawas, remained at Fez as a guard attached to the ruler. [13] The two-year reign of Abd al-Malik was a period of pronounced Ottoman influence, during which the Saadian ruler acknowledged the authority of the Ottoman Sultan. [4]

Abd al-Malik sent remittances to Ottoman authorities; the first is reported as 200,000 gold coins. [17] [18] In a letter to the qaʾid of Tetouan dated 18 March 1576, he described himself as "servant of the Ottoman Sultan, and Sovereign of the Moors, of Fez, Marrakesh, the Souss, and Taroudant". [19] : 302  He also pursued administrative and military reorganization, drawing on Ottoman personnel and expertise; sources report the arrival of Turkish officers, technicians, and craftsmen into his service. [18] His reign intensified Ottoman influence in military organization, titulature, and courtly practice, a practise that continued, in modified form, under his successor Ahmad al-Mansur. [20] [21] [22]

Meanwhile, al-Mutawakkil fled first to what is now Spain and then to Portugal, where King Sebastian promised support for an attempt to recover the throne. This led to the Portuguese expedition of 1578 and the Battle of Ksar al-Kabir (also known as the Battle of the Three Kings), a major Portuguese defeat that contributed to the dynastic crisis culminating in the Iberian Union of 1580. Before the battle, Abd al-Malik had acknowledged the suzerainty of the Ottomans. [23]

Abd al-Malik was succeeded by his brother Ahmad al-Mansur, who initially maintained forms of recognition toward the Ottoman ruler, before progressively recalibrating the relationship in subsequent years and reducing outward markers of subordination to the Ottomans. [24] [25]

Notes

  1. ↑ هيسبريس تمودا Volume 29, Issue 1 Editions techniques nord-africaines, 1991
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates, Professor Henry Louis Jr. (2012-02-02). Dictionary of African Biography. Oxford University Press. p. 23. ISBN   978-0-19-538207-5.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Levtzion, Nehemia (1977). "The Western Maghrib and Sudan" . In Oliver, Roland (ed.). The Cambridge History of Africa, vol. 3: From c.1050 to c.1600. Cambridge University Press. p.  408. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521209816.007. ISBN   9780521209816.
  4. 1 2 3 Barletta, Vincent (2010-05-15). Death in Babylon: Alexander the Great and Iberian Empire in the Muslim Orient: Pages 82 and 104. University of Chicago Press. p. 82. ISBN   978-0-226-03739-4.
  5. 1 2 Langues et littératures. Faculté des lettres et des sciences humaines. November 27, 1981.
  6. 1 2 Youssef Benoudjit Dahlab (1997). La Kalaa des Béni Abbès au XVIe siècle. Dahlab. p. 276. ISBN   978-9961-61-132-6.
  7. ↑ Terrasse, M. (2001). Islam et Occident méditerranéen: de la conquête aux Ottomans. Collection "Orientations et méthodes" (in French). Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques (CTHS). p. 289. ISBN   978-2-7355-0442-8.
  8. 1 2 Önalp, Ertuğrul. Osmanlının güney seferleri: XVI. yüzyılda Hint okyanusu'nda Türk-Portekiz mücadelesi. Berikan Yayınevi, 2010.
  9. ↑ Büyüktuğrul, Afif. Osmanli deniz harp tarihi. T.C. Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı, 1970.
  10. 1 2 The Stukeley plays: The Battle of Alcazar by George Peele Charles Edelman p.13
  11. ↑ Belleten. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1996. Page 380: “Murad'ın ( 1574 sonu ) yıllık vergi verme konusunda, şartlarını kabul zorunda kalmışur . Buna rağmen verilen ta'viz yine de Osmanlı Sultanı'nın el - Mütevekkil'e karşı amcası Abdülmelik'i desteklemesini engelleyememiş“
  12. 1 2 3 Hess, Andrew C. (2010). The Forgotten Frontier: A History of the Sixteenth-century Ibero-African Frontier. University of Chicago Press. p. 96. ISBN   9780226330310.
  13. 1 2 Hugh Roberts (2014). Berber Government The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 175. ISBN   978-0-85773-689-5.
  14. ↑ Hess, Andrew (1978). The Forgotten Frontier : A History of the Sixteenth-Century Ibero-African Frontier. University of Chicago Press. p. 96. ISBN   9780226330310.
  15. 1 2 3 Véronne, Chantal de la (2012). "Saʿdids". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill.
  16. ↑ Itzkowitz, Norman. Ottoman empire and Islamic tradition. University of Chicago Press, 2008.
  17. ↑ Öztuna, Yılmaz. Osmanli devleti tarihi. No. 1. Faisal Finans Kurumu, 1986. Page 272: “İlk yillik vergi olmak üzere Istanbul'a 200.000 altın gönderdi ve Sultan Murad'ın sådık bir bendesi olduğunu bildirdi . Osmanlı teşkilâtını örnek alarak Fas ordu ve yönetiminde reforma başladı“
  18. 1 2 Öztuna, Yılmaz. Türk tarihinden yapraklar. Vol. 11. Ötüken Neşriyat AŞ, 1969.
  19. ↑ Ceran, İsmail. Vâdilmehâzin Savaşı (4 Ağustos 1578). Belleten. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1996. “Abdülmelik, 18 Mart 1576 (983) tarihinde Tetuan kaidi Ahmed Mulay el-Fedhol'a yazdığı mektubunda şu ifadeler ile; "Osmanlı Sultanı'nın hâdimi,”
  20. ↑ García-Arenal, Mercedes. 2006. Messianism and puritanical reform: Mahdīs of the Muslim west. Leiden: Brill.
  21. ↑ Reviving the Islamic Caliphate in Early Modern Morocco. Stephen Cory. Routledge. 8 Apr 2016.
  22. ↑ Vincent Barletta (2010). Death in Babylon Alexander the Great and Iberian Empire in the Muslim Orient. University of Chicago Press. p. 104. ISBN   978-0-226-03739-4.
  23. ↑ Berthier, Pierre. La bataille de l'Oued el-Makhâzen: dite bataille des Trois Rois (4 aout 1578). Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, 1985.
  24. ↑ Rivet, Daniel (2012). Histoire du Maroc: de Moulay Idrîs à Mohammed VI. Fayard
  25. ↑ A Struggle for the Sahara:Idrīs ibn ‘Alī’s Embassy toAḥmad al-Manṣūr in the Context ofBorno-Morocco-Ottoman Relations, 1577-1583 Rémi Dewière Université de Paris Panthéon Sorbonne
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