List of wars involving the Democratic Republic of the Congo

This is a list of wars involving the Democratic Republic of the Congo .

Congo Free State (1885–1908)

Conflict	Combatants		Result	Sovereign
Stairs Expedition (1891–1892)	Congo Free State	Yeke Kingdom	Victory Msiri killed, end of the Yeke Kingdom	Leopold II of Belgium
Congo–Arab War (1892–1894)	Congo Free State Supported by: Belgium	Sultanate of Utetera Arab-Swahili sultanates in Eastern Congo Supported by: Sultanate of Zanzibar Sultanate of Muscat	Congo Free State victory
Batetela Rebellion (1895–1908)	Congo Free State	Tetela rebels	Victory
Mahdist War (1881–1899)	United Kingdom  •  Egypt  •  India [1]  • Canada [2] [3]  • New South Wales [4]   Italy [5]  • Eritrea   Ethiopia Congo Free State	Mahdist State	Allied victory Sudanese invasions of neighbours repelled Establishment of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, a polity jointly ruled by Britain and Egypt Kassala temporarily occupied by Italy Congo secures the Lado Enclave until 1910

Belgian Congo (1908–1960)

Main article: List of wars involving Belgium

Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) (1960–1971)

Conflict	Combatants		Result	President
Congo Crisis (1960–1965)	1960–1963: Republic of the Congo Supported by: Soviet Union (1960) ONUC [a]	1960–1963: Katanga South Kasai Supported by: Belgium [b] 1960–1962: Free Republic of the Congo Supported by: Soviet Union	West-Congolese victory(Phase 1) Katanga and South Kasai reincorporated into the Congo, Stanleyville government exiled	Joseph Kasa-Vubu
	1963–1965: Democratic Republic of the Congo United States Belgium Supported by: ONUC (1964)	1963–1965: Kwilu and Simba rebels Supported by: Soviet Union China Cuba	Government victory(Phase 2) Defeat of the Simba Rebellion The Congo established as an independent unitary state under the authoritarian presidency of Mobutu Sese Seko.
First Stanleyville Mutiny (1966)	Congo-Léopoldville	Mutineers	Victory Mutiny crushed	Mobutu Sese Seko
Second Stanleyville Mutiny (1967)	Congo-Léopoldville	Mutineers	Victory Mutiny crushed

Zaire (1971–1997)

Conflict	Combatants		Result	President
Angolan Civil War (1975)	Democratic People's Republic of Angola UNITA FNLA (from 1975) South Africa (from 1975) Zaire (1975) [10] [11] FLEC	People's Republic of Angola MPLA Cuba (from 1975) SWAPO (from 1975) [12] ANC (from 1975) [13] [12] Executive Outcomes (until 1995) [14] FLNC (from 1975) [15] [11] Military advisers and pilots: Soviet Union (from 1975) [16] [17] East Germany (from 1975)	MPLA victory	Mobutu Sese Seko
Shaba I (1977)	Zaire Morocco Egypt France Belgium Supported by: United States Saudi Arabia Sudan [18] Nigeria [19] [20]	Congolese National Liberation Front (FNLC) Supported by: Angola Cuba Soviet Union East Germany [21]	Zairian victory FNLC expelled from Shaba
Shaba II (1978)	Zaire France Belgium Morocco United States	FNLC	Zairian victory Mutual end of support for other nations' rebel groups
Chadian–Libyan Conflict (1978–1987)	Anti-Libyan Chadian factions FAT (1978–1979) FAN (1978–1983) FANT (1983–1987) GUNT (1986–1987) France Inter-African Force Zaire Nigeria Senegal NFSL Supported by: DR Sudan (1978–1985) [22] Sudan (1985–1987) [22] Egypt (1977-1981) [22] Israel [23] Iraq [24] Algeria (pre-reapproachment) [25] United States [26]	Libya Islamic Legion [22] Pro-Libyan Chadian factions FROLINAT GUNT (1979–1986) Codos (1983–1986) FAP (1978–1986) Pro-Libyan Palestinian and Lebanese groups [27] PLO (1987) [28] [29] Abu Nidal Organization [27] Supported by: Algeria [30] East Germany Soviet Union	Chadian and French victory Chad regains control of the Aouzou Strip.
Rwandan Civil War (1990–1994)	Rwanda Zaire (1990) France	Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF)	Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) victory
First Congo War (1996–1997)	Zaire FAZ White Legion Sudan [31] Chad [32] Ex-FAR/ALiR Interahamwe CNDD-FDD [33] UNITA [34] ADF [35] FLNC [36] LRA [37] UNRF II Supported by: France Central African Republic China [38] Israel [38] Kuwait (denied) [38] Mai-Mai [c]	AFDL Rwanda Uganda [42] Burundi [43] Angola [43] SPLA [31] Eritrea [44] Supported by: South Africa [45] Zambia [46] Zimbabwe [45] Ethiopia [47] Tanzania United States (covertly) [48] Mai-Mai [c]	AFDL victory Overthrow of the Mobutu regime Zaire renamed back to the Democratic Republic of the Congo Installation of Laurent-Désiré Kabila as president Beginning of Second Congo War

Democratic Republic of the Congo (from 1997)

Conflict	Combatants		Result	President
Congo-Brazzaville Civil War (1997–1999)	Armed Forces of the Republic of the Congo (to October 1997) Cocoye Militia Ninja Militia Nsiloulou Militia Supported by: Jonas Savimbi FLEC [49] Supported by: DR Congo	Armed Forces of the Republic of the Congo (from October 1997) Cobra Militia Rwandan Hutu Militia Angola [50] Chad	Nguesso loyalist victory Denis Sassou Nguesso returns to power	Laurent-Désiré Kabila
Ituri conflict (1972-2003)	Hema ethnic group: UPC RCD/K-ML FAPC Uganda [51] DR Congo (FARDC) UN (MONUC) EU (Artemis)	Lendu ethnic group: FNI FRPI CODECO FPJC Mai-Mai Simba ADF IS-CAP Mai-Mai Kyandenga [52]	Ongoing [53]	Joseph Kabila (2001–2019) Félix Tshisekedi (since 2019)
Second Congo War (1998–2003)	Pro-government: DR Congo   Angola   Chad   Namibia   Zimbabwe   Sudan (alleged) Anti-Ugandan forces: LRA ADF UNRF II FNI Anti-Rwandan militias: FDLR ALiR Interahamwe RDR Mai-Mai Other Hutu-aligned forces Anti-Burundi militias: CNDD-FDD FROLINA	Rwandan-aligned militias: RCD RCD-Goma Banyamulenge Ugandan-aligned militias: MLC Forces for Renewal UPC Other Tutsi-aligned forces Anti-Angolan forces: UNITA Foreign state actors:   Uganda Rwanda   Burundi Libya (alleged) [54]	Military stalemate Assassination of Laurent-Désiré Kabila Sun City Agreement Creation of a unified, multi-party government in DR Congo, with Joseph Kabila as president Pretoria Accord; Rwandan withdrawal from DR Congo in exchange for commitment towards the disarmament of Hutu militias. The Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo is established, deployment of MONUC. End of the Angolan Civil War. Continuation of the Ituri conflict. Start of the Kivu conflict.	Laurent-Désiré Kabila
Kivu Conflict (2004– present)	Pro-government: DR Congo Wazalendo (March 2024–) NDC-R   Burundi MONUSCO Angola Zimbabwe Botswana (against FNL and FNL–Nzabampema) Supported by: France Belgium Bulgaria [55] Horațiu Potra's Mercenary Legion (until 31 Jan 2025)	Rwandan-aligned militias: CNDP M23 Banyamulenge Twigwaneho Gumino Ugandan-aligned militias: FPRI FPLC FPDC Foreign state actors:   Uganda   Rwanda Anti-Ugandan forces: IS-CAP [56] ADF-Baluku ADF-Mukulu Mai-Mai Kyandenga UPLC Anti-Rwandan militias: FDLR RUD Other Hutu-aligned forces Nyatura Anti-Burundi militias: RED-Tabara FNL Mai-Mai militias: NDC-R (until March 2024) FPP-AP AFRC RNL Mazembe Kifuafua Simba MAC Raia Mutomboki Buhirwa Kidjangala Fuliru Mai-Mai Makanaki Biloze Bishambuke CNPSC Alaise CODECO (in Ituri) Chini ya Kilima–FPIC (in Ituri) Zaïre-FPAC (in Ituri)	Ongoing FARDC victory against the CNDP in 2009 and the M23 movement in 2012 CNDP becomes a political party in the DRC M23 movement signs peace agreement with the DRC government; renews fighting in 2022 Conflict breaks out between Rwanda and the Congo in 2022 FDLR, Mai-Mai militias and other armed groups still active in Eastern DRC UN and FARDC begin operation to defeat the FDLR and their allies at the start of 2015	Joseph Kabila
LRA Insurgency (1987–2024)	Uganda Zaire (until 1997) DR Congo (1997–2024) Central African Republic (2008–2024) [57] South Sudan   Arrow Boys   UFDR MONUC [58] Russia (2024) Wagner Group [59] Supported by: United States (2011–2017) [60] [61] [62] North Korea (until 1990s)	Lord's Resistance Army Supported by: Sudan (1994–2002) [63] Allied Democratic Forces	DR Congo government victory Founder and leader of the LRA Joseph Kony goes into hiding Senior LRA commander Dominic Ongwen surrenders to American forces in the Central African Republic [64] [65] Majority of LRA installations and encampments located in South Sudan and Uganda abandoned and dismantled The remaining LRA units were destroyed by 2024 [66]
Dongo Rebellion (2009)	Democratic Republic of the Congo Supported by: MONUC Rwanda (alleged)	Lobala rebels Possibly: Resistance Patriots of Dongo	Victory Rwandan-Congolese forces recaptured Dongo
Katanga Insurgency (1963–present)	Congo-Léopoldville (until 1971) Zaire (1971–1997) DR Congo (from 1997) ONUC (until 1964) MONUSCO (since 1999) Local self-defence groups [67]	Katangese rebels: Katangese Gendarmerie (1960s) FLNC (1967–1991) Mai Mai Kata Katanga (since 2011) Mai Mai Gédéon CORAK CPK Alleged Support: FARDC elements [68] Katangese businessmen [68] FDLR Mai Mai Yakutumba CNPSC	Ongoing
M23 Rebellion (2012–2013)	Democratic Republic of the Congo MONUSCO Force Intervention Brigade South Africa Tanzania Malawi [69]	March 23 Movement Alleged support: Uganda [70] Rwanda [70]	Congolese government victory M23 disarms and demobilises [71]
ADF Insurgency (1996–present)	Uganda DR Congo Armed Forces (FARDC) MONUSCO Force Intervention Brigade	ADF (1996–2015) NALU (early 1996) ISIL [72] IS-CAP [73] ADF-Baluku ADF-Mukulu NALU RCD/K-ML APC [74] Mai-Mai Kyandenga (2020–present) Supported by: FARDC elements [74] LRA Al-Shabaab [72] (disputed) [75] Various Jihadi groups (Ugandan and MONUSCO claim) [75] Sudan (1990s; currently unknown)	Ongoing
Central African Republic Civil War (2013–present)	Central African Republic Central African Armed Forces MINUSCA (since 2014) EUTM-RCA (since 2016) Rwanda (since 2020) [76] Russia (since 2018) [76] Wagner Group [77] Russian Imperial Movement [78] Black Russians [79] Azande Ani Kpi Gbe [80] Formerly: South Africa (2013) MISCA (2013–2014) MICOPAX (2008–2013) Angola Cameroon Chad Morocco [81] Uganda Congo-Brazzaville DRC Gabon Burundi Equatorial Guinea São Tomé and Príncipe France (2013–2021) [82] EUFOR RCA (2014–2015) Estonia Finland Georgia Latvia Luxembourg Netherlands Portugal Poland Romania Spain Italy	Coalition of Patriots for Change (since 2020) Anti-balaka FPRC MPC elements [d] MPC PRNC CMSPR (since 2024) [85] Support: Chad (alleged) RSF [86] Defunct groups: Séléka (2012–2014) CPJP CPSK UFDR FDPC FPR RJ (2013–2018) MNLC (2017–2019) MLCJ (2008–2022) RPRC (2014–2022) UPC (2014–2025) 3R (2015–2025)	Ongoing Séléka rebel coalition takes power from François Bozizé. [87] Michel Djotodia, the leader of Séléka, becomes president President Michel Djotodia abolishes Séléka Low-level fighting between Ex-Séléka factions and Anti-balaka militias. [88] President Michel Djotodia resigns amid heavy international pressure. Interim government is formed Elections conducted in 2016 with Faustin-Archange Touadéra becoming the president De facto split between ex-Séléka factions controlled north and east and Anti-balaka controlled south and west with a Séléka faction declaring the Republic of Logone. [89] Fighting between Ex-Séléka factions FPRC and UPC. Ex-president Bozizé merges all rebel groups and forms the Coalition of Patriots for Change. Elections in 2021 with Touadéra being re-elected as president. As of July 2021 the government controls more territory than at any point since the war began. [90]
Kamwina Nsapu Rebellion (2016–c. 2019)	DR Congo Allied militias: Bana Mura [91] Ecurie Mbembe [92] Smaller pro-government groups	Kamwina Nsapu rebels [93] Various independent militias	Government victory

Notes

1. ONUC, the United Nations Operation in the Congo, included troops from Ghana, Tunisia, Morocco, Ethiopia, Ireland, Guinea, Sweden, Mali, Sudan, Liberia, Canada, India, Indonesia and the United Arab Republic among others. ^[6]
2. The secession of Katanga and South Kasai was also supported by South Africa, France, Portuguese Angola and the neighbouring Central African Federation. ^{[7] [8]} However, neither was ever officially recognised by any state. ^[9]
3. Many Mai-Mai militias in eastern Zaire initially allied themselves with Rwanda and the AFDL against Hutu militants and refugees. ^[39] As soon as most Hutu were driven away, however, many Mai-Mai groups turned against Rwanda and the AFDL. ^[40] Despite this, some anti-Hutu Mai-Mai remained allied with Rwanda and the AFDL. ^[41]
4. Despite Mahamat al-Khatim's November 2023 announcement to leave CPC ^[83] , some members of the group chose to stay in the coalition. ^[84]

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