Joseph Kony

Last updated

Kony has been implicated in abduction and recruitment of child soldiers. The LRA has had battle confrontations with the government's NRA or UPDF within Uganda and in South Sudan for ten years. In 2008 the Ugandan army invaded the DRC in search for the LRA in Operation Lightning Thunder. [19] In November 2013, Kony was reported to be in poor health in the eastern CAR town of Nzoka. [20]

Looking back at the LRA's campaign of violence, The Guardian stated in 2015 that Kony's forces had been responsible for the deaths of over 100,000 and the abduction of at least 60,000 children. Various atrocities committed include raping young girls and abducting them for use as sex slaves. [21] [22] [23] [24] [25]

The actual number of LRA militia members has varied significantly over the years, reaching as high as 3000 soldiers. By 2017, the organization's membership had shrunk significantly to an estimated 100 soldiers. In April 2017, both the US and Ugandan governments ended efforts to find Kony and fight the LRA, stating that the LRA no longer posed a significant security risk to Uganda. [21] [22]

While initially purporting to fight against government oppression, the LRA allegedly turned against Kony's own supporters, supposedly to "purify" the Acholi people and turn Uganda into a theocracy. [2] [26] [27] [28] [29] Kony proclaims himself the spokesperson of God and a spirit medium and claims he is visited by a multinational host of 13 spirits, including a Chinese phantom. [2] Ideologically, the group is a syncretic mix of mysticism, Acholi nationalism, and heterodox Christian fundamentalism, and claims to be establishing a theocratic state based on the Ten Commandments and local Acholi tradition. [41]

Indictment

In October 2006, the ICC announced that arrest warrants had been issued for five members of the Lord's Resistance Army for crimes against humanity following a sealed indictment. On the next day, Ugandan defense minister Amama Mbabazi revealed that the warrants include Kony, his deputy Vincent Otti, and LRA commanders Raska Lukwiya, Okot Odhiambo, and Dominic Ongwen. The Ugandan army killed Lukwiya on 12 August 2006. [42] [21]

The BBC received information that Otti had been killed on 2 October 2007, at Kony's home. [43] In November 2006, Kony met Jan Egeland, the UN Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator. [44] Journeyman Pictures released a 2006 interview with Kony in which he proclaims: "I am a freedom fighter, not a terrorist." [45] He told Reuters: "We don't have any children. We only have combatants." [46]

Prosecutors at the ICC applied for an in absentia hearing to confirm the charges against Kony in November 2022, and in 2024 the hearing was scheduled for 15 October. [47] Kony will be represented by a court-appointed lawyer if he has not been captured when the hearing, the first of its kind to take place at the ICC, takes place. [48]

Religious beliefs

Kony's followers, as well as some detractors, believe he is possessed by spirits. Kony tells his child soldiers that a cross on their chest drawn in oil will protect them from bullets. [10] He is a proponent of polygamy, and is thought to have had 60 wives, [3] and to have fathered 42 children. [1] [49] : page 136  Kony insists that he and the LRA are fighting for the Ten Commandments, [50] and defended his actions in an interview, saying, "Is it bad? It is not against human rights. And that commandment was not given by Joseph. It was not given by LRA. No, those commandments were given by God." [51]

Ugandan political leader Betty Bigombe recalled that Kony and his followers used oil to ward off bullets and evil spirits. [52] Kony claims to be a spirit medium. In 2008, responding to a request by Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni to engage in peace talks via telephone, he said, "I will communicate with Museveni through the holy spirits and not through the telephone." [3] [53]

During peace talks in 1994, Kony was preceded by men in robes sprinkling holy water. [3] According to Francis Ongom, a former LRA officer who defected, Kony "has found Bible justifications for killing witches, for killing [those who farm or eat] pigs because of the story of the Gadarene swine, and for killing [other] people because God did the same with Noah's flood and Sodom and Gomorrah." [54]

Action against Kony

Uganda

Before the insurgency, he escaped in 1989 to Uganda. He was later captured by the Ugandan government. He was released in 1992 after the government no longer viewed him as a threat. [55]

The Ugandan military has attempted to kill Kony throughout the insurgency. In Uganda's attempt to track down Kony, former LRA combatants have been enlisted to search remote areas of the CAR, Sudan, and the DRC where he was last seen. [56]

United States

A force reconnaissance Marine goes over threat detection methods with a group of Ugandan soldiers, Feb. 28. Special Purpose Marine Air Ground Task Force 12 sent a small team of Marines into Uganda, Feb. 3, to train Ugandan forces for the fight against al-Shabaab in Somalia and the hunt for Joseph Kony and the Lord's resistance army. USMC-120228-M-CF241-480.jpg
A force reconnaissance Marine goes over threat detection methods with a group of Ugandan soldiers, Feb. 28. Special Purpose Marine Air Ground Task Force 12 sent a small team of Marines into Uganda, Feb. 3, to train Ugandan forces for the fight against al-Shabaab in Somalia and the hunt for Joseph Kony and the Lord’s resistance army.

After the September 11 attacks, the United States designated the LRA a terrorist group. [57] In August 2008, the US Department of State declared Kony a Specially Designated Global Terrorist pursuant to Executive Order 13224, a designation that carries financial and other penalties. [58] In November 2008, U.S. President George W. Bush signed the directive to the United States Africa Command to provide financial and logistical assistance to the Ugandan government during the unsuccessful 2008–2009 Garamba offensive, code-named Operation Lightning Thunder. [59]

No U.S. troops were directly involved. 17 U.S. advisers and analysts provided intelligence, equipment, and fuel to Ugandan military counterparts. The offensive pushed Kony from his jungle camp, but he was not captured. One hundred children were rescued. [60]

In May 2010, U.S. President Barack Obama signed into law the Lord's Resistance Army Disarmament and Northern Uganda Recovery Act, [61] legislation aimed at stopping Kony and the LRA. The bill passed unanimously in the United States Senate on 11 March. On 12 May 2010, a motion to suspend the rules and pass the bill was agreed to by voice vote (two-thirds being in the affirmative) in the House of Representatives. [62] In November 2010, Obama delivered a strategy document to Congress asking for more funding to disarm Kony and the LRA. [63]

In October 2011, Obama authorized the deployment of approximately 100 combat-equipped U.S. troops to central Africa. [64] Their goal is to help regional forces remove Kony and senior LRA leaders from the battlefield. In a letter to Congress, Obama wrote: "Although the U.S. forces are combat-equipped, they will only be providing information, advice, and assistance to partner nation forces, and they will not themselves engage LRA forces unless necessary for self-defense". [65] [66] On 3 April 2013, the Obama administration offered rewards of up to US$5 million for information leading to the arrest, transfer, or conviction of Kony, Ongwen, and Odhiambo. [67] [68] [69] [70] On 24 March 2014, the U.S. announced it would deploy at least four CV-22 Ospreys and refueling planes, and 150 Air Force special forces personnel to assist in the capture of Kony. [71]

African Union

On 23 March 2012, the African Union announced its intentions to "send 5,000 soldiers to join the hunt for rebel leader Joseph Kony" and to "neutralize" him while isolating the scattered LRA groups responsible for 2,600 civilian killings since 2008. This international task force was said to include soldiers "from Uganda, South Sudan, Central African Republic and Congo, countries where Kony's reign of terror has been felt over the years." Before this announcement, the hunt for Kony had primarily been carried out by troops from Uganda. The soldiers began their search in South Sudan on 24 March 2012, and the search "will last until Kony is caught". [72]

Kony 2012

Posters for Kony 2012 Plakat akcji Kony 2012 przy pl. Trzech Krzyzy w Warszawie.JPG
Posters for Kony 2012

Kony and the LRA received a surge of attention in early March 2012, when a 30-minute documentary, Kony 2012, by US filmmaker Jason Russell for the campaign group Invisible Children, Inc. was released. [73] The intention of the production was to draw attention to Kony in an effort to increase US involvement in the issue and have Kony arrested by the end of 2012. [74]

A poll suggested that more than half of young adult Americans heard about Kony 2012 in the days following its release. Several weeks after its release, a resolution condemning Kony and supporting US assistance fighting the LRA was introduced in the US Senate, passing several months later. [75] [76] [77] [78] Kony 2012 has been criticized for simplifying the history of the LRA conflict, and for failing to note that Kony was already pushed out of Uganda six years before the film was made. [79] [80]

Surrender of Ongwen

Dominic Ongwen served as a key member of the LRA and constituted one of Kony's senior aides in the organization. Kidnapped as a child, he became a soldier in the LRA, then rose through the organization's hierarchy. Ongwen surrendered himself to representatives of the CAR in January 2015, which was a major blow to Kony's group. Ugandan army spokesman Paddy Ankunda stated that the event "puts the LRA in the most vulnerable position" and that it "is only Kony left standing". [22]

Of the five LRA commanders charged by the ICC in 2004, only Kony remained at large at that time. With only a few hundred fighters remaining loyal to him, it was mistakenly thought that he would be unable to evade capture much longer. [22] In February 2021, Ongwen was convicted by the International Criminal Court of 61 counts of crimes against humanity and war crimes. [81]

LRA neutralization and U.S. stand-down

In April 2017, Ugandan and US military forces ended their hunt for Kony and his group, with a Ugandan spokesperson saying, "the LRA no longer poses a threat to us as Uganda". [21] At that time, his force was estimated to have shrunk to around 100 soldiers. [21]

Current whereabouts

In April 2022, DW News reported that a number of LRA members said Kony was hiding in the Darfur region of Sudan. From there, he was allegedly giving orders to his fighters. One former member said that the fighters were "tired and unmotivated", and leaving in favor of living a normal life. [82] Kony was previously provided with armed and logistical support from former Sudanese president Omar al-Bashir. [83]

Kony was reportedly settled in a camp 10 miles from a village named Yemen in April 2024. In the same month, hearing the news of the surrender of 14 LRA members to the government forces, the Wagner Group attacked Kony's camp, prompting him and his 71 men to flee towards Sudan. [84]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</span> Ongoing insurgency in central Africa

The Lord's Resistance Army insurgency is an ongoing conflict between the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), a Ugandan militant religious extremist group, against the government of Uganda. Following the Ugandan Civil War, militant Joseph Kony formed the Lord's Resistance Army and launched an insurgency against the newly installed President Yoweri Museveni. The stated goal was to establish a Christian state based on the Ten Commandments. Currently, there is low-level LRA activity in eastern areas of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic. Kony proclaims himself the 'spokesperson' of God and a spirit medium.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Betty Oyella Bigombe</span> Ugandan politician (born 1952)

Betty Oyella Bigombe, also known as Betty Atuku Bigombe, is a Ugandan politician who served as the Senior Director for Fragility, Conflict, and Violence at the World Bank from 2014 to 2017. She was appointed in June 2014. From May 2011 until June 2014, she was the State Minister for Water Resources in the Uganda Cabinet. She was appointed on 27 May 2011. She concurrently served as the elected Member of Parliament (MP), representing Amuru District Women's Constituency. She resigned from the two appointments on 1 June 2014.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–1994)</span>

The period from 1986 to 1994 of the Lord's Resistance Army insurgency is the early history of the ongoing insurgency of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) rebel group in Uganda, which has been described as one of the most under-reported humanitarian crises in the world. The Lord's Resistance Army was formed in early 1987 out of the conflict following the successful rebellion of the National Resistance Army (NRA), though remained a relative small group through the counterinsurgency of the NRA. As the peace talks initiated by Minister Betty Bigombe failed Sudanese support to the LRA intensified the conflict.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1994–2002)</span>

The start of the period 1994 to 2002 of the Lord's Resistance Army insurgency in northern Uganda saw the conflict intensifying due to Sudanese support to the rebels. There was a peak of bloodshed in the mid-1990s and then a gradual subsiding of the conflict. Violence was renewed beginning with the offensive by the Uganda People's Defence Force in 2002.

The period from 2000 to 2006 of the Lord's Resistance Army insurgency in northern Uganda begins with the assault of the Uganda People's Defence Force (UPDF) upon LRA strongholds in South Sudan. This in turn led to a series of retaliatory attacks by the Lord's Resistance Army of an intensity not seen to since the mid-1990s. International awareness of the conflict gradually grew and in September 2005, the International Criminal Court issues warrants for the arrest of senior LRA commanders, including Joseph Kony.

Vincent Otti was a Ugandan militant who served as deputy-leader of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), a rebel guerrilla army operating mainly in northern Uganda and southern Sudan. He was one of the five persons for whom the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued its first arrest warrants on 8 July 2005 in its investigation in Uganda. Rumours of his death began to circulate in October 2007 and strengthened in January 2008. On 17 November 2023, the ICC terminated proceedings against him.

Dominic Ongwen is a Ugandan former child soldier and former commander of one of the brigades of the Ugandan guerrilla group Lord's Resistance Army (LRA).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2006–2008 Juba talks</span>

The Juba talks were a series of negotiations between the government of Uganda and the Lord's Resistance Army rebel group over the terms of a ceasefire and possible peace agreement. The talks, held in Juba, the capital of autonomous Southern Sudan, began in July 2006 and were mediated by Riek Machar, the Vice President of Southern Sudan. The talks, which had resulted in a ceasefire by September 2006, were described as the best chance ever for a negotiated settlement to the 20-year-old war. However, LRA leader Joseph Kony refused to sign the peace agreement in April 2008. Two months later, the LRA carried out an attack on a Southern Sudanese town, prompting the Government of Southern Sudan to officially withdraw from their mediation role.

The Atiak massacre occurred on April 20, 1995, when a group of estimated 300 Lord's Resistance Army soldiers led by Vincent Otti entered the northern Ugandan town of Atiak, Amuru District. After routing the UPDF and rounding up hundreds of civilians, the LRA announced, "you Acholi have refused to support us. We shall now teach you a lesson." The LRA then handpicked young boys and young girls from the rest, in order to conscript into their ranks and to use as sex slaves, and marched them into the bush. Most of the remaining 200–300 captives were executed by gunfire.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lord's Resistance Army</span> Christian terrorist multinational organization

The Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) is a Christian extremist organization operating in Central Africa and East Africa. Its origins were in the Ugandan insurgency (1986–1994) against President Yoweri Museveni, during which Joseph Kony founded the LRA in 1987.

The 2008–2009 Garamba offensive started on 14 December 2008, when joint Ugandan, DR Congolese and Southern Sudanese forces launched a botched military attack against the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) in the Garamba region of DR Congo.

Acholi nationalism is a political ideology that seeks self-determination by the Acholi people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Invisible Children, Inc.</span> Organization concerning the Lords Resistance Army in Africa

Invisible Children, Inc., founded in 2004, is an organization to increase awareness of the activities of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) in Central Africa, and its leader, Joseph Kony. Specifically, the group seeks to put an end to the practices of the LRA, which include abductions and abuse of children, and forcing them to serve as soldiers. To this end, Invisible Children urges the United States government to take military action in the central region of Africa. Invisible Children also operates as a charitable organization, soliciting donations and selling merchandise to raise money for its cause. The organization promotes its cause by dispensing films on the internet and presenting in high schools and colleges around the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">South Sudan–Uganda relations</span> Bilateral relations

South Sudan and Uganda are neighboring states with strong cultural economic and political ties. The South Sudan and the neighbouring state of Uganda enjoy relatively strong cultural, political, and economic ties. As South Sudan neared independence, both states begun to take advantage of increased opportunities for trade, development and educational exchanges. The rebel group Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), however, continues to operate in the border areas between South Sudan, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Uganda.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">International Criminal Court investigation in Uganda</span>

The International Criminal Court investigation in Uganda or the situation in Uganda is an ongoing investigation by the International Criminal Court (ICC) into the Lord's Resistance Army insurgency which has been taking place in northern Uganda and neighbouring regions since 1987. The Lord's Resistance Army is a Christian-based group led by Joseph Kony that is accused of numerous human rights violations and war crimes including massacres, the abduction of civilians, the use of child soldiers, sexual enslavement, torture, and pillaging. After the government of Uganda referred the matter to the ICC in December 2003, warrants of arrest were issued in 2005 for Joseph Kony, Raska Lukwiya, Okot Odhiambo, Dominic Ongwen, and Vincent Otti, who became the first people to be indicted by the Court.

<i>Kony 2012</i> 2012 short documentary film

Kony 2012 is a 2012 American short documentary film produced by Invisible Children, Inc. The film's purpose was to make Ugandan cult leader, war criminal, and ICC fugitive Joseph Kony globally known so as to have him arrested by the end of 2012. The film was released on March 5, 2012, and spread virally, and the campaign was initially supported by various celebrities.

StGiNU is an advocacy group formed in the beginning of 2005 by Ugandans living in the United Kingdom. At that time, the situation in the concentration camps in Northern Uganda was claiming lives more than cross fire casualties. In the same year 2005, the Ugandan World Health Organization reported that there were 5000 excess deaths per week due to camp conditions alone.

The Regional Cooperation Initiative for the elimination of the LRA (RCI-LRA) with its military arm, the African Union Regional Task Force was a multi-national operation to counter the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA). On 22 November 2011 the AU Peace and Security Council authorized the RCI-LRA with the mandate to "strengthen the operational capabilities of the countries affected by the atrocities of the LRA, create an environment conducive to the stabilization of the affected areas, free of LRA atrocities, and facilitate the delivery of humanitarian aid to affected areas." The United Nations provided logistical support, the European Union and African Union contributed additional funding, and the United States provided non-combat military and strategic support.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acholi people</span> Ethnic group of South Sudan and Northern Uganda

The Acholi people are a Nilotic ethnic group of Luo peoples, found in Magwi County in South Sudan and Northern Uganda, including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, Pader and Omoro District. The Acholi were estimated to number 2.3 million people and over 45,000 more were living in South Sudan in 2000.

Doctor Achaye is a former Ugandan commander of Lord's Resistance Army.

References

  1. 1 2 Debut, Beatrice (10 February 2006). "Portrait of Uganda's rebel prophet, painted by wives". Mail & Guardian . Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Howden, Daniel (8 November 2008). "The deadly cult of Joseph Kony". The Independent . Archived from the original on 10 March 2012. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "Joseph Kony: Profile of the LRA leader". BBC News. 8 March 2012. Archived from the original on 4 February 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
  4. ↑ Craine, Anthony. "Joseph Kony". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 30 July 2017.
  5. ↑ "How a Ugandan rebel leader ended up at the ICC". Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 15 September 2021.
  6. ↑ Halliday, Josh (8 March 2012). "Kony 2012 documentary on Ugandan warlord is unlikely viral phenomenon". The Guardian . Retrieved 8 November 2022.
  7. ↑ Fischer, Hilke; Wanjohi, Coletta (17 December 2014). "The Lord's Resistance Army". Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 12 September 2021.
  8. 1 2 Samura, Sorious (20 August 2012). "Joseph Kony's sister tells of family's 'curse'". Panorama . BBC. Archived from the original on 20 August 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
  9. 1 2 Cline 2013, p. 12.
  10. 1 2 3 Briggs, Jimmie (2005). Innocents Lost: When child soldiers go to war . Basic Books. pp.  105–144. ISBN   0-465-00798-8.
  11. ↑ "How Kony family walked into Gen Museveni's care". Monitor. 21 September 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
  12. ↑ "What is the present government attitude and treatment of members of Acholi tribe". refworld. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Archived from the original on 9 June 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
  13. 1 2 "Uganda". International Displacement Monitoring Centre. Archived from the original on 19 April 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
  14. ↑ Ruddy Doom and Koen Vlassenroot (1999). "Kony's message: A new Koine? The Lord's Resistance Army in northern Uganda". African Affairs. 98 (390): 5–36. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a008002. S2CID   111914560.
  15. ↑ "Interview with Vincent Otti, LRA second in command" Archived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine and " A leadership based on claims of divine revelations" Archived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine in IRIN In Depth, June 2007.
  16. ↑ "Joseph Kony is hiding out on Sudan border, report claims". The Guardian . France-Presse. 6 November 2014. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
  17. ↑ "Four African nations crack down on LRA". BBC News. 16 October 2010. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
  18. ↑ "Ugandan army 'kills senior rebel'". BBC News . 13 August 2006. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
  19. ↑ Zibwa, Mutai (2 March 2012). "UPDF in Kony hunt accused of rape, looting". The Observer . Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
  20. ↑ "Joseph Kony: US doubts LRA rebel leader's surrender". BBC News. 21 November 2013. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 Baddorf, Zack (20 April 2017). "Uganda Ends Its Hunt for Joseph Kony Empty-Handed". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 January 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  22. 1 2 3 4 Smith, David (7 January 2015). "Surrender of senior aide to Joseph Kony is major blow to Lord's Resistance Army". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 29 March 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  23. ↑ Mark, Monica (21 November 2013). "Ugandan warlord Joseph Kony 'in talks' with Central African Republic". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 December 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
  24. ↑ "Warrant of Arrest unsealed against five LRA Commanders" (Press release). International Criminal Court. 14 October 2005. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 2 June 2009.
  25. ↑ "Read The Bill: H.R. 2478". GovTrack.us. 19 May 2009. Archived from the original on 3 February 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  26. ↑ "Wanted: Joseph Kony". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
  27. ↑ "Top 10 Most Wanted Criminals in the World 2018". Improb. 18 December 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  28. ↑ "Top 10 Fugitives in the World Still on the Run". Toptenz.net. 25 November 2008. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
  29. ↑ "Kony's rebels remain a threat, but they're also selling honey to get by | African Arguments". 10 March 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
  30. ↑ The Scars of Death: Children Abducted by the Lord's Resistance Army in Uganda. Human Rights Watch. September 1997. pp.  32, 72. ISBN   1564322211 . Retrieved 25 April 2012.
  31. ↑ Doom, R; Vlassenroot, K (1999). "Kony's Message: A New Koine?the Lord's Resistance Army in Northern Uganda". African Affairs . 98 (390): 5–36. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a008002. S2CID   111914560.
  32. ↑ Drogin, Bob (1 April 1996). "Ugandan Rebels Terrorize in the Name of the Lord". Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
  33. ↑ Lamb, Christina (2 March 2008). "The Wizard of the Nile: The Hunt for Africa's Most Wanted by Matthew Green" . The Times . Retrieved 2 March 2008.[ dead link ]
  34. ↑ McKinley Jr., James C. (5 March 1997). "Christian Rebels Wage a War of Terror in Uganda". The New York Times . Archived from the original on 25 June 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
  35. ↑ McGreal, Chris (13 March 2008). "Museveni refuses to hand over rebel leaders to war crimes court". The Guardian . Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
  36. ↑ Boustany, Nora (19 March 2008). "Ugandan Rebel Reaches Out to International Court". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 7 July 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
  37. ↑ Haynes, Jeffrey (2002). Politics in the developing world. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 121. ISBN   9780631225560.
  38. ↑ McLaughlin, Abraham (31 December 2004). "The End of Uganda's Mystic Rebel?". The Christian Science Monitor . Archived from the original on 27 May 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
  39. ↑ Muth, Rachel (8 May 2008). Child Soldiers in the Lord's Resistance Army: Factors in the Rehabilitation and Reintegration Process (MA thesis). George Mason University. p. 23. hdl:1920/3005.
  40. ↑ Martin, Gus (2006). Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues. SAGE. pp. 196–197. ISBN   978-1-4129-2722-2.

     • "Interview with Vincent Otti, LRA second in command" Archived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine and "A leadership based on claims of divine revelations" Archived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine in IRIN In Depth, June 2007

  41. ↑ [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40]
  42. ↑ "Ugandan army 'kills senior rebel'". BBC News . 13 August 2006. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
  43. ↑ "Otti 'executed by Uganda rebels'". BBC News. 21 December 2007. Archived from the original on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  44. ↑ "UN envoy sees Uganda rebel chief". BBC News. 12 November 2006. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
  45. ↑ Joseph Kony's defiant interview: the only ever interview with Kony on YouTube
  46. ↑ "[AlertNet]". Archived from the original on 5 December 2007. Retrieved 29 July 2007.(subscription required)
  47. ↑ Grafe, Malaika (5 March 2024). "ICC judges allow trial against Uganda rebel Joseph Kony to move forward in his absence". Jurist.
  48. ↑ "International Criminal Court to hold first ever in absentia hearing over Ugandan rebel leader Kony". The Associated Press. 4 March 2024.
  49. ↑ Green 2008, p. 215.
  50. ↑ "Religious Beliefs of Joseph Kony's Lord's Resistance Army". www.nytimes.com. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  51. ↑ Farmar, Sam (28 June 2006). "I will use the Ten Commandments to liberate Uganda" . The Times. Archived from the original on 22 December 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
  52. ↑ Boustany, Nora (11 July 2007). "The Woman Behind Uganda's Peace Hopes". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
  53. ↑ "Uganda: Museveni accepts direct Kony talks". ReliefWeb. Archived from the original on 3 February 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
  54. ↑ Hitchens, Christopher (January 2006). "Childhood's End". Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
  55. ↑ Cline 2013, p. 11.
  56. ↑ Gettleman, Jeffrey (10 April 2010). "Uganda Enlists Former Rebels to End a War". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  57. ↑ Philip T. Reeker (6 December 2001). "Statement on the Designation of 39 Organizations on the USA PATRIOT Act's Terrorist Exclusion List". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
  58. ↑ "In the Matter of the Designation of: Joseph Kony as a Specially Designated Global Terrorist Pursuant to Section 1(b) of Executive Order 13224, as Amended". Federal Register. 29 August 2008. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
  59. ↑ Gettleman, Jeffrey; Schmitt, Eric (6 February 2009). "U.S. Aided a Failed Plan to Rout Ugandan Rebels". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
  60. ↑ Gettleman, Jeffrey; Schmitt, Eric (6 February 2009). "U.S. Aided a Failed Plan to Rout Ugandan Rebels". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
  61. ↑ "LRA Disarmament and Northern Uganda Recovery Act of 2009". Resolve Uganda. 24 May 2010. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011.
  62. ↑ 2010 Congressional Record, Page H3416.
  63. ↑ Kavanagh, Michael J. (25 November 2010). "Obama Administration Asks for Funds to Boost Uganda's Fight Against Rebels". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 10 March 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
  64. ↑ Gerson, Michael (26 January 2011). "Joseph Kony and the international effort to bring him to justice". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
  65. ↑ Jackson, David (14 October 2011). "Obama dispatches 100 troops to Africa". USA Today . Archived from the original on 29 March 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
  66. ↑ Tapper, Jake (14 October 2011). "Obama Sends 100 US Troops to Uganda to Help Combat Lord's Resistance Army". ABC News . Archived from the original on 8 December 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
  67. ↑ Levy, Gabrielle (3 April 2013). "$5 million bounty offered for Joseph Kony". United Press International . Archived from the original on 16 April 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
  68. ↑ "Wanted: Joseph Kony". Office of Global Criminal Justice . United States Department of State . Retrieved 8 December 2013.
  69. ↑ "Wanted: Dominic Ongwen". Office of Global Criminal Justice. United States Department of State. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
  70. ↑ "Wanted: Okot Odhiambo". Office of Global Criminal Justice. United States Department of State. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
  71. ↑ "Joseph Kony: US military planes to hunt LRA leader". BBC. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 24 March 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
  72. ↑ Muhumuza, Rodney (23 March 2012). "Kony 2012: African Union ramps up hunt for Uganda rebel leader in wake of viral video". Toronto Star . Associated Press. Archived from the original on 25 March 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
  73. ↑ Ngak, Chenda (8 March 2012). "Invisible Children's "Kony 2012" viral video stirs emotion and controversy". CBS News. Archived from the original on 14 December 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
  74. ↑ Myers, Julia (7 March 2012). "A call for justice". The Kentucky Kernel . Archived from the original on 13 July 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
  75. ↑ "My star in the sky: Movie screening and reception".
  76. ↑ Kanczula, Antonia (20 April 2012). "Kony 2012 in numbers". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  77. ↑ Curtis, Polly; McCarthy, Tom (20 April 2012). "Kony 2012: what happens next?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
  78. ↑ Cox, Ramsey (3 August 2012). "Senate passes resolution condemning Joseph Kony". TheHill. Archived from the original on 3 February 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
  79. ↑ Pflanz, Mike (8 March 2012). "Joseph Kony 2012: growing outrage in Uganda over film". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN   0307-1235. Archived from the original on 27 May 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
  80. ↑ Curtis, Polly; MacCarthy, Tom (8 March 2014). "Kony 2012 – What's the story?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 5 January 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
  81. ↑ "Dominic Ongwen declared guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in Uganda". International Criminal Court. 4 February 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  82. ↑ "Is Joseph Kony hiding in Darfur? – DW – 04/14/2022". dw.com. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  83. ↑ "Uganda: Joseph Kony, the one that got away". The Africa Report.com. 4 January 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  84. ↑ Bishop, Mac William (27 April 2024). "Russian Mercenaries Hunt the African Warlord America Couldn't Catch". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 28 April 2024.

Bibliography

Joseph Kony
Head of the Lord's Resistance Army
Incumbent
Assumed office
August 1987
Italics and (*) indicate that a person was convicted by the ICC and that the conviction remains valid; a name in (parentheses) indicates that charges were dropped or a conviction was overturned; † indicates a person confirmed by the ICC as deceased before or during trial; (x) after a name indicates that the case was closed by the ICC because of a national-level trial of the accused
Central African Republic
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Darfur, Sudan
Georgia
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Libya
Mali
Palestine
Uganda
Ukraine
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.