List of wars involving Mozambique

The following is a list of wars involving Mozambique.

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results
East African campaign (World War I) (3 August 1914–25 November 1918)	United Kingdom   South Africa   India Rhodesia East Africa Protectorate Nyasaland Uganda Nigeria Belgium Belgian Congo Portugal Mozambique	Germany German East Africa	Allied victory German East Africa partitioned by Britain, Belgium and Portugal
African theatre of World War I (3 August 1914–25 November 1918)	Entente Powers : British Empire   United Kingdom   India Gold Coast   Nigeria   East Africa   Rhodesia Nyasaland   Uganda   Egypt   Sudan   Somaliland   South Africa Australia   New Zealand   France   West Africa   Equatorial Africa   Morocco Belgium   Congo   Portugal Angola   Mozambique   Italy (1915–1918)   Tripolitania   Cyrenaica   Eritrea   Somaliland Liberia (1917–1918)	Central Powers :   Germany Togoland Kamerun   South West Africa   East Africa Ottoman Empire Co-belligerents: South African Republic [a] Senussi Order [b] Sultanate of Darfur [c] Dervish Movement [d]	Allied victory Annexation of the German colonies by the Entente Termination of residual Ottoman rights in Tripolitania Annexation of the Sultanate of Darfur by Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
Battle of Ngomano (25 November 1917 [1] )	Portugal Mozambique	Germany East Africa	German victory
Portuguese Colonial War (4 February 1961–25 April 1974)	Angola: MPLA FNLA UNITA Guinea: PAIGC Mozambique: FRELIMO	Portugal	Carnation Revolution Military stalemate [2] [3] Rebel political victory [4] Alvor Agreement Algiers Accord Lusaka Accord Portuguese overseas territories in Africa become independent [5]
Mozambican War of Independence (1964–1975)	FRELIMO	Portugal	Lusaka Accord Military stalemate FRELIMO political victory Ceasefire following the Carnation Revolution Independence of Mozambique Mozambican Civil War begins
Rhodesian Bush War (1964–1979)	ZANU (ZANLA) [6] ZAPU (ZIPRA) Mozambique [7] ANC (MK) [7]   Zambia [8]	Rhodesia (1964–1979) Zimbabwe Rhodesia (1979)   Portugal (1964–1974) [e] South Africa (from 1967) [9]	Lancaster House Agreement Rhodesia disestablished; Zimbabwe gains internationally recognised independence in its place.
Mozambican Civil War (1977 [10] –1992)	Mozambique (People's Republic until 1990) FRELIMO UNAMO (1988–1992) [11] ZANU (until 1979) Zimbabwe (from 1980) Soviet Union Tanzania Malawi (from 1987) [12]	RENAMO PRM (until 1982) UNAMO (1987–1988) [11] COREMO [13] UNIPOMO [14] FUMO [14] Rhodesia (until 1979) [15] Flechas [14] South Africa (from 1978) [16]	Stalemate Rome General Peace Accords, multiparty elections in 1994
Uganda–Tanzania War (1978–1979)	Tanzania   Uganda National Liberation Front Kikosi Maalum Front for National Salvation Save Uganda Movement Others   Mozambique	Uganda   Libya   Palestine Liberation Organization	Tanzanian victory Collapse of the Second Republic of Uganda
RENAMO Insurgency (2013–2021)	Mozambique	RENAMO (until 2019) RENAMO Military Junta (from 2019)	The Peace agreement was signed between opposing factions on 1 August 2019 [17] Most RENAMO rebels lay down arms soon afterward A splinter faction, the RENAMO Military Junta (RMJ), continued its insurgency until 2021
Insurgency in Cabo Delgado (2017– present)	Mozambique Rwanda (from 2021) [18] Southern African Development Community (from 2021) South Africa Botswana Lesotho Tanzania Angola Zambia Malawi DRC Namibia	Ansar al-Sunna Islamic State Bandits [19]	Ongoing (Map of the current military situation) Mozambican and Rwandan troops launch counteroffensive, taking back many towns and cities

Notes and references

Notes

1. In opposition to the Union of South Africa, which had joined the war, several thousand Boer rebels rose in the Maritz Rebellion and re-founded the South African Republic in 1914. The rebels allied with Germany and operated in and out of German colonial territory during the South West Africa Campaign. The rebels were defeated by British imperial forces in 1915.
2. The Senussi Order was a Muslim political-religious tariqa (Sufi order) and clan in Libya, previously under Ottoman control but lost to Italy in 1912. In 1915, the Senussi were courted by the Ottoman Empire and Germany and the Grand Senussi, Ahmed Sharif as-Senussi, declared jihad and attacked the Italians in Libya and British controlled Egypt in the Senussi Campaign.
3. The Sultanate of Darfur aligned with the Central Powers and was invaded by British forces in Sudan in the Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition of 1916.
4. The Somali Dervish Revolt began before the war. The movement received symbolic support from the Ottoman and Ethiopian governments.
5. Portuguese forces assisted the Rhodesians in cross-border operations into Portuguese Mozambique. See Operation Flotilla and Operation Birch.

References

1. Downes 1919, p. 179.
2. de Oliveira, Ricardo Soares (2 April 2015). Magnificent and Beggar Land: Angola Since the Civil War. Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-025141-3.
3. Tucker, Spencer (29 October 2013). Encyclopedia of Insurgency and Counterinsurgency A New Era of Modern Warfare. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 172. ISBN   978-1-61069-280-9.
4. Falola, Toyin; Oyebade, Adebayo O. (2010-07-01). Hot Spot: Sub-Saharan Africa. Bloomsbury. ISBN   978-0-313-35972-9.
5. Couto, Mia (April 2004). "Carnation revolution". Le Monde diplomatique .
6. Norman 2003, p. 65. sfn error: no target: CITEREFNorman2003 (help)
7. Thomas 1995, pp. 16–17. sfn error: no target: CITEREFThomas1995 (help)
8. "'Da mu nisam 'sredio' susret s Titom, Mugabe nikad ne bi priznao Hrvatsku': prekaljeni diplomat Frane Krnić za 'Slobodnu' otkrio svoje veze s nedavno preminulim liderom Zimbabvea". Slobodna Dalmacija (in Croatian). 17 September 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
9. Houser, George M. Rhodesia To Zimbabwe: A Chronology. New York: The Africa Fund, 1977, p. 7: ZAPU and the African National Congress of South Africa jointly began an armed struggle in northwestern Rhodesia centered in Wankie. This campaign lasted into 1968, with several hundred ZAPU and South African ANC guerrillas involved. South African troops entered Rhodesia to support the government. Prime Minister Vorster said: "We are good friends (with Rhodesia) and good friends know what their duty is when the neighbour's house is on fire."
10. "Mozambique: Civil war | Mass Atrocity Endings".
11. Emerson (2014), p. 163. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFEmerson2014 (help)
12. Arnold, Guy (2016). Wars in the Third World Since 1945. Oxford: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. pp. 211–213. ISBN   978-14742-9102-6.
13. Banks & Muller (1998), p. 635. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFBanksMuller1998 (help)
14. Seegers (2018), Section: Independent Mozambique and the Role of the Armed Forces. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFSeegers2018 (help)
15. Schwartz, Stephanie (2010). Youth and Post-conflict Reconstruction: Agents of Change. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press. pp. 34–38. ISBN   978-1601270498.
16. War and Society: The Militarisation of South Africa, edited by Jacklyn Cock and Laurie Nathan, pp.104-115
17. "Mozambique's former civil war foes sign landmark peace deal". August 2019. Archived from the original on 17 May 2021.
18. "Rwanda Sends 1,000 Soldiers, Police to Fight Mozambique Militants". Voice of America. 9 July 2021.
19. "Beheadings, kidnappings amid surge in Mozambique attacks: UN". Al Jazeera. 7 February 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020.