Benny Morris

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Morris demolishes misconceptions and provides a detailed account of the war between various factions that year that caused the creation of the modern state of Israel. The book has been described as "the most definitive study of the first Arab-Israeli war." [31]

One State, Two States

Morris contends that there is no two-state solution to the Middle East crisis, and that the one-state solution is not viable because of Arab unwillingness to accept a Jewish national presence in the Middle East and cultural differences including less Arab respect for human life and rule of law. [32] He suggests the possibility of something like a three-state solution in the form of a Palestinian confederation with Jordan. [33]

The Thirty-Year Genocide, Turkey's Destruction of its Christian Minorities, 1894-1924

The book describes the Ottoman/Turkish destruction of the Armenian, Greek and Assyrian communities by the successive Ottoman, Young Turks' and Atatürk regimes, in which some two million Christians were murdered by their Muslim neighbors.

List of publications

Praise and criticism

Morris has won praise and criticism from both sides of the political divide. [3] Some commentators criticised Morris for being reluctant to accept the implications of the evidence he presents in his work. [34] [35] [36] [37]

Avi Shlaim

Avi Shlaim, retired professor of international relations at the University of Oxford, and himself a New Historian, writes that Morris investigated the 1948 exodus of the Palestinians "as carefully, dispassionately, and objectively as it is ever likely to be", and that The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem is an "outstandingly original, scholarly, and important contribution" to the study of the issue. Shlaim writes that many of Morris's critics cling to the tenets of "Old History", the idea of an Israel born untarnished, a David fighting the Arab Goliath. He argues that these ideas are simply false, created not by historians but by the participants in the 1948 war, who wrote about the events they had taken part in without the benefit of access to Israeli government archives, which were first opened up in the early 1980s. [3]

Shlomo Ben-Ami

Shlomo Ben-Ami, a historian and former Israeli Minister of Foreign Affairs, praised Morris' book The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited' (2008). He called it "the single most important work on the thorniest moral and political issue underlying the Israeli-Palestinian conundrum" and suggested it is likely to become "the most definitive study of the first Arab-Israeli war." [31]

However, Ben-Ami criticised Morris' drawing of an "awkward symmetry" between the Palestinian refugee crisis and the "forced emigration" of Jews from the Arab world. Like Yoav Gelber, he was also unconvinced by Morris' characterization of the 1948 conflict as an Islamic Jihad. [31]

In his own book Scars of War, Wounds of Peace, Ben-Ami observed that Morris' "thesis about the birth of the Palestine refugee problem being not by design but by the natural logic and evolution of war is not always sustained by the very evidence he himself provides: 'cultured officers ... had turned into base murderers and this not in the heat of battle ... but out of a system of expulsion and destruction; the less Arabs remained, the better; this principle is the political motor for the expulsions and atrocities' [quoting from Morris' major 2004 work 'The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited']". [38]

Efraim Karsh

Efraim Karsh, professor of Mediterranean Studies at King's College London, writes that Morris engages in what Karsh calls "five types of distortion". According to Karsh, Morris "misrepresents documents, resorts to partial quotes, withholds evidence, makes false assertions, and rewrites original documents... [he] tells of statements never made, decisions never taken, events that never happened ... at times [he] does not even take the trouble to provide evidence..... He expects his readers to take on trust his assertions that fundamental contradictions exist between published accounts and the underlying documents.....he systematically falsifies evidence. Indeed, there is scarcely a document that he does not twist. This casts serious doubt on the validity of his entire work." In addition he claimed to expose a serious gap between Morris' text and the original diary of Ben-Gurion, the first prime minister of Israel. [39]

Yezid Sayigh, professor of Middle East Studies in the Department of War Studies at King's College London, writes of Karsh's criticism, "[t]his is not the first time that Efraim Karsh has written a highly self-important rebuttal of revisionist history. He is simply not what he makes himself out to be, a trained historian (nor political/social scientist)." (Karsh responds that he has an undergraduate degree in modern Middle Eastern history, and Arabic language and literature, and a doctorate in political science and international relations.) Sayigh urges academics to compose "robust responses [to Karsh] that make sure that any self-respecting scholar will be too embarrassed to even try to incorporate the Karsh books in his/her teaching or research because they can't pretend they didn't know how flimsy their foundations are". [40]

Morris responds that Karsh's article is a "mélange of distortions, half-truths, and plain lies that vividly demonstrates his profound ignorance of both the source material (his piece contains more than fifty footnotes but is based almost entirely on references to and quotations from secondary works, many of them of dubious value) and the history of the Zionist–Arab conflict. It does not deserve serious attention or reply." [41] Anita Shapira, Dean of Tel Aviv University, argues "thirty of [Karsh's] references actually refer to writings by Shlaim and Morris, and fifteen others cite primary sources, and the rest refer to studies by major historians...." [42]

Morris elsewhere argues that Karsh "belabor[s] minor points while completely ignoring, and hiding from his readers, the main pieces of evidence" and argued, "... Karsh, while claiming to have 'demolished' the whole oeuvre, in fact deal[t] with only four pages of Birth. These pages tried to show that the Zionist leadership during 1937–38 supported a 'transfer solution' to the prospective Jewish state's 'Arab problem.'" [43] Commenting on the Revisited version of Morris'work, Karsh states that in "an implicit acknowledgement of their inaccuracy, Morris has removed some of The Birth's most inaccurate or distorted quotations about transfer." [44]

Norman Finkelstein and Nur Masalha

Morris has also been criticised by Norman Finkelstein and Nur Masalha. They argue that Morris's conclusions have a pro-Israeli bias, in that he has not fully acknowledged that his work rests largely on selectively released Israeli documentation, while the most sensitive documents remain closed to researchers, and has more broadly treated the evidence in Israeli documents in an uncritical way, and not taking into account that they are, at times, apologetic. In relations to specific work on the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight, they assert that Morris minimised the number of expulsions, with Finkelstein noting than many events classified by Morris as "abandonment" or "military assault on settlement" were actually expulsions, and that when the conclusions of Morris' evidence are harsh for the Israelis he has tended to give them a less incriminating spin. [45] [46] [47]

In a reply to Finkelstein and Masalha, [48] Morris answers he "saw enough material, military and civilian, to obtain an accurate picture of what happened", that Finkelstein and Masalha draw their conclusions with a pro-Palestinian bias, and that with regard to the distinction between military assault and expulsion they should accept that he uses a "more narrow and severe" definition of expulsions. Morris holds to his conclusion that there was no transfer policy.

Ilan Pappé

Benny Morris wrote a review critical of Ilan Pappé's book A History of Modern Palestine [49] for The New Republic . [50] Morris called Pappé's book "truly appalling". He says it subjugates history to political ideology, and "contains errors of a quantity and a quality that are not found in serious historiography". [50] Replying, Pappé accused Morris of using mainly Israeli sources, and disregarding Arab sources, which – Pappé alleged – Morris "cannot read".

Michael Palumbo

Michael Palumbo, author of The Palestinian Catastrophe: The 1948 Expulsion of a People from Their Homeland, [51] reviewing the first edition of Morris's book on Palestinian refugees, criticises Morris's decision, which Palumbo thinks characteristic of Israeli revisionist historians generally, to rely mainly on official, "carefully screened" Israeli sources, especially for radio transcripts of Arab broadcasts, while disregarding unofficial Israeli sources such as transcripts from the BBC and CIA, many of which point to a policy of expulsion. [52] He says Morris failed to supplement his work in Israeli archives, many still classified, by U.N., American, and British archival sources that Palumbo considers objective on such issues as IDF atrocities, [53] as well as oral testimonies of Palestinians and Israelis, which can be reliable if their substance can be independently verified. [54] Palumbo commends

Morris' regard for documentation is indeed commendable, were it not for his tendency to choose sources which support his views, while avoiding those document collections which contain information inconsistent with his principal arguments. His decision not to use the testimony of Israeli veterans is unfortunate, since some of them have spoken candidly about Israeli atrocities and expulsion of civilians at Deir Yassin, Lydda–Ramle and Jaffa. [55]

Baruch Kimmerling

In an article in HNN, Baruch Kimmerling discusses Morris' 2004 Haaretz interview in which Morris states:

if he was already engaged in expulsion, maybe he should have done a complete job. I know that this stuns the Arabs and the liberals and the politically correct types. But my feeling is that this place would be quieter and know less suffering if the matter had been resolved once and for all. If Ben-Gurion had carried out a large expulsion and cleaned the whole country - the whole Land of Israel, as far as the Jordan River. It may yet turn out that this was his fatal mistake. If he had carried out a full expulsion - rather than a partial one - he would have stabilized the State of Israel for generations... Even the great American democracy could not have been created without the annihilation of the Indians. There are cases in which the overall, final good justifies harsh and cruel acts that are committed in the course of history.

Kimmerling describes Morrris's views as "shocking" and says that Morris "has abandoned his historian’s mantle and donned the armor of a Jewish chauvinist who wants the Land of Israel completely cleansed from Arabs" He criticizes the analysis of Morris as misunderstanding the impact of the refugee problem on the current conflict, and the magnitude of an even larger refugee population. [35]

Yoav Gelber

Yoav Gelber has praised Morris's 2008 book on the origins of the 1948 Israeli-Arab war, stating that "In general, however, 1948 is a praiseworthy achievement of research and analysis, the work of a historian unwilling to rest on his already considerable laurels." On the other hand, Gelber criticised Morris for granting too much importance to the militant Islamic rhetoric of the period. [56]

Awards and recognition

See also

Related Research Articles

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<i>1948: A History of the First Arab–Israeli War</i> Book by Benny Morris

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References

  1. ↑ "Morris, Benny 1948–". Archived from the original on 11 October 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
  2. 1 2 3 Wilson, Scott (11 March 2007). "Israel Revisited". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 24 October 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
  3. 1 2 3 Shlaim, Avi. "The Debate about 1948", International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol 27, No. 3 (1995), pp. 287–304.
  4. ↑ Hillel Cohen (22 October 2015). Year Zero of the Arab-Israeli Conflict 1929. Brandeis University Press. pp. 253–. ISBN   978-1-61168-812-2.
  5. ↑ Morris 2004, p. 3.
  6. 1 2 Abdel-Nour, Farid (May 2013). "From Critic to Cheerleader: The Clarifying Example of Benny Morris' 'Conversion'". Holy Land Studies. 12 (1): 25–41. doi:10.3366/hls.2013.0058. ISSN   1474-9475.
  7. ↑ Pappé, Ilan (2009). "The Vicissitudes of the 1948 Historiography of Israel". Journal of Palestine Studies. 39 (1): 6–23. doi:10.1525/jps.2010.xxxix.1.6. hdl: 10871/15209 . ISSN   0377-919X. JSTOR   10.1525/jps.2010.xxxix.1.6.
  8. ↑ Shapiro, B. (2015). The strange career of Israeli 'New Historian' Benny Morris. Palestine - Israel Journal of Politics, Economics, and Culture, 20/21(4), 154-160.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Shavit, Ari. "Survival of the fittest": "Part I". Archived from the original on 15 May 2008. Retrieved 15 May 2008., "Part II". Archived from the original on 7 June 2008. Retrieved 7 June 2008.. Ha'aretz Friday Magazine , 9 January 2004.
  10. ↑ Wilson, Scott. Israel Revisited Archived 8 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine , The Washington Post , 11 March 2007.
  11. 1 2 3 Remnick, David. Blood and Sand: A revisionist Israeli historian revisits his country's origins Archived 13 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine . The New Yorker , 5 May 2008.
  12. ↑ 'Israel Will Decline, and Jews Will Be a Persecuted Minority. Those Who Can Will Flee to America', Haaretz
  13. 1 2 "Professor Benny Morris". Torah in Motion. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
  14. 1 2 Morris, Benny (Summer 2010). "Benny Morris: "The 1948 War Was an Islamic Holy War"" (Interview). Interviewed by Amira Lamm. Middle East Quarterly. I was burned at the stake," says Morris. "Shabtai Tevet claimed that the things I wrote served the needs of the PLO; it questioned all the myths in the accepted Zionist narrative. The establishment turned its back on me." Morris, holding a doctorate in history from Cambridge University, found that no university would hire him. [...] It was Ezer Weizman, then Israel's president, who finally gave Morris an official seal of approval. Weizman heard Morris say in an interview that he was considering leaving Israel, and he invited him for a chat. [...] "So he shouted for his office director, 'Shumer,' and Aryeh Shumer flew in. Weizman told him: 'We need to find a job for this fellow.' [...] I then lived a fifteen-minute walk from there, and when I opened the door to my apartment the phone was ringing. It was [Avishay] Braverman phoning, the president of Ben Gurion University. And he said, 'Don't worry Benny, you have a job.' And I have been there ever since.
  15. ↑ "Faculty and Research | Program for Jewish Civilization | Georgetown University". Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
  16. ↑ An evolving historian Archived 9 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Robert Slater. The Jerusalem Post, 26 December 2012.
  17. 1 2 David K. Shipler (3 July 1983). "'48 Israeli Tie to Phalangists Revealed". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  18. ↑ Morris, Benny (10 October 2016). "Israel Conducted No Ethnic Cleansing in 1948". Haaretz. Retrieved 23 October 2023. Prof. Daniel Blatman distorts history when he says the new State of Israel, a country facing invading armies, carried out a policy of expelling the local Arabs.
  19. ↑ Morris, Benny (7 July 2019). "Benny Morris: Israel's Concealing of Nakba Documents Is Totalitarian". Haaretz. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  20. ↑ Morris, Benny (21 August 2019). "Covering and uncovering history: An interview with Benny Morris" (Interview). Interviewed by Niram Ferretti. L'informale. The first thing I would say is that those who say this are completely hypocritical, because when you look at Arab archives they are all closed. They haven't opened anything. So, here they are criticizing Israel for having opened certain documents and then having closed them again while the Arabs and the Palestinians have closed everything and have been hiding everything from researchers.
  21. ↑ "Elephant in the room". sites.google.com. Archived from the original on 1 December 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  22. ↑ McGreal, Chris (15 August 2023). "US Jews urged to condemn Israeli occupation amid Netanyahu censure". The Guardian.
  23. ↑ "In Israel and the U.S., 'apartheid' is the elephant in the room". WAPO. 11 August 2023.
  24. ↑ Benny Morris: An Apartheid State?, Judicial Overhaul, Gaza Occupation and other matters , retrieved 16 February 2024
  25. 1 2 Morris, Benny (11 February 2023). "Israel and Palestine Origins with Dr. Benny Morris" (Interview). Interviewed by Coleman Hughes. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
  26. ↑ Morris, Benny (18 July 2008). "Using Bombs to Stave Off War". The New York Times . Archived from the original on 30 May 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
  27. ↑ "Letzte Chance ist eine israelische Atombombe". Derstandard.at. 18 May 2008. Archived from the original on 15 October 2009. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
  28. ↑ "Benny Morris: Israeli historian calls for nuclear strike on Iran". Middle East Eye . 1 July 2024. Archived from the original on 1 July 2024. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
  29. ↑ Morris, Benny (30 June 2024). "To Survive, Israel Must Strike Iran Now" . Haaretz . Archived from the original on 4 July 2024. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
  30. ↑ Aderet, Ofer (22 January 2019). "'Israel Will Decline, and Jews Will Be a Persecuted Minority. Those Who Can Will Flee to America'" . Haaretz . Archived from the original on 9 August 2022.
  31. 1 2 3 Ben-Ami, Shlomo (1 September 2008). "Review: A War to Start All Wars: Will Israel Ever Seal the Victory of 1948?". Foreign Affairs. 87 (5): 148–156. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018.
  32. ↑ Goldberg, Jeffrey (20 May 2009). "Book Review - 'One State, Two States: Resolving the Israel/Palestine Conflict,' by Benny Morris". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 May 2017.
  33. ↑ Goldberg, Jeffrey. No Common Ground Archived 3 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine , The New York Times, 20 May 2009.
  34. ↑ Ufheil-Somers, Amanda (21 December 1996). "The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict After Oslo". MERIP. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  35. 1 2 Kimmerling, Baruch (26 January 2004). "Benny Morris's Shocking Interview". Archived from the original on 1 September 2013. Retrieved 22 December 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  36. ↑ Shlomo Ben-Ami (2005). Scars of War, Wounds of Peace (PAPERBACK ed.). Phoenix (Orion Books). p. 43. ISBN   0-7538-2104-4.
  37. ↑ Said, Edward. (1998) "New History, Old Ideas" in Al-Ahram weekly, 21–27 May.
  38. ↑ Shlomo Ben-Ami (2005). Scars of War, Wounds of Peace (PAPERBACK ed.). Phoenix (Orion Books). p. 43. ISBN   0-7538-2104-4.
  39. ↑ Benny Morris and the Reign of Error Archived 15 May 2005 at the Wayback Machine , Middle East Quarterly; see also Fabricating Israeli History: The New Historians.
  40. ↑ Karsh, Efraim. The Unbearable Lightness of my Critics Archived 2 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine , Middle East Quarterly, Summer 2002.
  41. ↑ Morris, Benny (1 September 1996). "Undeserving of a Reply". Middle East Quarterly. Archived from the original on 16 August 2006 – via www.meforum.org.
  42. ↑ Anita Shapira, The Past Is Not a Foreign Country Archived 12 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine , The New Republic, 29 November 1999.
  43. ↑ Morris, Benny. "Review of 'Fabricating Israeli History: The "New Historians".' by Efraim Karsh", J. Palestine Studies 27(2), p. 81–95.
  44. ↑ Alexander, Edward; Bogdanor, Paul (2006). "Benny Morris and the Myths of Post-Zionist History". The Jewish Divide Over Israel. Transaction.
  45. ↑ N. Finkelstein, 1995, Image and Reality of the Israel–Palestine conflict, Verso, London, ISBN   1-85984-339-5
  46. ↑ N. Finkelstein, 1991, "Myths, Old and New", J. Palestine Studies, 21(1), p. 66–89
  47. ↑ N. Masalha, 1991, "A Critique of Benny Morris", J. Palestine Studies 21(1), p. 90–97
  48. ↑ Morris, 1991, "Response to Finkelstein and Masalha", J. Palestine Studies 21(1), pp. 98–114
  49. ↑ Pappe, Ilan. A History of Modern Palestine: One Land, Two Peoples Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004. ISBN   978-0-521-55632-3
  50. 1 2 Morris, Benny (22 March 2004). "Politics by Other Means". The New Republic. Archived from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
  51. ↑ Palumbo, Michael. The Palestinian Catastrophe: The 1948 Expulsion of a People from Their Homeland. Quartet Books, 1989, ISBN   0-7043-0099-0
  52. ↑ Palumbo, Michael. "What Happened to Palestine? The Revisionists Revisited Archived 31 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine ", originally published in The Link, September – October 1990, Volume 23, Issue 4 p. 4
  53. ↑ Palumbo, Michael. "What Happened to Palestine? The Revisionists Revisited Archived 31 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine ", p. 7
  54. ↑ Ahmad H. Sa'di, Lila Abu-Lughod, Nakba: Palestine, 1948, and the claims of memory, Columbia University Press, 2007 p. 30
  55. ↑ Palumbo, Michael. "What Happened to Palestine? The Revisionists Revisited Archived 31 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine ", p. 4
  56. ↑ Gelber, Yoav (2008). "The Jihad That Wasn't". Azure (34).
  57. ↑ "Past Winners". Jewish Book Council. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
Benny Morris
בני מוריס‎
Benny morris.jpg
Morris in 2007
Born (1948-12-08) 8 December 1948 (age 75)
Ein HaHoresh, Israel
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Thesis The British Weekly Press and Nazi Germany During the 1930's  (1977)
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