Thutmose I

Last updated

Thutmose I (sometimes read as Thutmosis or Tuthmosis I, Thothmes in older history works in Latinized Greek; meaning "Thoth is born") was the third pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt. He received the throne after the death of the previous king, Amenhotep I. During his reign, he campaigned deep into the Levant and Nubia, pushing the borders of Egypt farther than ever before in each region. He also built many temples in Egypt, and a tomb for himself in the Valley of the Kings; he is the first king confirmed to have done this (though Amenhotep I may have preceded him).

Contents

Thutmose I's reign is generally dated to 1506–1493 BC, but a minority of scholars—who think that astrological observations used to calculate the timeline of ancient Egyptian records, and thus the reign of Thutmose I, were taken from the city of Memphis rather than from Thebes—would date his reign to 1526–1513 BC. [2] [3] He was succeeded by his son Thutmose II, who in turn was succeeded by Thutmose II's sister, Hatshepsut.

Family

Thutmose never called himself "Son of the King", hence is believed to be born in non-royal family, to woman named Senseneb and an unknown father. [4] Queen Ahmose, who held the title of Great Royal Wife of Thutmose, was probably the daughter of Ahmose I and the sister of Amenhotep I; [5] but she was never called "king's daughter," so there is some doubt about this, and some historians believe she was Thutmose's sister. [6] Assuming she was related to Amenhotep, one might speculate that she was married to Thutmose in order to guarantee succession. This is known not to be the case for two reasons. First, Amenhotep's alabaster bark built at Karnak associates Amenhotep's name with Thutmose's name well before Amenhotep's death. [7] Second, Thutmose's first-born son with Ahmose, Amenmose, was apparently born long before Thutmose's coronation. He can be seen on a stela from Thutmose's fourth regnal year hunting near Memphis, and he became the "great army-commander of his father" sometime before his death, which was no later than Thutmose's own death in his 12th regnal year. [8] Thutmose had another son, Wadjmose, and two daughters, Hatshepsut and Nefrubity, by Ahmose. Wadjmose died before his father, and Nefrubity died as an infant. [9]

Thutmose had also one son by his another wife, Mutnofret, who was likely a daughter of Ahmose I and a sister of Amenhotep I. [10] This son succeeded him as Thutmose II, whom Thutmose I married to his daughter, Hatshepsut. [9] It was later recorded by Hatshepsut that Thutmose willed the kingship to both Thutmose II and Hatshepsut, but this is considered propaganda by Hatshepsut's supporters to legitimise her claim to the throne when she later assumed power. [11]

Reign

Dates and length of reign

A heliacal rising of Sothis was recorded in the reign of Thutmose's predecessor, Amenhotep I, which has been dated to 1517 BC, assuming the observation was made at Thebes. [12] The year of Amenhotep's death and Thutmose's subsequent coronation can be accordingly derived, and is dated to 1506 BC by most modern scholars. But if the observation were made at either Heliopolis or Memphis, as a minority of scholars argue, Thutmose would have been crowned in 1526 BC. [13] Manetho records that Thutmose I's reign lasted 12 years and 9 months (or 13 years) as a certain Mephres in his Epitome. [14] This data is supported by two dated inscriptions from Years 8 and 9 of his reign bearing his cartouche found inscribed on a stone block in Karnak. [15] Accordingly, Thutmose is usually given a reign from 1506 BC to 1493 BC (low chronology), but a minority of scholars date it from 1526 BC to 1513 BC (high chronology). [12]

Military achievements

Map Of Egypt (15th century BC) Egypt 1450 BC.svg
Map Of Egypt (15th century BC)

Upon Thutmose's coronation, Nubia rebelled against Egyptian rule. According to the tomb autobiography of Ahmose, son of Ebana, Thutmose traveled up the Nile and fought in the battle, personally killing the Nubian king. [16] Upon victory, he had the Nubian king's body hung from the prow of his ship, before he returned to Thebes. [16] After that campaign, he led a second expedition against Nubia in his third year in the course of which he ordered the canal at the first cataract—which had been built under Sesostris III of the 12th Dynasty—to be dredged in order to facilitate easier travel upstream from Egypt to Nubia. This helped integrate Nubia into the Egyptian empire. [9] This expedition is mentioned in two separate inscriptions by the king's son Thure: [17]

Year 3, first month of the third season, day 22, under the majesty of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Aakheperre who is given life. His Majesty commanded to dig this canal after he found it stopped up with stones [so that] no [ship sailed upon it]; Year 3, first month of the third season, day 22. His Majesty sailed this canal in victory and in the power of his return from overthrowing the wretched Kush. [18]

In the second year of Thutmose's reign, the king cut a stele at Tombos, which records that he built a fortress at Tombos, near the third cataract, thus permanently extending the Egyptian military presence, which had previously stopped at Buhen, at the second cataract. [19]

Campaign in the Levant and Syria

Thutmose's Tombos stele indicates that he had already fought a campaign in Syria; hence, his Syrian campaign may be placed at the beginning of his second regnal year. [20] This second campaign was the farthest north any Egyptian ruler had ever campaigned.

Although it has not been found in modern times, he apparently set up a stele when he crossed the Euphrates River. [21] During this campaign, the Syrian princes declared allegiance to Thutmose. But after he returned, they discontinued tribute and began fortifying against future incursions. [9] Thutmose celebrated his victories with an elephant hunt in the area of Niy, near Apamea in Syria, [8] and returned to Egypt with strange tales of the Euphrates, "that inverted water which flows upstream when it ought to be flowing downstream." [9] The Euphrates was the first major river the Egyptians had ever encountered that flowed from the north, which was downstream on the Nile, to the south, upstream on the Nile. Thus the river became known in Egypt as simply "inverted water." [9]

Textual sources from the time of Thutmose I include references to Retenu, Naharin, and the 'land of Mitanni'. The last is believed to be the first historical reference to that kingdom. [22]

Many Levantine sites were destroyed in the middle of the 16th century B.C., and these destructions have often been attributed to the military campaigns of Thutmose I, or of his predecessor Amenhotep I. Initially these campaigns may have aimed at defeating the power of the Hyksos, who were formerly strong in this area. [22]

As many as 20 sites in the Levant suffered destruction at this time. For example, the fiery destruction of Stratum XVIII at Gezer has been assigned to the second half of the 16th century BCE, the time of Amenhotep I and Thutmose I, based on the pottery and scarabs discovered in the destruction debris. [22]

It does not appear that the Egyptians' aim at this stage was to control the area permanently, because they established no permanent presence in the area. This happened later, during the 18th dynasty. [22]

Rebellions in the south

Thutmose had to face one more military threat, another rebellion by Nubia in his fourth year. [20] His influence accordingly expanded even farther south, as an inscription dated to his reign has been found as far south as Kurgus, south of the fourth cataract. [21] He inscribed a large tableau on the Hagar el-Merwa, a quartz outcrop c. 40m long and 50m wide 1200 meters from the Nile, on top of several local inscriptions. [23] This is the furthest south the Egyptian presence is attested. [23] During his reign, he initiated a number of projects that effectively ended Nubian independence for 500 years. He enlarged a temple to Sesostris III and Khnum, opposite the Nile from Semna. [24] There are also records of specific religious rites the viceroy of El-Kab was to have performed in the temples in Nubia in proxy for the king. [25] He also appointed a man called Turi to the position of viceroy of Kush, also known as the "King's Son of Cush." [26] With a civilian representative of the king permanently established in Nubia, Nubia did not dare revolt as often as it had and was easily controlled by future Egyptian kings. [20]

Building projects

Court of the 4th pylon: obelisk of Thutmose I at Karnak Obelisk of Thutmosis I in Karnak.jpg
Court of the 4th pylon: obelisk of Thutmose I at Karnak

Thutmose I organized great building projects during his reign, including many temples and tombs, but his greatest projects were at the Temple of Karnak under the supervision of the architect Ineni. [27] Before Thutmose, Karnak probably consisted only of a long road to a central platform, with a number of shrines for the solar bark along the side of the road. [28] Thutmose was the first king to drastically enlarge the temple. He had the fifth pylon built along the temple's main road, along with a wall around the inner sanctuary and two flagpoles to flank the gateway. [28] Outside of this, he built a fourth pylon and another enclosure wall. [28] Between pylons four and five, he had a hypostyle hall constructed, with columns made of cedar wood. This type of structure was common in ancient Egyptian temples, and supposedly represents a papyrus marsh, an Egyptian symbol of creation. [29] Along the edge of this room he built colossal statues, each one alternating wearing the crown of Upper Egypt and the crown of Lower Egypt. [28] Finally, outside of the fourth pylon, he erected four more flagpoles [28] and two obelisks, although one of them, which now has fallen, was not inscribed until Thutmose III inscribed it about 50 years later. [27] The cedar columns in Thutmose I's hypostyle hall were replaced with stone columns by Thutmose III, but at least the northernmost two were replaced by Thutmose I himself. [27] Hatshepsut also erected two of her own obelisks inside Thutmose I's hypostyle hall. [28]

Stela of Thutmose I in the Cairo Museum Stela of Tuthmosis I.jpg
Stela of Thutmose I in the Cairo Museum

In addition to Karnak, Thutmose I also built statues of the Ennead at Abydos, buildings at Armant, Ombos, el-Hiba, Memphis, and Edfu, as well as minor expansions to buildings in Nubia, at Semna, Buhen, Aniba, and Quban.[ citation needed ]

Thutmose I was the first king who definitely was buried in the Valley of the Kings. [21] Ineni was commissioned to dig this tomb, and presumably to build his mortuary temple. [8] His mortuary temple has not been found, possibly because it was incorporated into or demolished by the construction of Hatshepsut's mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahri. [30] His tomb, however, has been identified as KV38. In it was found a yellow quartzite sarcophagus bearing the name of Thutmose I, [5] but Thutmose III may have moved his body into the tomb of Hatshepsut, KV20, which also contains a sarcophagus with the name of Thutmose I on it. [21]

Thutmose the First painted Thutmose the First.jpg
Thutmose the First painted

Death

Burial

Thutmose I was originally buried and then reburied in KV20 in a double burial with his daughter Hatshepsut rather than KV38, which could only have been built for Thutmose I during the reign of his grandson Thutmose III based on "a recent re-examination of the architecture and contents of KV38." [31] The location of KV20, if not its original owner, had been known since the Napoleonic expedition of 1799 and, in 1844, the Prussian scholar Karl Richard Lepsius had partially explored its upper passage, [32] but all its passageways "had become blocked by a solidified mass of rubble, small stones and rubbish which had been carried into the tomb by floodwaters" and only during the 1903–04 excavation season did Howard Carter, after two previous seasons of strenuous work, clear its corridors and enter its double burial chamber. [32] Here, among the debris of broken pottery and shattered stone vessels from the burial chamber and lower passages, were the remnants of two vases made for Queen Ahmose Nefertari, which formed part of Thutmose I's original funerary equipment; one of the vases contained a secondary inscription that says that Thutmose II made it "as his monument to his father." [33] Other vessels that bore Thutmose I's names and titles had also been inscribed by his son and successor, Thutmose II, along with fragments of stone vessels made for Hatshepsut before she herself became king as well as other vessels that bore her royal name of 'Maatkare', which would have been made only after she took the throne. [34]

Hatshepsut donated this quartzite sarcophagus which was made in her reign for the reburial of her father, Thutmose I, in KV20 (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston) Hatshepsut's sarcophagus for Thutmose I.jpg
Hatshepsut donated this quartzite sarcophagus which was made in her reign for the reburial of her father, Thutmose I, in KV20 (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston)

But Carter also discovered two separate coffins in the burial chamber. Hatshepsut's beautifully carved sarcophagus "was discovered open with no sign of a body, and with the lid lying discarded on the floor"; it is now housed in the Cairo Museum along with a matching yellow quartzite canopic chest. [34] A second sarcophagus was found lying on its side with its almost undamaged lid propped against the wall nearby; it was eventually presented to Theodore M. Davis, the excavation's financial sponsor, as a gesture of appreciation for his support. [34] Davis in turn presented it to the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. The second quartzite sarcophagus had originally been engraved with the name of "the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Maatkare Hatshepsut", [34] but when it was complete, Hatshepsut decided to commission an entirely new sarcophagus for herself and donated the existing finished sarcophagus to her father, Thutmose I. [34] The stonemasons then attempted to erase the original carvings by restoring the surface of the quartzite so that it could be re-carved with the name and titles of Tuthmose I instead. This quartzite sarcophagus measures 7 feet long by 3 feet wide with walls 5  inches thick and bears a dedication text that records Hatshepsut's generosity towards her father:

...long live the Female Horus...The king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Maatkare, the son of Re, Hatshepsut-Khnemet-Amun! May she live forever! She made it as her monument to her father whom she loved, the Good God, Lord of the Two Lands, Aakheperkare, the son of Re, Thutmosis the justified. [35]

Thutmose I was not destined to lie alongside his daughter after Hatshepsut's death. Thutmose III, Hatshepsut's successor, decided to reinter his grandfather in an even more magnificent tomb, KV38, featuring another yellow sarcophagus dedicated to Thutmose I and inscribed with texts that proclaim this pharaoh's love for his deceased grandfather. [36] Unfortunately, Thutmose I's remains were disturbed late during the 20th dynasty when KV38 was plundered; the sarcophagus's lid was broken and all this king's valuable precious jewelry and grave goods were stolen. [36]

Scene of a statue of Thutmose I, he is depicted in the symbolic black color of deification, the black color also symbolizes rebirth and regeneration; MET Museum, NYC. The statue is being dragged, showing a deified depiction of the king in the symbolic black color of deification, ca. 1294-1279 B.C., more than two centuries after his death, with offerings and rites honoring him. Thutmose I, MET Museum, NYC.jpg
Scene of a statue of Thutmose I, he is depicted in the symbolic black color of deification, the black color also symbolizes rebirth and regeneration; MET Museum, NYC. The statue is being dragged, showing a deified depiction of the king in the symbolic black color of deification, ca. 1294–1279 B.C., more than two centuries after his death, with offerings and rites honoring him.

Mummy

Alleged mummy of Thutmose I Thutmose I mummy head.png
Alleged mummy of Thutmose I

Thutmose I's mummy was discovered in the Deir el-Bahri Cache above the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut, revealed in 1881. It had been interred along with those of the 18th- and 19th-dynasty leaders Ahmose I, Amenhotep I, Thutmose II, Thutmose III, Ramesses I, Seti I, Ramesses II, and Ramesses IX, as well as the 21st-dynasty pharaohs Pinedjem I, Pinedjem II, and Siamun.

Thutmose I's original coffin was taken over and reused by a later pharaoh of the 21st dynasty. The mummy of Thutmose I was thought to be lost, but Egyptologist Gaston Maspero, largely on the strength of familial resemblance to the mummies of Thutmose II and Thutmose III, believed he had found his mummy in the otherwise unlabelled mummy #5283. [38] This identification has been supported by subsequent examinations, revealing that the embalming techniques used came from the appropriate period of time, almost certainly after that of Ahmose I and made during the 18th dynasty. [39]

Gaston Maspero described the mummy as follows:

The king was already advanced in age at the time of his death, being over fifty years old, to judge by the incisor teeth, which are worn and corroded by the impurities of which the Egyptian bread was full. The body, though small and emaciated, shows evidence of unusual muscular strength; the head is bald, the features are refined, and the mouth still bears an expression characteristic of shrewdness and cunning. [38]

James Harris and Fawzia Hussien (1991) conducted an X-ray survey on New Kingdom royal mummies and examined Thutmose I's mummified remains. The study found that Thutmose I's mummy had all the craniofacial characteristics common among Nubian populations and a “typical Nubian morphology”. [40]

A 2020 genetic study performed by a team under Zahi Hawass on the Amarna royal mummies also featured the unidentified royal mummy previously thought to be Thutmose I in the control samples. The study indicated that the mummy belonged to haplogroup L, which is mainly observed in southern, western and central Asia (highest in the Indian subcontinent). [41]

What was thought to be his mummy could be viewed in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. But in 2007, Hawass announced that the mummy previously thought to be Thutmose I is that of a 30-year-old man who died as a result of an arrow wound to the chest. Because of the young age of the mummy and the cause of death, it was determined that the mummy was probably not that of Thutmose I. [42] The mummy has the inventory number CG 61065. [43] In April 2021 the mummy was moved to the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization along with those of 17 kings and four queens in an event termed the Pharaohs' Golden Parade. [44]

See also

Notes and references

  1. ↑ Clayton, Peter. Chronicle of the Pharaohs, Thames and Hudson Ltd, paperback 2006, p.100
  2. ↑ Nicolas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, Librairie Arthéme Fayard, 1988, p. 202.
  3. ↑ Ancient Egyptian Chronology, chapter 10: "Egyptian Sirius/Sothic Dates and the Question of the Sirius–Based Lunar Calendar", Rolf Kraus, 2006, pp. 439–57.
  4. ↑ Cooney, Kara (2016). Hatszepsut. Kobieta która została królem [The Woman Who Would be King] (in Polish). WAB. p. 37. ISBN 978-83-280-2771-8.
  5. 1 2 Gardiner 1964 p. 176
  6. ↑ Bleiberg (2000) p.400
  7. ↑ Grimal (1988) p.203
  8. 1 2 3 Gardiner (1964) p.179
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Steindorff (1942) p.36
  10. ↑ Dodson & Hilton 2004: 126, 131
  11. ↑ Erman (1894) p.43
  12. 1 2 Grimal (1988) p.202
  13. ↑ Helk (1983) pp.47-9
  14. ↑ "Manetho's Kings". Archived from the original on 2003-01-28. Retrieved 2017-06-20.
  15. ↑ Jürgen von Beckerath (1997), p.120
  16. 1 2 Steindorff and Seele (1942) p.34
  17. ↑ Lorna Oakes, Pyramids, Temples and Tombs of Ancient Egypt, Hermes House, 2003. p.207
  18. ↑ Oakes, op. cit., p.207
  19. ↑ Breasted (1906) p.28
  20. 1 2 3 Steindorff and Seele (1942) p.35
  21. 1 2 3 4 Shaw and Nicholson (1995) p.289
  22. 1 2 3 4 Weinstein, James M. (1981). "The Egyptian Empire in Palestine: A Reassessment". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (241): 1–28. doi:10.2307/1356708. JSTOR   1356708. S2CID   164015977.
  23. 1 2 Davies, Vivian (2017). "Nubia in the New Kingdom: the Egyptians at Kurgus". Nubia in the New Kingdom. Lived Experience, Pharaonic Control and Indigenous Traditions. British Museum Publications on Egypt and Sudan. 3: 65–106.
  24. ↑ Erman (1894) p.503
  25. ↑ Breasted (1906) p.25
  26. ↑ Breasted (1906) p.27
  27. 1 2 3 Breasted (1906) p.41
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Grimal (1988) p.300
  29. ↑ Shaw (2003) p.168
  30. ↑ Gardiner (1964) p.170
  31. ↑ Joyce Tyldesley, Hatchepsut: The Female Pharaoh, Penguin Books, hardback, 1996. pp.121-25
  32. 1 2 Tyldesley, p.122
  33. ↑ Tyldesley, pp.123-24
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 Tyldesley, p.124
  35. ↑ Tyldesley, p.125
  36. 1 2 Tyldesley, p.126
  37. ↑ "Dragging a Statue of Thutmose I". www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved 2021-11-16.
  38. 1 2 Maspero, Gaston. History Of Egypt, Chaldaea, Syria, Babylonia, and Assyria, Volume 4 (of 12), Project Gutenberg Ebook, Release Date: December 16, 2005. EBook #17324. https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/7/3/2/17324/17324-h/v4c.htm#image-0047 Archived 2011-09-17 at the Wayback Machine
  39. ↑ Smith (2000) p.25-28
  40. ↑ Harris, James E.; Hussien, Fawzia (September 1991). "The identification of the Eighteenth Dynasty royal mummies; a biological perspective". International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. 1 (3–4): 235–239. doi:10.1002/oa.1390010317.
  41. ↑ Maternal and Paternal Lineages in King Tutankhamun's Family Guardian of Ancient Egypt: Studies in Honor of Zahi Hawass. Volume I, pp.497–518; 2020 Archived 9 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  42. ↑ Anderson, Lisa (14 July 2007). "Mummy awakens new era in Egypt". Chicago Tribune.
  43. ↑ Habicht, M.E; Bouwman, A.S; Rühli, F.J (25 January 2016). "Identifications of ancient Egyptian royal mummies from the 18th Dynasty reconsidered". Yearbook of Physical Anthropology. 159 (S61): 216–231. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.22909 . PMID   26808107.
  44. ↑ Parisse, Emmanuel (5 April 2021). "22 Ancient Pharaohs Have Been Carried Across Cairo in an Epic 'Golden Parade'". ScienceAlert. Retrieved 5 April 2021.

Bibliography

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hatshepsut</span> Egyptian queen and pharaoh, fifth ruler of the Eighteenth Dynasty (c. 1479/8–1458 BC)

Hatshepsut was the Great Royal Wife of Pharaoh Thutmose II and the fifth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt, ruling first as regent, then as queen regnant from c. 1479 BC until c. 1458 BC. She was Egypt's second confirmed woman who ruled in her own right, the first being Sobekneferu/Nefrusobek in the Twelfth Dynasty.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thebes, Egypt</span> Ancient Egyptian city

Thebes, known to the ancient Egyptians as Waset, was an ancient Egyptian city located along the Nile about 800 kilometers (500 mi) south of the Mediterranean. Its ruins lie within the modern Egyptian city of Luxor. Thebes was the main city of the fourth Upper Egyptian nome and was the capital of Egypt for long periods during the Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom eras. It was close to Nubia and the Eastern Desert, with its valuable mineral resources and trade routes. It was a religious center and the most venerated city during many periods of ancient Egyptian history. The site of Thebes includes areas on both the eastern bank of the Nile, where the temples of Karnak and Luxor stand and where the city was situated; and the western bank, where a necropolis of large private and royal cemeteries and funerary complexes can be found. In 1979, the ruins of ancient Thebes were classified by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ahmose I</span> Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt

Ahmose I was a pharaoh and founder of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt in the New Kingdom of Egypt, the era in which ancient Egypt achieved the peak of its power. His reign is usually dated to the mid-16th century BC at the beginning of the Late Bronze Age.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thutmose III</span> Sixth Egyptian Pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty (c. 1479 – 1425 BC)

Thutmose III, sometimes called Thutmose the Great, was the sixth pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty. Officially he ruled Egypt from 28 April 1479 BC until 11 March 1425 BC, commencing with his coronation at the age of two and concluding with his death, aged fifty-six; however, during the first 22 years of his reign, he was coregent with his stepmother and aunt, Hatshepsut, who was named the pharaoh. While he was depicted as the first on surviving monuments, both were assigned the usual royal names and insignia and neither is given any obvious seniority over the other. Thutmose served as commander of Hatshepsut's armies. During the final two years of his reign after the death of his firstborn son and heir Amenemhat, he appointed his son and successor Amenhotep II as junior co-regent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amenhotep III</span> Ninth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt

Amenhotep III, also known as Amenhotep the Magnificent or Amenhotep the Great and Hellenized as Amenophis III, was the ninth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty. According to different authors following the "Low Chronology", he ruled Egypt from June 1386 to 1349 BC, or from June 1388 BC to December 1351 BC/1350 BC, after his father Thutmose IV died. Amenhotep was Thutmose's son by a minor wife, Mutemwiya.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ahmose (queen)</span> Queen consort of Egypt

Ahmose was an Ancient Egyptian queen in the Eighteenth Dynasty. She was the Great Royal Wife of the dynasty's third pharaoh, Thutmose I, and the mother of the queen and pharaoh Hatshepsut. Her name means "Born of the Moon".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thutmose II</span> Egyptian Pharaoh

Thutmose II was the fourth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt, and his reign is thought to be 13 years 1493 to 1479 BC or just only 3 years from around 1482 to 1479 BC. Little is known about him and he is overshadowed by his father Thutmose I, half-sister and wife Hatshepsut, and son Thutmose III. He died before age of 30 and body believed to be his was found in the Deir el-Bahri Cache above the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amenhotep I</span> Second Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt

Amenhotep I or Amenophis I, was the second Pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt. His reign is generally dated from 1526 to 1506 BC.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amenhotep II</span> Seventh Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt

Amenhotep II was the seventh pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. He inherited a vast kingdom from his father Thutmose III, and held it by means of a few military campaigns in Syria; however, he fought much less than his father, and his reign saw the effective cessation of hostilities between Egypt and Mitanni, the major kingdoms vying for power in Syria. His reign is usually dated from 1427 to 1401 BC. His consort was Tiaa, who was barred from any prestige until Amenhotep's son, Thutmose IV, came into power.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thutmose IV</span> Egyptian Pharaoh

Thutmose IV was the 8th Pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt, who ruled in approximately the 14th century BC. His prenomen or royal name, Menkheperure, means "Established in forms is Re." He was the son of Amenhotep II and Tiaa. Thutmose IV was the grandfather of Akhenaten.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New Kingdom of Egypt</span> Period in ancient Egyptian history (c. 1570–1069 BC)

The New Kingdom, also called the Egyptian Empire, refers to ancient Egypt between the 16th century BC and the 11th century BC. This period of ancient Egyptian history covers the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth dynasties. Through radiocarbon dating, the establishment of the New Kingdom has been placed between 1570 BC and 1544 BC. The New Kingdom followed the Second Intermediate Period and was succeeded by the Third Intermediate Period. It was the most prosperous time for the Egyptian people and marked the peak of Egypt's power.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ahmose-Nefertari</span> Ancient Egyptian queen consort

Ahmose-Nefertari was the first Great Royal Wife of the 18th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt. She was a daughter of Seqenenre Tao and Ahhotep I, and royal sister and wife to Ahmose I. Her son Amenhotep I became pharaoh and she may have served as his regent when he was young. Ahmose-Nefertari was deified after her death.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">God's Wife of Amun</span> Highest-ranking priestess of the Amun cult

God's Wife of Amun was the highest-ranking priestess of the Amun cult, an important religious institution in ancient Egypt. The cult was centered in Thebes in Upper Egypt during the Twenty-fifth and Twenty-sixth dynasties. The office had political importance as well as religious, since the two were closely related in ancient Egypt.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">KV20</span> Ancient Egyptian tomb in the Valley of the Kings

KV20 is a tomb in the Valley of the Kings (Egypt). It was probably the first royal tomb to be constructed in the valley. KV20 was the original burial place of Thutmose I and later was adapted by his daughter Hatshepsut to accommodate her and her father. The tomb was known to Napoleon Bonaparte's expedition in 1799 and had been visited by several explorers between 1799 and 1903. A full clearance of the tomb was undertaken by Howard Carter in 1903–1904. KV20 is distinguishable from other tombs in the valley, both in its general layout and because of the atypical clockwise curvature of its corridors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chapelle Rouge</span> Religious site in Egypt, made by the pharaoh Hatshepsut

The Red Chapel of Hatshepsut or the Chapelle rouge was a religious shrine in Ancient Egypt.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neferure</span> Daughter of pharaohs Hatshepsut and Thutmose II

Neferure or Neferura was an Egyptian princess of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. She was the daughter of two pharaohs, Hatshepsut and Thutmose II. She served in high offices in the government and the religious administration of Ancient Egypt.

Mutnofret, also rendered as Mutneferet or Mutnefert, was a queen during the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. She was a secondary wife of Thutmose I and the mother of his successor Thutmose II; Thutmose I's chief wife, however, was his sister Queen Ahmose, the mother of Hatshepsut.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt</span> Dynasty of Egypt from c. 1550 to 1292 BCE

The Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt is classified as the first dynasty of the New Kingdom of Egypt, the era in which ancient Egypt achieved the peak of its power. The Eighteenth Dynasty spanned the period from 1550/1549 to 1292 BC. This dynasty is also known as the Thutmoside Dynasty) for the four pharaohs named Thutmose.

This page list topics related to ancient Egypt.

The Second Prophet of Amun, also called the Second Priest of Amun, was a high ranking priestly official in the cult of the ancient Egyptian god Amun. The Second Prophet of Amun office was created in the New Kingdom, at the beginning of the Eighteenth Dynasty.

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.