Shoshenq V

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Aakheperre Shoshenq V was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the late 22nd Dynasty.

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Despite having enjoyed one of the longest reigns of the entire dynasty – 38 years – and having left a fair amount of attestations, little is known about Shoshenq's life. His realm underwent an unstoppable shrinking due to the progressive increase of independence of various tribal chiefs, princes and concurrent kings, above all the pharaoh–to–be Tefnakht.

Reign

Overview

The political situation in Egypt around 730 BC; at the end of his reign, Shoshenq V ruled above the North-Eastern territories coloured in grey Third Intermediate Period map.svg
The political situation in Egypt around 730 BC; at the end of his reign, Shoshenq V ruled above the North-Eastern territories coloured in grey

According to a Serapeum stela dated to his Year 11, Shoshenq was son and successor of Pami. [1] : 84–5  He ascended to the throne in ca. 767 BC [1] : Tab.3  and, despite little information about his life, he is well attested by several monuments, dated and not. However, the provenance of such findings is limited to the Eastern Nile Delta – in fact the territory under his authority – and noticeably, he is completely unrecorded in Thebes. [1] : 103  Furthermore, it looks that during Shoshenq's reign his lordship above the city of Memphis and the westernmost part of his realms phased out for the benefit of the Libyan chiefs of the Western Delta such as Osorkon C and, ultimately, Tefnakht of Sais. [1] : 311, 316  [3] : 571–2  At the end of his long reign – most likely lasting 38 years – Shoshenq ruled little more than the districts of Tanis and Bubastis. [1] : 92 

Before the discovery of the proper Shoshenq IV, Shoshenq V was often referred to with the "IV" numeral (for example: [4] [5] ).

Attestations

Shoshenq's Year 11 is recorded at Memphis, commemorating the death, burial and replacement of the Apis bull which was installed in the Year 2 of Pami. Shoshenq is also attested in his years 7 [6] [7] and 15 [7] (or 17), [8] 19, [9] 30, [10] and 37 [1] : Tab.21A  by donation stelae of different Great Chiefs of the Libu , named Tjerpahati, Ker, Rudamun and Ankhhor respectively. Then, his name appears again on a stela from Atfih, dedicated to the goddess Hathor in Shoshenq's Year 22. [5] [1] : 310–1, 521 
At Tanis, he ordered a temple for the Theban Triad, with particular emphasis on the god Khonsu. Probably in his Year 30, he also celebrated his Sed festival by adding a jubilee chapel to the aforementioned temple. [1] : 315, 396  [3] : 569  [11] These buildings were later dismantled and a sacred lake was made in their place. Yet, from the remains of the buildings, it is known that Shoshenq celebrated the festival by adopting brand-new Horus, Nebty and Golden Horus names, and by adding complements to his Throne and personal names, in sharp contrast with the plain and simple titulary used in most of his monuments (the one reported in the box [12] ) which was possibly a form of archaism. Undated monuments of Shoshenq V were unearthed at Tell el-Yahudiyeh. [1] : 309, 315 
In Year 37 of Shoshenq, the Apis bull installed in his Year 11 died and was buried. The event is commemorated on several Serapeum stelae, the most famous among these being the Stela of Pasenhor, which also provided a valuable genealogy of the early 22nd Dynasty and its Libyan origin. [1] : 84–5  [3] : 569  This bull eventually outlived Shoshenq, dying in Year 5 of pharaoh Bakenranef of the 24th Dynasty. [1] : 147 
Shoshenq V's highest Year date is an anonymous Year 38 donation stela from Buto issued by Tefnakht (here boasting several titles, but not yet a pharaoh) which can only belong to his reign since Tefnakht was a late contemporary of this king. This stela, which reads simply as "Regnal Year 38 under the Majesty of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Lord of the Two Lands, [BLANK], Son of Re, [BLANK]," may reflect the growing power of Tefnakht in the Western Delta at the expense of Shoshenq V whose name is omitted from the document. The same argument can be applied to a similar stela, again issued by Tefnakht but in an anonymous Year 36 which again can only belong to Shoshenq's reign. [1] : 84, 112, 316 

Death and succession

Shoshenq V died probably in 730 BC. Besides his father Pami, his family relationships are not entirely clear, but it is often assumed that his successor was Osorkon IV who also may have been his son. [11] It is known that Osorkon's mother was queen Tadibast III; thus, she was possibly Shoshenq's queen. [13] However, this reconstruction is complicated by the presence of the poorly known pharaoh Pedubast II who is sometimes placed as Shoshenq's successor. [14]

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Kitchen, Kenneth A. (1996). The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 BC). Warminster: Aris & Phillips Limited. ISBN   0-85668-298-5.
  2. ↑ Clayton, Peter (1994). Chronicle of the Pharaohs . Thames & Hudson Ltd. ISBN   9780500050743., p. 185
  3. 1 2 3 Edwards, I.E.S. (1982). "Egypt: from the Twenty-second to the Twenty-fourth Dynasty". In Edwards, I.E.S. (ed.). The Cambridge Ancient History (2nd ed.), vol. III, part 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 534–580. ISBN   0-521-22496-9.
  4. ↑ Gardiner, Alan (1961). Egypt of the Pharaohs: an introduction . Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-500267-6., p. 326
  5. 1 2 Peet, T.E. (1920). "A Stela of the Reign of Sheshonk IV". Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 6: 56–57. doi:10.1177/030751332000600104. S2CID   192336768.
  6. ↑ Spiegelberg, Wilhelm (1920). "Neue Schenkungsstelen uber Landstiftungen an Tempel". Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde. 56: 55–60. doi:10.1524/zaes.1920.56.jg.55. S2CID   193028908., pp 57–58
  7. 1 2 Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (2014). "Die "Großfürsten der Libu" im westlichen Delta in der späten 22. Dynastie" (PDF). Journal of Egyptian History. 7 (2): 194–202. doi:10.1163/18741665-12340017.
  8. ↑ Brooklyn Museum 67.119
  9. ↑ Müller, Wilhelm Max (1906). Egyptological Researches, vol. I. Carnegie Institution of Washington., pl. 88
  10. ↑ Berlandini, Jocelyne (1978). "Une stèlae de donation du dynaste libyen Roudamon". BIFAO. 78: 147–153.
  11. 1 2 Grimal, Nicolas (1992). A History of Ancient Egypt . Oxford: Blackwell Books. p.  512. ISBN   9780631174721., pp. 330-331
  12. ↑ von Beckerath, Jürgen (1999). Handbuch der Ägyptischen Königsnamen. Mainz. ISBN   3-8053-2591-6., pp. 190-191
  13. ↑ Berlandini, Jocelyne (1979). "Petits monuments royaux de la XXIe à la XXVe dynastie". Hommages à la mémoire de Serge Sauneron, vol. I, Egypte pharaonique. Cairo, Imprimerie de l'Institut d'Archeologie Orientale. pp. 89–114., pp. 100-101
  14. ↑ von Beckerath, Jürgen (1997). Chronologie des pharaonischen Ägyptens. Mainz am Rhein: Münchner Ägyptologische Studien 46., p. 99
Preceded by Pharaoh of Egypt
767 – 730 BC
Twenty-second dynasty of Egypt 		Succeeded by
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