{{Nobold|{{lang|arz|فؤاد الأول}}}}"},"image":{"wt":"Fuad I of Egypt.jpg"},"alt":{"wt":""},"caption":{"wt":"Official portrait, 1922"},"succession":{"wt":"[[King of Egypt|King of Egypt and Sovereign of Nubia, the Sudan, Kordofan and Darfur]]{{cite book |editor-last=Montgomery-Massingberd|editor-first=Hugh|editor-link=Hugh Massingberd|title=Burke's Royal Families of the World |volume=II: Africa & the Middle East|year=1980 |publisher=Burke's Peerage|location=London|isbn=978-0-85011-029-6|oclc=18496936 |page=36 |chapter=The Royal House of Egypt}}"},"reign":{"wt":"15 March 1922 – 28 April 1936"},"predecessor":{"wt":"Himself as [[List of monarchs of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty|Sultan of Egypt]]"},"regent":{"wt":"{{List collapsed|title=''See list''|1=[[Abdel Khaliq Sarwat Pasha]]
[[Muhammad Tawfiq Nasim Pasha]]
[[Yehya Ibrahim Pasha]]
[[Saad Zaghloul|Saad Zaghloul Pasha]]
[[Ahmad Ziwar Pasha]]
[[Adli Yakan Pasha]]
[[Mustafa el-Nahhas|Mustafa el-Nahhas Pasha]]
[[Muhammad Mahmoud Pasha]]
[[Isma'il Sidqi|Isma'il Sidqi Pasha]]
[[Abdel Fattah Yahya Pasha]]
[[Ali Mahir Pasha]]}}"},"reg-type":{"wt":"[[Prime Minister of Egypt|Prime Ministers]]"},"successor":{"wt":"[[Farouk of Egypt|Farouk I]]"},"succession2":{"wt":"[[Sultan of Egypt]]"},"reign2":{"wt":"9 October 1917 – 15 March 1922"},"predecessor2":{"wt":"[[Hussein Kamel of Egypt|Hussein Kamel]]"},"regent2":{"wt":"{{List collapsed|title=''See list''|1=[[Hussein Rushdi Pasha]]
[[Muhammad Said Pasha]]
[[Youssef Wahba|Youssef Wahba Pasha]]
[[Muhammad Tawfiq Nasim Pasha]]
[[Adli Yakan Pasha]]
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[[Fawkia of Egypt]]
[[Farouk of Egypt|Farouk I of Egypt]]
[[Fawzia of Egypt|Fawzia, Queen of Iran]]
[[Princess Faiza of Egypt|Princess Faiza]]
[[Princess Faika of Egypt|Princess Faika]]
[[Princess Fathia of Egypt|Princess Fathia]]"},"full name":{"wt":"Ahmad Fuad
{{Langx|ar|أحمد فؤاد}}"},"house":{"wt":"[[Muhammad Ali Dynasty|Alawiyya]]"},"father":{"wt":"[[Isma'il Pasha|Isma'il I of Egypt]]"},"mother":{"wt":"[[Ferial Qadin]]"},"birth_date":{"wt":"{{birth date|1868|03|26|df=yes}}"},"birth_place":{"wt":"Giza Palace, [[Cairo]], [[Khedivate of Egypt]], [[Ottoman Empire]]"},"death_date":{"wt":"{{death date and age|df=yes|1936|04|28|1868|03|26}}"},"death_place":{"wt":"[[Koubbeh Palace|Qubbah Palace]], [[Cairo]], [[Kingdom of Egypt]]"},"place of burial":{"wt":"[[Al-Rifa'i Mosque]], [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]]"},"signature":{"wt":""},"religion":{"wt":"[[Sunni Islam]]"}},"i":0}}]}" id="mwCQ">
Fuad I فؤاد الأول | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() Official portrait, 1922 | |||||
King of Egypt and Sovereign of Nubia, the Sudan, Kordofan and Darfur [1] | |||||
Reign | 15 March 1922 – 28 April 1936 | ||||
Predecessor | Himself as Sultan of Egypt | ||||
Successor | Farouk I | ||||
Prime Ministers | |||||
Sultan of Egypt | |||||
Reign | 9 October 1917 – 15 March 1922 | ||||
Predecessor | Hussein Kamel | ||||
Successor | Himself as King of Egypt | ||||
Prime Ministers | |||||
Born | Giza Palace, Cairo, Khedivate of Egypt, Ottoman Empire | 26 March 1868||||
Died | 28 April 1936 68) Qubbah Palace, Cairo, Kingdom of Egypt | (aged||||
Burial | |||||
Consort | |||||
Issue | Prince Ismail Fawkia of Egypt Farouk I of Egypt Fawzia, Queen of Iran Princess Faiza Princess Faika Princess Fathia | ||||
| |||||
House | Alawiyya | ||||
Father | Isma'il I of Egypt | ||||
Mother | Ferial Qadin | ||||
Religion | Sunni Islam |
Fuad I (Arabic : فؤاد الأولFu’ād al-Awwal; 26 March 1868 – 28 April 1936) was the Sultan and later King of Egypt and the Sudan. The ninth ruler of Egypt and Sudan from the Muhammad Ali dynasty, he became Sultan in 1917, succeeding his elder brother Hussein Kamel. He replaced the title of Sultan with King when the United Kingdom unilaterally declared Egyptian independence in 1922.
Fuad was born in Giza Palace in Cairo, the fifth issue of Isma'il Pasha. [2] [3] He spent his childhood with his exiled father in Naples. He got his education from the military academy in Turin, Italy. His mother was Ferial Qadin. [4]
Prior to becoming sultan, Fuad had played a major role in the establishment of Egyptian University (now called Cairo University). He became the university's first rector in 1908, and remained in the post until his resignation in 1913. He was succeeded as rector by then-minister of Justice Hussein Rushdi Pasha. In 1913, Fuad made unsuccessful attempts to secure the throne of Albania for himself, which had obtained its independence from the Ottoman Empire a year earlier. At the time, Egypt and Sudan was ruled by his nephew, Abbas II, and the likelihood of Fuad becoming the monarch in his own country seemed remote. This, and the fact that the Muhammad Ali dynasty was of Albanian descent, encouraged Fuad to seek the Albanian throne. [5] Fuad also served as president of the Egyptian Geographic Society from 1915 until 1918. [6]
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Fuad came under consideration as a candidate for the Albanian throne, but he was ultimately bypassed in favour of a Christian ruler. He ascended the throne of the Sultanate of Egypt upon the death of his brother Hussein Kamel in 1917. In the aftermath of the Egyptian Revolution of 1919, the United Kingdom ended its protectorate over Egypt, and recognised it as a sovereign state on 28 February 1922. On 15 March 1922, Fuad issued a decree changing his title from Sultan of Egypt to King of Egypt. In 1930, he attempted to strengthen the power of the Crown by abrogating the 1923 Constitution and replacing it with a new constitution that limited the role of parliament to advisory status only. Large scale public dissatisfaction compelled him to restore the earlier constitution in 1935.
The 1923 Constitution granted Fuad vast powers. He made frequent use of his right to dissolve Parliament. During his reign, cabinets were dismissed at royal will, and parliaments never lasted for their full four-year term but were dissolved by decree. [7]
Fuad was an instrumental force in modern Egyptian historiography. He employed numerous archivists to copy, translate, and arrange eighty-seven volumes of correspondence related to his paternal ancestors from European archives, and later to collect old documents from Egyptian archives into what became the Royal Archives in the 1930s. Fuad's efforts to portray his ancestors – especially his great-grandfather Muhammad Ali, his grandfather Ibrahim, and his father – as nationalists and benevolent monarchs would prove to be an enduring influence on Egyptian historiography. [8]
Fuad married his first wife, Princess Shivakiar Khanum Effendi (1876–1947), in Cairo, on 30 May 1895 (nikah), and at the Abbasiya Palace in Cairo, on 14 February 1896 (zifaf). She was his first cousin once removed and the only daughter of Field Marshal Prince Ibrahim Fahmi Ahmad Pasha (his first cousin) by his first wife, Vijdan Navjuvan Khanum. They had two children, a son, Ismail Fuad, who died in infancy, and a daughter, Fawkia. Unhappily married, the couple divorced in 1898. [9] During a dispute with the brother of his first wife, Prince Ahmad Saif-uddin Ibrahim Bey, Fuad was shot in the throat. He survived, but carried that scar the rest of his life.
Fuad married his second wife at the Bustan Palace in Cairo on 24 May 1919. She was Nazli Sabri (1894–1978), daughter of Abdu'r-Rahim Pasha Sabri, sometime Minister of Agriculture and Governor of Cairo, by his wife, Tawfika Khanum Sharif. Queen Nazli also was a maternal granddaughter of Major-General Muhammad Sharif Pasha, sometime Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs, and a great-granddaughter of Suleiman Pasha, a French officer in Napoleon's army who converted to Islam and reorganized the Egyptian army. The couple had five children, the future King Farouk, and four daughters, the Princesses Fawzia (who became queen consort of Iran), Faiza, Faika, and Fathia.
As with his first wife, Fuad's relation with his second wife was also stormy. The couple continually fought, Fuad even forbidding Nazli from leaving the palace. When Fuad died, it was said that the triumphant Nazli sold all of his clothes to a local used-clothes market in revenge. Fuad died at the Koubbeh Palace in Cairo and was buried at the Khedival Mausoleum in the ar-Rifai Mosque in Cairo.
King Fuad's wife lived as a widow after his death. She did not have good relations with her son. After Fuad's death, she left Egypt and went to the United States. She converted to Catholicism in 1950 and changed her name to Mary Elizabeth. She got deprived of her rights and titles in Egypt. Once named the world's richest and most elegant woman, she possessed one of the largest jewellery collections in the world.
The Fuad (Fū’ād) (فؤاد الأول) Muslim Library in China was named after him by the Chinese Muslim Ma Songting. [10] Muḥammad 'Ibrāhīm Fulayfil (محمد إبراهيم فليفل) and Muḥammad ad-Dālī (محمد الدالي) were ordered to Beijing by the King. [11]
Farouk I was the tenth ruler of Egypt from the Muhammad Ali dynasty and the penultimate King of Egypt and the Sudan, succeeding his father, Fuad I, in 1936 and reigning until his overthrow in a military coup in 1952.
Fawzia of Egypt, also known as Fawzia Pahlavi or Fawzia Chirine, was an Egyptian princess who became Queen of Iran as the first wife of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran. Fawzia was the daughter of Fuad I, seventh son of Ismail the Magnificent. Her marriage to the Iranian Crown Prince in 1939 was a political deal: it consolidated Egyptian power and influence in the Middle East, while bringing respectability to the new Iranian regime by association with the much more prestigious Egyptian royal house. Fawzia obtained an Egyptian divorce in 1948, under which their one daughter Princess Shahnaz would be brought up in Iran. Fawzia, who was known as the "sad queen" in the press, lived in isolation and silence after the 1952 Egyptian revolution and never published her memories of the court of Iran and Egypt.
Isma'il Pasha, also known as 'Ismail the Magnificent, was the Khedive of Egypt and ruler of Sudan from 1863 to 1879, when he was removed at the behest of Great Britain and France. Sharing the ambitious outlook of his grandfather, Muhammad Ali Pasha, he greatly modernized Egypt and Sudan during his reign, investing heavily in industrial and economic development, urbanization, and the expansion of the country's boundaries in Africa.
Mustafa Fazıl Pasha was an Ottoman-Egyptian prince of ethnic Albanian descent belonging to the Muhammad Ali Dynasty founded by his grandfather Muhammad Ali Pasha.
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan was a condominium of the United Kingdom and Egypt between 1899 and 1956, corresponding mostly to the territory of present-day South Sudan and Sudan. Legally, sovereignty and administration were shared between both Egypt and the United Kingdom, but in practice the structure of the condominium ensured effective British control over Sudan, with Egypt having limited local power and influence. In the meantime, Egypt itself fell under increasing British influence. Following the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, Egypt pushed for an end to the condominium, and the independence of Sudan. By agreement between Egypt and the United Kingdom in 1953, Sudan was granted independence as the Republic of the Sudan on 1 January 1956. In 2011, the south of Sudan itself became independent as the Republic of South Sudan.
Mohamed Tewfik Pasha, also known as Tawfiq of Egypt, was khedive of Egypt and the Sudan between 1879 and 1892 and the sixth ruler from the Muhammad Ali Dynasty. He inherited a state suffering under the financial and political mismanagement of his predecessor Isma'il. Disaffection in the Egyptian army as well as Anglo-French control of the state in the 1880s culminated in the anti-foreign Urabi revolt. Tewfik also took interest in matters concerning irrigation, education and justice; as well as selling his father's female slaves and closing the court's harem quarters.
Sultan of Egypt was the status held by the rulers of Egypt after the establishment of the Ayyubid dynasty of Saladin in 1174 until the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517. Though the extent of the Egyptian Sultanate ebbed and flowed, it generally included Sham and Hejaz, with the consequence that the Ayyubid and later Mamluk sultans were also regarded as the Sultans of Syria. From 1914, the title was once again used by the heads of the Muhammad Ali dynasty of Egypt and Sudan, later being replaced by the title of King of Egypt and Sudan in 1922.
Damat Prince Muhammad Abdel Moneim Beyefendi was an Egyptian prince and heir apparent to the throne of Egypt and Sudan from 1899 to 1914. Upon the abdication of King Farouk following the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, he served as Regent for King Ahmed Fuad II until the declaration of the Republic of Egypt and abolition of the Egyptian and Sudanese monarchy in 1953.
Hussein Kamel was the Sultan of Egypt from 19 December 1914 to 9 October 1917, during the British protectorate over Egypt. He was the first person to hold the title of Sultan of Egypt since the killing of Sultan Tuman II by the Ottomans in 1517 following their conquest of Egypt.
Nazli Sabri was the first queen consort in the Kingdom of Egypt from 1919 to 1936. She was the second wife of King Fuad I.
The Kingdom of Egypt was the legal form of the Egyptian state during the latter period of the Muhammad Ali dynasty's reign, from the United Kingdom's recognition of Egyptian independence in 1922 until the abolition of the monarchy of Egypt and Sudan in 1953 following the Egyptian Revolution of 1952. Until the Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936, the Kingdom was only nominally independent, as the United Kingdom retained control of foreign relations, communications, the military, and Sudan. Officially, Sudan was governed as a condominium of the two states, however, in reality, true power in Sudan lay with the United Kingdom. Between 1936 and 1952, the United Kingdom continued to maintain its military presence, and its political advisers, at a reduced level.
The Muhammad Ali dynasty or the Alawiyya dynasty was the ruling dynasty of Egypt and Sudan from the 19th to the mid-20th century. It is named after its progenitor, Muhammad Ali of Egypt, regarded as the founder of modern Egypt.
Melek Hassan Tourhan was the second wife of Sultan Hussein Kamel of Egypt. After her husband ascended the throne in 1914, she became known as Sultana Melek.
Soliman Pasha al-Faransawi, was a French-born Egyptian military commander.
Shivakiar Ibrahim was an Egyptian princess and a member of the Muhammad Ali dynasty. She was the first wife of King Fuad I.
The Albanian community in Egypt began with government officials and military personnel appointed in Ottoman Egypt. A substantial community would grow up later by soldiers and mercenaries who settled in the second half of the 18th century and made a name for themselves in the Ottoman struggle to expel French troops in 1798–1801. Mehmet Ali or Muhammad Ali, an Albanian, would later found the Khedivate of Egypt which lasted there until 1952. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, many other Albanians settled into Egypt for economical and political reasons. However, in later years the activities of the fedayeen, Muslim Brotherhood, as well as the greater Egyptian Revolution of 1952 resulted in the Albanian community in Egypt largely abandoning the country and emigrating to Western countries.
Mahmoud Fakhry Pasha (1884–1955) was an Egyptian politician and diplomat. He held several cabinet and high-ranking diplomacy posts. He was related to the royal family of Egypt who married first the daughter of Sultan Hussein Kamil and then the daughter of King Fuad.
Abdel Rahim Sabri Pasha was the governor of Cairo from 1917 until 1919 and served as the minister of Agriculture. He was the father of Queen Nazli.