Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus

Last updated

Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
GC SSML AEACollections.jpg
Grand Cross insignia of the Order
Awarded by Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg House of Savoy
Type Dynastic order of chivalry
Established16 September 1572
(Order of Saint Maurice: 1434)
(Order of Saint Lazarus: 1119)
Royal house House of Savoy
Religious affiliation Catholic
Motto FERT
(Fortitudo Eius Rhodum Tulit; By his bravery he conquered Rhodes)
Eligibility Military, civilian
Awarded forDistinguished merits
StatusCurrently constituted
Grand Master(Disputed)
Chairman of the CouncilEmanuele Filiberto, Prince of Venice [1]
GradesGrand Cordon, Special Class
Grand Cordon
Grand Officer
Commander
Officer
Knight/Dame
Website ordinidinasticicasasavoia.it
Statistics
Total inducteesCirca 2,000
Precedence
Next (higher) Royal Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation
Next (lower) Royal Order of the Crown
Cavaliere SSML BAR.svg
Ribbon bar

The Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (Italian : Ordine dei Santi Maurizio e Lazzaro) (abbreviated OSSML) is a Roman Catholic dynastic order of knighthood bestowed by the royal House of Savoy. It is the second-oldest order of knighthood in the world, tracing its lineage to AD 1098, and it is one of the rare orders of knighthood recognized by papal bull, in this case by Pope Gregory XIII. [2] In that bull, Pope Gregory XIII bestowed upon Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy and his Savoy successors, the right to confer this knighthood in perpetuity. The Grand Master is Prince Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy, Prince of Venice, also known as the Duke of Savoy, the grandson of the last King of Italy, Umberto II. However, Emanuele Filiberto's cousin twice removed Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta claims to be grand master as his father claimed to be head of the house of Savoy.

Contents

The order was formerly awarded by the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946) with the heads of the House of Savoy as the Kings of Italy. Originally a chivalric order of noble nature, it was restricted to subjects of noble families with proofs of at least eight noble great-grandparents. The order's military and noble nature was and is still combined with a Roman Catholic character.

After the abolition of the monarchy and the foundation of the Italian Republic in 1946, the legacy of the order is maintained by the pretenders of the House of Savoy and the Italian throne in exile.

The order is estimated to include about 2,000 members around the world, with about 200 in the United States. The Order also has roster consultative status with the United Nations, as part of the U.N.'s ECOSOC. [3]

History

Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy (1528-1580), founder and first Grand Master General of the combined Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus in recognition by Pope Gregory XIII Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy (1580).jpg
Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy (1528–1580), founder and first Grand Master General of the combined Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus in recognition by Pope Gregory XIII

The undisputed continuation of the Order of St. Lazarus is in the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, which continues under the pretenders to the Italian Crown.

— Michael Foster [4]

Both crosses from its two forerunners still exist in the insignia of their subsequent successor, today's Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, founded by amalgamation in 1572.

Order of Saint Lazarus (1119)

The Order of Saint Lazarus, founded c. 1119, can be traced to the establishment around 1100, of a hospital for leprosy in Jerusalem, Kingdom of Jerusalem, by a group of crusaders who called themselves "Brothers of Saint Lazarus". [5] Those knights protected Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land. From its inception, the order was concerned with the relief of leprosy and other illnesses, and many of its members were lepers who had been knights in other orders. It became rich, its practices dubious, and its funds eventually abused. With the fall of Acre in 1291, the Knights of Saint Lazarus emigrated from the Holy Land and Egypt and settled in France and, in 1311, in Naples. In the 16th century, the order declined in credibility and wealth. With papal support, the Duke of Savoy became Grand Master in 1572. During medieval times, the Order of Saint Lazarus maintained a number of hospitals, including an institution in the Italian city of Capua.

Order of Saint Maurice (1434)

The Order of Saint Maurice was established in 1434 by Amedeo VIII of Savoy, during his stay in the Ripaglia hermitage near Thonon, named after Saint Maurice of the Theban Legion. From its beginning, it was a military order. [5] The order declined, but in 1572 was reestablished by Pope Pius V at the instigation of the then-Duke of Savoy.

Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (1572)

In 1572, Pope Gregory XIII united the Order of Saint Lazarus in perpetuity with the Crown of Savoy. Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy, merged it with the Savoyan Order of Saint Maurice, and thenceforth the title of Grand Master of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus was hereditary in that house. The pope gave him authority over the vacant commanderies everywhere, except in the states of the King of Spain, I. e. the Kingdoms of Naples, Sicily and Sardinia and the Duchy of Milan. In England and Germany, these commanderies were suppressed by the Protestant reformation.

Basilica Mauriziana in Turin, Italy, associated with the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus BasilicaMaurizianaTorino.JPG
Basilica Mauriziana in Turin, Italy, associated with the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus

The new organization was charged to defend the Holy See and Italian shores, as well as continue to assist the sick. The war galleys of the order fought against the Ottoman Empire and the Barbary pirates with the United States Marine Corps. When leprosy again broke out, the order founded a hospital in Aosta in 1773.

During the Napoleonic Wars, the order lost its estates in Piedmont and accepted many officers of the Royal Sardinian Army and Navy, who in 1815 were bestowed with the Military Order of Savoy.

King Charles Albert of Sardinia in ceremonial robe Carlo Alberto nelle vesti di Gran Maestro dell'Ordine del Mauriziano.png
King Charles Albert of Sardinia in ceremonial robe

In 1831, under Charles Albert of Sardinia the order was opened specifically for members of the upcoming bourgeoisie.

Brought back in favour by King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy, the order was sparingly conferred for distinguished service in military and civilian affairs as an exclusive award compared with the more common Order of the Crown of Italy, consisting of five classes: Knight Grand Cross, Knight Grand Officer, Knight Commander, Knight Officer and Knight. [5]

Great coat of arms of Italy, including the insignia of the order Greater coat of arms of the Kingdom of Italy (1870-1890).svg
Great coat of arms of Italy, including the insignia of the order

With the Italian unification (1860-1871), the order became a de facto Italian state order.

After Italy became a republic in 1946, the order was effectively replaced by the government's Order of Merit of the Italian Republic. Since 1951 it has not been officially recognized by the Italian Republic, but remains recognized by most other jurisdictions, particularly those with extant royal houses.

The formerly related Maurician medal for Military Merit of fifty years, established in 1839, was one of the few medals not suppressed by the Italian Republic, becoming the Maurician medal of Merit for 50 years military career in 1954. [6]

Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples, in the ceremonial robe of the Grand Master Victor Emmanuel of Savoie (0).jpg
Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples, in the ceremonial robe of the Grand Master

The House of Savoy in exile continues to bestow the order on recipients eminent in the public service, science, art, letters, trade, and charitable works. While the continued use of those decorations conferred prior to 1951 is permitted in Italy, the crowns on the ribbons issued before 1946 must be substituted for as many five-pointed stars on military uniforms. [7]

Organisation

Until 1851, the knights of the order were divided into Knights of Justice, who had to proof nobility of at least eight great-grandparents, and Knights of Grace, who, like the Knights of the Most Holy Annunciation, where suspended from the proof. Both Knights of Justice and of Grace had to vow obedience to the Grand Master, chastity at least outside marriage (castità almeno conjugale, which meant they could marry with papal placet) and help towards the sick and poor.

In 1831, Charles Albert of Sardinia made the vow of the Knights of Grace facultative, and in 1851 the category of Justice was abolished by Victor Emmanuel II.

Today, women can be appointed as Dames, and a new category of Knights and Dames of Devotion was introduced in 1988. Also, the Grand Master can appoint hereditary jus patronatus Commanders of Merit.

Grades

Originally, the order was divided into Knights Petit Cross and Knights Grand Cross, the latter worn at the neck, the former on the chest. The Commendatori , who owned a commandery, weren't bestowed with a specific insignia. In 1831, Charles Albert of Sardinia divided the order into three classes:

Insignia of the grades Wearing of the insignia of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus.svg
Insignia of the grades

Since 1855, the Order is divided into five classes for the Knights (male members): [8]

For female members the Order is divided into in three classes:

Special Class of the Order:

Insignia

Insignia of a Commander of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus OSSML Commandeur.jpg
Insignia of a Commander of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
Insignia of a Grand Officer Sao Mauricio e Lazaro 1.jpg
Insignia of a Grand Officer
RibbonClass (English)Full title in Italian
Cavaliere di gran Croce Regno SSML BAR.svg Knight Grand CrossCavaliere di Gran Croce dell'Ordine dei Santi Maurizio e Lazzaro
Grande ufficiale SSML Regno BAR.svg Grand Officer (until 1865 Commander First Class)Grande Ufficiale dell'Ordine dei Santi Maurizio e Lazzaro
Commendatore SSML Regno BAR.svg CommanderCommendatore dell'Ordine dei Santi Maurizio e Lazzaro
Ufficiale SSML Regno BAR.svg OfficerUfficiale dell'Ordine dei Santi Maurizio e Lazzaro
Cavaliere SSML BAR.svg KnightCavaliere dell'Ordine dei Santi Maurizio e Lazzaro

Council

The council is responsible for running the order, the order focuses mainly on charitable acts. [9]

Until 1831, it was composed of the First Secretary of the Grand Magistracy (not to be confused with the Secretary of the Council itself), the Auditor General and seven dignitaries (Grandati):

In 1831, the offices of Grand Admiral and Grand Marshal were abolished since the absence of an army. In 1851, the offices of Grand Conservator and Grand Chancellor where merged with the office of the First Secretary of the Grand Magistracy and the Grand Treasurer got renamed as Treasurer General, who also served as Vice Chairman of the Council. The other nine members, among them an annual Chairman of the Council, who replaced the Grand Prior, where chosen by the Grand master.

From 1861 to 1946, the council also served as the council of the Order of the Crown of Italy.

Today, some of the old offices are re-established.

Junta

The Junta is responsible for voting in new Knight or Dame to the dynastic order on behalf of the grand master, Emanuele Filiberto, Prince of Venice. There are always five members of the Junta to ensure that there is never an equal count in votes for and against a new possible new Knight or Dame. [9]

List of Grand Masters

King and Grand Master Charles Felix of Sardinia in ceremonial robe of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus Charles Felix as the Grand Master of the Order of the Most Holy Annunciation.jpg
King and Grand Master Charles Felix of Sardinia in ceremonial robe of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
  1. Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy (1572-1580)
  2. Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy (1580-1630)
  3. Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy (1630-1637)
  4. Francis Hyacinth, Duke of Savoy (1637-1638)
  5. Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy (1638-1675)
  6. Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia (1675-1731)
  7. Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia (1732-1773)
  8. Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia (1773-1796)
  9. Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia (1796-1802)
  10. Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia (1802-1824)
  11. Charles Felix of Sardinia (1824-1831)
  12. Charles Albert of Sardinia (1831-1849)
  13. Victor Emmanuel II of Italy (1849-1878)
  14. Umberto I of Italy (1878-1900)
  15. Victor Emmanuel III of Italy (1900-1946)
  16. Umberto II of Italy (1946-1983)
  17. Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples (1983-2024)
  18. Emanuele Filiberto, Prince of Venice (2024-present)

Recipients in selection

Portrait d'un gonfalonier (1622) painted by Artemisia Gentileschi, carrying the cross on the breast and the ribbon around the chest Artemisia Gentileschi Condottiero Bologna.jpg
Portrait d'un gonfalonier (1622) painted by Artemisia Gentileschi, carrying the cross on the breast and the ribbon around the chest
General Giovanni Battista Cacherano di Bricherasio, Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus Ritratto di Giovanni Battista Cacherano di Bricherasio - Anonimo.jpg
General Giovanni Battista Cacherano di Bricherasio, Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
Edmond de Selys Longchamps Michel Edmond de Selys Longchamps.jpg
Edmond de Sélys Longchamps
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Monarchs

Military

Politics

Culture

Priests

Sciences

Philanthropy

Recipients (amongst others)

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy</span> Duke of Savoy from 1580 to 1630

Charles Emmanuel I, known as the Great, was the Duke of Savoy and ruler of the Savoyard states from 30 August 1580 until his death almost 50 years later in 1630, he was the longest-reigning Savoyard monarch at the time, only for his record to be surpassed by his great-grandson Victor Amadeus II. He was nicknamed Testa d'feu for his rashness and military aggression.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Victor Emmanuel II</span> King of Sardinia (1849–1861) and King of Italy (1861–1878)

Victor Emmanuel II was King of Sardinia from 23 March 1849 until 17 March 1861, when he assumed the title of King of Italy and became the first king of an independent, united Italy since the 6th century, a title he held until his death in 1878. Borrowing from the old Latin title Pater Patriae of the Roman emperors, the Italians gave him the epithet of Father of the Fatherland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">House of Savoy</span> Royal dynasty of Southern Europe

The House of Savoy is an Italian royal house that was established in 1003 in the historical Savoy region. Through gradual expansions the family grew in power, first ruling a small Alpine county northwest of Italy and later gaining absolute rule of the Kingdom of Sicily. During the years 1713 to 1720, they were handed the island of Sardinia and would exercise direct rule from then onward.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples</span> Disputed Head of the House of Savoy from 1983 to 2024

Prince Vittorio Emanuele of Savoy, Prince of Naples, was the only son of Umberto II, the last King of Italy, and Marie-José of Belgium. Vittorio Emanuele also used the title Duke of Savoy and claimed the headship of the House of Savoy. These claims were disputed by supporters of his third cousin, Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta, and later by Amedeo's son, Aimone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amadeo I of Spain</span> King of Spain from 1870 to 1873

Amadeo I, also known as Amadeus, was an Italian prince who reigned as King of Spain from 1870 to 1873. The only king of Spain to come from the House of Savoy, he was the second son of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy and was known for most of his life as the Duke of Aosta, the usual title for a second son in the Savoyard dynasty.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta</span> King of the Independent State of Croatia

Prince Aimone, 4th Duke of Aosta was a prince of Italy's reigning House of Savoy and an officer of the Royal Italian Navy. The second son of Prince Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta, he was granted the title Duke of Spoleto on 22 September 1904. He inherited the title Duke of Aosta on 3 March 1942 following the death of his brother Prince Amedeo in a British prisoner of war camp in Nairobi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi</span> Italian mountaineer and explorer (1873–1933)

Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi, was an Italian mountaineer and explorer, briefly Infante of Spain as son of Amadeo I of Spain, member of the royal House of Savoy and cousin of the Italian King Victor Emmanuel III. He is known for his Arctic explorations and for his mountaineering expeditions, particularly to Mount Saint Elias and K2. He also served as an Italian admiral during World War I. He created Villaggio Duca degli Abruzzi in Italian Somalia during his last years of life.

Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy, a name shared by several members of the House of Savoy, may refer to:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation</span> Roman Catholic dynastic order of knighthood

The Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation is a Roman Catholic order of chivalry, originating in Savoy. It eventually was the pinnacle of the honours system in the Kingdom of Italy, which ceased to be a national order when the kingdom became a republic in 1946. Today, the order continues as a dynastic order under the jurisdiction of the Head of the House of Savoy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta (1943–2021)</span> Disputed head of the house of Savoy (1943–2021)

Prince Amedeo of Savoy-Aosta, 5th Duke of Aosta was a claimant to the headship of the House of Savoy, the family which ruled Italy from 1861 to 1946. Until 7 July 2006, Amedeo was styled Duke of Aosta; on that date he declared himself Duke of Savoy, a title that was disputed between him and his third cousin, Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples, only son of King Umberto II of Italy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy, Prince of Venice</span> Prince of Venice

Emanuele Filiberto Umberto Reza Ciro René Maria di Savoia is a member of the House of Savoy. He is the son of Vittorio Emanuele of Savoy and only male-line grandson of Umberto II, the last King of Italy. In 2024, Emanuele Filiberto became one of two claimants to the headship of the House of Savoy after the death of his father.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Order of the Crown of Italy</span> Italian order

The Order of the Crown of Italy was founded as a national order in 1868 by King Vittorio Emanuele II, to commemorate the unification of Italy in 1861. It was awarded in five degrees for civilian and military merit. Today the Order of the Crown has been replaced by the Order of Merit of Savoy and is still conferred on new knights by the current head of the house of Emanuele Filiberto, Prince of Venice.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prince Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta</span> Prince of Asturias, 2nd Duke of Aosta (1869 –1931)

Prince Emanuele Filiberto Vittorio Eugenio Alberto Genova Giuseppe Maria di Savoia, 2nd Duke of Aosta was an Italian general and member of the House of Savoy, as the son of Amadeo I, and was also a cousin of Victor Emmanuel III of Italy. Filiberto was also commander of the Italian Third Army during World War I, which earned him the title of the "Undefeated Duke". After the war he became a Marshal of Italy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Princess Vittoria of Savoy</span> Member of the House of Savoy (born 2003)

Vittoria Cristina Adelaide Chiara Maria di Savoia is the daughter and heir apparent to Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy, Prince of Venice, who is a claimant to the headship of the House of Savoy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prince Tommaso, Duke of Genoa</span> Duke of Genoa (1854–1931)

Prince Tommaso of Savoy, 2nd Duke of Genoa, who is also known as Thomas Albert Victor of Savoy, was an Italian royal prince, nephew of Victor Emmanuel at the time the King of Sardinia, who on 18 February 1861 became the first King of a united Italy. His cousin and brother-in-law Umberto I and his nephew Victor Emmanuel III became subsequent kings of Italy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George</span> Dynastic chivalric order of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies

The Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George, also historically referred to as the Imperial Constantinian Order of Saint George and the Order of the Constantinian Angelic Knights of Saint George, is a dynastic order of knighthood of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies. Currently, the grand magistry of the order is disputed among the two claimants to the headship of the formerly reigning House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies as heirs of the House of Farnese, namely Prince Pedro and Prince Carlo. The order was one of the rare orders confirmed as a religious-military order in the papal bull Militantis Ecclesiae in 1718, owing to a notable success in liberating Christians in the Peloponnese. Together with the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, it is one of a small number of Catholic orders that still have this status today. It is not an order of chivalry under the patronage of the Holy See, but its membership is restricted to practising Catholics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Princess Maria Clotilde of Savoy</span> Princess Napoléon and Servant of God

Maria Clotilde of Savoy was born in Turin to Vittorio Emanuele II, later King of Italy and his first wife, Adelaide of Austria. She was the wife of Prince Napoléon-Jérôme Bonaparte. She was a member of the Third Order of Saint Dominic and has been declared a Servant of God by Pope Pius XII.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo</span> Queen consort of Spain from 1870 to 1873

Maria Vittoria Carlotta Enrichetta Giovanna dal Pozzo, 6th Princess of Cisterna d'Asti and of Belriguardo, was an Italian noblewoman who was Queen of Spain from 16 November 1870 until 11 February 1873 as the wife of King Amadeo I. Maria Vittoria inherited her princely title after the death of her father. In 1867, she married Amadeo, then Duke of Aosta, second son of King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy. In 1870, her husband became the king of Spain, making her queen consort. King Amadeo abdicated after a reign of less than three years, and he and Maria Vittoria returned to Italy. She died in Sanremo, Italy, in 1876.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Emanuele Ruspoli, 1st Prince of Poggio Suasa</span> Prince of Poggio Suasa

Emanuele Francesco Maria dei Principi Ruspoli, 1st Prince of Poggio Suasa was an Italian and a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire who twice served as the mayor of Rome.

The Civil Order of Savoy was founded as an order of knighthood in 1831 by the King of Sardinia, Charles Albert, Duke of Savoy. It is now replaced by the Order of Merit of Savoy.The intention was to reward those virtues not belonging to the existing Military Order of Savoy, founded by Vittorio Emanuele I in 1815. The order has one degree, that of Knight, and is limited to 70 members. Admission is in the personal gift of the head of the House of Savoy.

References

Notes

  1. ↑ "THE DYNASTIC ORDERS". Dynastic Orders of the Royal House of Savoy.
  2. ↑ "Order of Saint Lazarus: Primary sources" (PDF). um.edu.mt. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
  3. ↑ "About Savoy Foundation". SAVOYFOUNDATION-USA.ORG. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
  4. ↑ "Orders connected to the Order of St. John of Jerusalem". www.orderstjohn.org. 18 December 2023. Archived from the original on 28 October 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  5. 1 2 3 "ITALY". www.haileybury.com.
  6. ↑ Established by Royal Magistral Patent dated 19 July 1839, approved by Royal Decree of 21 December 1924 and renewed by Law No. 203(1) of 7 March 1954 Medaglia Mauriziana al Merito di dieci lustri di carriera militare, published in Gazzetta Ufficiale, No. 116, 21 May 1954, as amended by Law No. 1327 of 8 November 1956
  7. ↑ Ordini Cavallereschi del Regno d'Italia Archived 2006-05-07 at the Wayback Machine Corpo della Nobiltà Italiana (retrieved 10 September 2009)
  8. ↑ Ordine dei Santi Maurizio e Lazzaro Statuto - website of the Grand Magistracy of the Dynastic Orders of the House of Savoy
  9. 1 2 Cavicchioli, Silvia (1 November 2002). "Strategie nobiliari di sopravvivenza tra Napoleone e Casa Savoia. I Ferrero della Marmora, 1798-1815". Italies (6): 117–143. doi: 10.4000/italies.1563 . ISSN   1275-7519.
  10. ↑ Senato della Repubblica: biographical summary
  11. ↑ Head, William Pace (1995). Every Inch a Soldier: Augustine Warner Robins and the Building of U.S. Airpower Volume 37 of Texas A & M University military history series. Texas A&M University Press, 1995: Issue 37, p. 75 ISBN   0890965900, 9780890965900 https://books.google.com/books?id=5utyzXwyh1MC&dq=italian+order+of+st.+maurice+and+st.+lazarus+%22mason+patrick%22&pg=PA75 Retrieved November 2, 2012.
  12. ↑ "Gen. Evan M. Johnson". The Philadelphia Inquirer . Philadelphia, PA. 14 October 1923. p. B25 – via Newspapers.com.
  13. ↑ Davis, Henry Blaine Jr. (1998). Generals in Khaki. Raleigh, NC: Pentland Press. p. 250. ISBN   978-1-57197-088-6.
  14. ↑ "Wins Medal While Serving in Adriatic Sea". The Honolulu Advertiser . 11 April 1938. p. 15. Retrieved 21 August 2022– via Newspapers.com. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  15. ↑ Miller 2015, p. 452.
  16. ↑ Collezione delle Leggi e de'Decreti Reali del Regno delle Due Sicilie, Stamperia reale, 1846, p.85
  17. ↑ "Papel Periódico Ilustrado Volúmen 1 año I Número 1 al 14". Archived from the original on 3 December 2013.
  18. ↑ "Latest intelligence - The King of Italy in Berlin". The Times. No. 36859. London. 29 August 1902. p. 3.
  19. ↑ Lab, Missouri Historical Society. "Missouri Historical Society - Find Yourself Here". The Missouri Historical Society is ... Missouri Historical Society and was founded in 1866.
  20. ↑ "Events: 2001". House of Savoy . Retrieved 1 April 2009.
  21. ↑ "Tricolore 10 Febbraio, 2006" (PDF). Tricolore of Italy reporting on the Ballo di Savoia. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
  22. ↑ Ordine dei Santi Maurizio e Lazzaro (1870). Elenco alfabetico dei decorati dell'Ordine dei SS. Maurizio e Lazzaro dal 17 marzo 1861 (proclamazione del Regno d'Italia) al 31 dicembre 1869 (in Italian). Stamperia Reale. p. 113.
  23. ↑ Ruffy, G., ed. (1924). Qui êtes-vous? Annuaire des contemporains: notices biographiques. 1908-1908/10, 1924. Paris: Librairie Delagrave. p. 741.


This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.