List of grand masters of the Knights Hospitaller

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Coat of arms of the Order of Saint John. The personal coat of arms of the Grand Master would be shown alongside the order's coat of arms in 14th to 15th centuries. Beginning in the mid-15th century, the Grand Master would quarter the order's coat of arms with his own. Coat of arms of the Knights Hospitaller.svg
Coat of arms of the Order of Saint John. The personal coat of arms of the Grand Master would be shown alongside the order's coat of arms in 14th to 15th centuries. Beginning in the mid-15th century, the Grand Master would quarter the order's coat of arms with his own.

This is a list of grand masters of the Knights Hospitaller, including its continuation as the Sovereign Military Order of Malta after 1798. It also includes unrecognized "anti-grand masters" and lieutenants or stewards during vacancies.

Contents

In lists of the heads of the Order, the title "Grand Master" is often applied retrospectively to the early heads of the Order. The medieval heads of the Order used the title of custos (Guardian) of the hospital. The title magister (Master) is used on coins minted in Rhodes, beginning with Foulques de Villaret. The first to use the title Grandis Magister (Grand Master) was Jean de Lastic (reigned 1437–1454). [1] Later Grand Masters in Rhodes used Magnus Magister (Grand Master).

In 1607 the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II created the Grand Master a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire (Reichsfürst). [2] This grant was renewed by the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II on July 16, 1620. [2] [3] On March 20, 1607, Pope Paul V granted the Grand Master the style of His Eminence and precedence at the Court of Rome immediately after the cardinals. [2]

In 1880 the title of Fürst (Prince) was recognised in Austria by the Emperor Franz Joseph I. [4]

On February 2, 1929, the title of Principe (Prince) and the style of Altezza Eminentissima (Most Eminent Highness) were recognised in Italy by King Victor Emmanuel III. [5]

The style currently used by the Grand Master is:

English: Most Eminent Highness, [6]
Italian : Altezza Eminentissima, [7]
French : Altesse Eminentissime, [8]
German : Hoheit und Eminenz, [9]
Spanish : Alteza Eminentísima. [10]

Numbered lists of the heads of the Order were published beginning in the early 17th century, with updated editions appearing throughout the 18th century. [11] The numbering of Masters and Grand Masters published in the 1719 Statutes of the Order lists Blessed Gerard as founder without number, Raymond du Puy as 1st Master, and Ramón Perellós (the incumbent as of 1719) as 63rd Grand Master. [12] The numbering currently used by the Sovereign Military Order of Malta lists Blessed Gerard as 1st Master, Raymond du Puy as 2nd Master, Ramón Perellós y Rocafull as 64th Grand Master, and Giacomo Dalla Torre del Tempio di Sanguinetto as 80th Grand Master. [13]

Knights Hospitaller (Kingdom of Jerusalem)

No.TitlePictureNameTime in officeNotes
/1Founder and Rector of the Hospital ++Gerard Tum, by Laurent Cars.jpg Blessed Gerard 1099/1113–1118/20Order established in 1099 and given papal recognition by Paschal II in his bull Pie postulatio voluntatis in 1113
1/2Guardian +Raymond du Puy, by Laurent Cars.jpg Raymond du Puy 1118/21/23–1160Succeeded Gerard after Pierre de Barcelona and Boyant Roger served in ad interim capacity. Began the use of the Hospitallers as a military force in the Holy Land and codified rules of conduct for the Order. Introduced the Order's Great Seal. [14]
2/3Guardian Histoire des Chevaliers Hospitaliers de S. Jean de Jerusalem - appellez depuis les Chevaliers de Rhodes, et aujourd'hui les Chevaliers de Malthe (1726) (14766124442).jpg Auger de Balben 1160–1162/3
3/4Guardian Histoire des Chevaliers Hospitaliers de S. Jean de Jerusalem - appellez depuis les Chevaliers de Rhodes, et aujourd'hui les Chevaliers de Malthe (1726) (14763274951).jpg Arnaud de Comps c. 1162–1163Historicity uncertain. Arnaud de Comps is today considered by some as a master who never existed, his name having appeared in the chronological lists placed at the top of the statutes, but his rank is still maintained in the lists of the Grand Masters.
4/5Guardian Histoire des Chevaliers Hospitaliers de S. Jean de Jerusalem - appellez depuis les Chevaliers de Rhodes, et aujourd'hui les Chevaliers de Malthe (1726) (14579814278).jpg Gilbert of Assailly 1163–1169Supported Amalric of Jerusalem in the Crusader invasions of Egypt
5/6Guardian Histoire des Chevaliers Hospitaliers de S. Jean de Jerusalem - appellez depuis les Chevaliers de Rhodes, et aujourd'hui les Chevaliers de Malthe (1726) (14764094374).jpg Gastone de Murols c. 1170–1172
6/7Guardian Jobert of Syria, by Laurent Cars.jpg Jobert of Syria c. 1169/72–1177Acted as regent for king Amalric of Jerusalem in 1172. In 1174, opposed Miles of Plancy in favour of Raymond III of Tripoli.
7/8Guardian Histoire des Chevaliers Hospitaliers de S. Jean de Jerusalem - appellez depuis les Chevaliers de Rhodes, et aujourd'hui les Chevaliers de Malthe (1726) (14579749330).jpg Roger de Moulins 1177–1187Killed at the Battle of Cresson. Commander William Borrel was appointed Grand Master ad interim, and he was killed at the Battle of Hattin, 3 months later.
8/9Provisor Histoire des Chevaliers Hospitaliers de S. Jean de Jerusalem - appellez depuis les Chevaliers de Rhodes, et aujourd'hui les Chevaliers de Malthe (1726) (14579751870).jpg Armengol de Aspa 1187–1190Grand Master ad interim during the loss of Jerusalem in 1187, headquarters moved to Acre. Included in the canonical list of Grand Masters compiled in the early modern period. After the capture of Acre and the consolidation of the order, Armengol abdicated, and Garnier de Nablus elected as Grand Master.
9/10Guardian Histoire des Chevaliers Hospitaliers de S. Jean de Jerusalem - appellez depuis les Chevaliers de Rhodes, et aujourd'hui les Chevaliers de Malthe (1726) (14579750980).jpg Garnier de Nablus 1190–1192Supported Richard I of England in the Third Crusade.
10/11Guardian Geoffroy de Duisson, by Laurent Cars.jpg Geoffroy de Donjon 1193–1202After his death, succeeded by Pierre de Mirmande as Grand Master ad interim.
11/12Guardian Histoire des Chevaliers Hospitaliers de S. Jean de Jerusalem - appellez depuis les Chevaliers de Rhodes, et aujourd'hui les Chevaliers de Malthe (1726) (14763285341).jpg Afonso de Portugal 1202–1206Resigned in 1206
12/13Guardian Geoffroy le Rat, by Laurent Cars.jpg Geoffroy le Rat 1206–1207First structured the Order by nationality, or Langues .
13/14Guardian Guerin, 14th Grand Master, by Laurent Cars c. 1725.jpg Guérin de Montaigu 1207–1228 Fifth Crusade.
14/15Guardian +Bertrand de Texis, by Laurent Cars.jpg Bertrand de Thessy 1228–1231 Sixth Crusade.
15/16Guardian Histoire des Chevaliers Hospitaliers de S. Jean de Jerusalem - appellez depuis les Chevaliers de Rhodes, et aujourd'hui les Chevaliers de Malthe (1726) (14579821359).jpg Guérin Lebrun 1231–1236Conflict with Bohemond IV of Antioch.
16/17Guardian Histoire des Chevaliers Hospitaliers de S. Jean de Jerusalem - appellez depuis les Chevaliers de Rhodes, et aujourd'hui les Chevaliers de Malthe (1726) (14743456946).jpg Bertrand de Comps 1236–1240 Barons' Crusade, Headquarters moved to Jerusalem.
17/18Guardian Pierre de Villebride, by Laurent Cars.jpg Pierre de Vieille-Brioude 1240–1242 Battle of Gaza, conflict with the Templars.
18/19Guardian Guillaume de Chateauneuf, by Laurent Cars c. 1725.jpg Guillaume de Chateauneuf 1242–1258 Fall of Jerusalem in 1244, headquarters at Acre, Krak des Chevaliers and Margat. Captured at La Forbie in 1244. Jean de Ronay served as Grand Master ad interim, dying in 1250 at Mansurah. De Chateauneuf was released by the Ayyubids on 17 October 1250.
19/20Guardian Hugh de Revel, by Laurent Cars.jpg Hugues de Revel 1258–1277Loss of Krak des Chevaliers in 1271
20/21Guardian Histoire des Chevaliers Hospitaliers de S. Jean de Jerusalem - appellez depuis les Chevaliers de Rhodes, et aujourd'hui les Chevaliers de Malthe (1726) (14766467345).jpg Nicolas Lorgne 1277–1285Loss of Margat in 1285. Upon his death, Grand Commander Jacques de Taxi served as Grand Master ad interim until his successor Jean de Villiers arrived in the Holy Land.
21/22Guardian Histoire des Chevaliers Hospitaliers de S. Jean de Jerusalem - appellez depuis les Chevaliers de Rhodes, et aujourd'hui les Chevaliers de Malthe (1726) (14766468555).jpg Jean de Villiers 1285–1294 Siege of Acre.
22/23Guardian Histoire des Chevaliers Hospitaliers de S. Jean de Jerusalem - appellez depuis les Chevaliers de Rhodes, et aujourd'hui les Chevaliers de Malthe (1726) (14579834018).jpg Odon de Pins 1294–1296Headquarters moved to Limisso, Cyprus.
23/24Guardian Histoire des Chevaliers Hospitaliers de S. Jean de Jerusalem - appellez depuis les Chevaliers de Rhodes, et aujourd'hui les Chevaliers de Malthe (1726) (14763297281).jpg Guillaume de Villaret 1296–1305

Knights of Rhodes

No.TitlePictureNameTime in officeNotes
24/25Master Histoire des Chevaliers Hospitaliers de S. Jean de Jerusalem - appellez depuis les Chevaliers de Rhodes, et aujourd'hui les Chevaliers de Malthe (1726) (14786339503).jpg Foulques de Villaret 1305–1319Nephew of Guillaume de Villaret. Resigned at request of Pope John XXII, 1319. Died 1327.
Anti-Master Maurice de Pagnac.jpg Maurice de Pagnac
(unrecognized)
1317–1319
25/26Master Elie de Ville Neuve.jpg Hélion de Villeneuve 1319–1346
26/27Master Dieu Done de Gozon.jpg Dieudonné de Gozon 1346–1353
27/28Master Pierre de Cornillan 1.jpg Pierre de Corneillan 1353–1355
28/29Master Roger de Pins.jpg Roger de Pins 1355–1365
29/30Master Rhodos434.JPG Raymond Berengar 1365–1374
30/31Master Robert de Juliac.jpg Robert de Juilly (de Juliac)1374–1376
31/32Master Jean Fernandes de Heredia.jpg Juan Fernández de Heredia 1376–1396Appointed by Pope Gregory XI. Later supported Antipope Clement VII. Deposed by Pope Urban VI, 1382. Continued as Anti-Master at Rhodes until his death.
32/33Master Richard Caracciolo.jpg Riccardo Caracciolo 1383–1395Appointed by Pope Urban VI, 1382.
33/34Master Philbert de Naillac.jpg Philibert de Naillac 1396–1421
34/35Master Antoine Fulvian.jpg Anton Flavian de Ripa 1421–1437
35/36Grand Master Jean Lastic.jpg Jean de Lastic 1437–1454 Siege of Rhodes (1444); first use of the title "Grand Master" (Grandis Magister)
36/37Grand Master Jacques de Milly.jpg Jacques de Milly 1454–1461
37/38Grand Master Rhodos445.JPG Piero Raimondo Zacosta 1461–1467
38/39Grand Master Rhodos446.JPG Giovanni Battista Orsini 1467–1476
39/40Grand Master Pierre daubusson.jpg Pierre d'Aubusson 1476–1503 Siege of Rhodes (1480)
40/41Grand Master Emery d' Amboise0002.jpg Emery d'Amboise 1503–1512
41/42Grand Master Rhodos449.JPG Guy de Blanchefort 1512–1513
42/43Grand Master Fabrizio del Carretto.jpg Fabrizio del Carretto 1513–1521
43/44Grand Master Villiers de l Isle-Adam.jpg Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam 1521–1534 Siege of Rhodes (1522), headquarters moved to Malta in 1530

Knights of Malta

No.TitlePictureNameTime in officeNotes
43/44Grand Master Villiers de l Isle-Adam.jpg Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam 1521–1534Headquarters moved from Rhodes in 1530
44/45Grand Master GM Piero de Ponte.jpg Piero de Ponte 1534–1535
45/46Grand Master SMOM 46. GM Didier de Saint-Jaille Stich.jpg Didier de Saint-Jaille 1535–1536
46/47Grand Master SMOM 47. GM Jean de Homedes.jpg Juan de Homedes 1536–1553Malta was attacked by an Ottoman fleet in 1551. The attack was repelled, but the Ottomans captured the island of Gozo, and later also the order's stronghold in Tripoli. De Homedes began a program improve the fortifications at Malta
47/48Grand Master SMOM 48. GM Claude de la Sengle.jpg Claude de la Sengle 1553–1557Continued the improvement of fortifications, expanding Fort Saint Michael into a major bastion and completing Fort Saint Elmo.
48/49Grand Master JPDV.jpg Jean Parisot de Valette 1557–1568Valette became the Order's most illustrious leader, commanding the resistance against the Ottomans at the Great Siege of Malta in 1565.
49/50Grand Master Pietro del Monte.gif Pierre de Monte 1568–1572Continued the construction of the new capital Valletta. Strengthened the order's fleet, and participated in the Battle of Lepanto of 7 October 1571.
50/51Grand Master Histoire des Chevaliers Hospitaliers de S. Jean de Jerusalem - appellez depuis les Chevaliers de Rhodes, et aujourd'hui les Chevaliers de Malthe (1726) (14778266944).jpg Jean de la Cassière 1572–1581Crisis in the wake of the Protestant Reformation. Expulsion of the Order of Saint John (Bailiwick of Brandenburg) in 1581.
Lieutenant Coat of arms of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (variant).svg Mathurin Romegas 1577–1581
Anti-Grand Master Coat of arms of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (variant).svg Mathurin Romegas 1581
51/52Grand Master Hugues Loubenx de Verdala Provence.gif Hugues Loubenx de Verdalle 1581–1595
52/53Grand Master Martin Garzes.gif Martín Garzés 1595–1601
53/54Prince and Grand Master Alof de Wignancourt official portrait.jpg Alof de Wignacourt 1601–1622Constructed the Wignacourt towers and the Wignacourt Aqueduct. Repelled the last serious Ottoman attempt at capturing Malta in 1614.
54/55Prince and Grand Master Luis Mendes de Vasconcellos.jpg Luís Mendes de Vasconcellos 1622–1623
55/56Prince and Grand Master Antoine De Paule (1623-1636).jpg Antoine de Paule 1623–1636
56/57Prince and Grand Master Giovanni Paolo Lascaris di Ventimiglia e Castellar.jpg Giovanni Paolo Lascaris 1636–1657 Caribbean possessions
57/58Prince and Grand Master Ritratto del Gran Maestro dell'Ordine dei Cavalieri di Malta Martin de Redin - M. Preti.jpg Martin de Redin 1657–1660
58/59Prince and Grand Master Annet de Clermont-Gessant.jpg Annet de Clermont-Gessant 1660Died less than four months after his election, on 2 June 1660.
59/60Prince and Grand Master Raphael Cotoner 1.jpg Rafael Cotoner 1660–1663Commissioned the Italian Baroque artist Mattia Preti to start painting Saint John's Co-Cathedral in Valletta.
60/61Prince and Grand Master Nicolas Cotoner 1.jpg Nicolás Cotoner 1663–1680 Siege of Candia + Mattia Preti's work at St John's Co-Cathedral completed.
61/62Prince and Grand Master Gregorio Carafa.jpg Gregorio Carafa 1680–1690Renovation of Auberge d'Italie in the Baroque style, improvement of Fort Saint Angelo and Fort Saint Elmo. Ottoman attacks were still expected, but there were no longer any notable engagements.
62/63Prince and Grand Master Adrien de Wignacourt.jpg Adrien de Wignacourt 1690–1697Instituted a widows pension for the widows of those fallen in the Ottoman wars.
63/64Prince and Grand Master Raimondo Perellos y Roccafull.jpg Ramón Perellós 1697–1720Organised the Consulato del Mare (Consulate of the Sea). Established relations with imperial Russia. Fought corruption within the Order. Engagement against Ottoman pirates.
64/65Prince and Grand Master Histoire des Chevaliers Hospitaliers de S. Jean de Jerusalem - appellez depuis les Chevaliers de Rhodes, et aujourd'hui les Chevaliers de Malthe (1726) (14594154237).jpg Marc'Antonio Zondadari 1720–1722
65/66Prince and Grand Master Il-Belt. Palazz tal-Gran Mastru. Manoel de Vilhena.jpg António Manoel de Vilhena 1722–1736Restored the city Mdina, constructed Fort Manoel and significantly improved the fortifications of Malta in general. Built Casa Leoni and Palazzo Parisio, and renovated Verdala Palace. Manoel Theatre (1731). Conducted peace negotiations with the Ottomans, without result. Declared neutrality in the War of the Polish Succession.
66/67Prince and Grand Master Ramon Despuig.gif Ramón Despuig 1736–1741Improved the fortifications of Mdina, modernised legislation, renovated the Co-Cathedral of St. John. Naval engagements with Ottoman Algeria.
67/68Prince and Grand Master Emmanuel Pinto de Fonseca.jpg Manuel Pinto da Fonseca 1741–1773 Expelled the Jesuits from Malta. In 1753 proclaimed the sovereignty of the Order on Malta and a dispute started with the Kingdom of Sicily under King Charles V. Normal relations were resumed the next year, with the Order retaining de facto control over Malta as a sovereign state. [15]
68/69Prince and Grand Master Francisco Ximenes de Texada.gif Francisco Ximénez de Tejada 1773–1775 Rising of the Priests (1775), bankruptcy of the order.
69/70Prince and Grand Master Emmanuel de Rohan-Polduc.jpg Emmanuel de Rohan-Polduc 1775–1797Instituted the Anglo-Bavarian langue and the Russian Grand Priory.
70/71Prince and Grand Master Fra Ferdinand von Hompesch G.M. Palace.jpg Ferdinand von Hompesch
zu Bolheim
1797–1799First German elected to the office. Abdicated 6 July 1799 following the French invasion of Malta.

Sovereign Military Order of Malta

Prince and Grand Master of Sovereign Military Order of Malta
Coat of arms of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (variant).svg
Incumbent
Fra John Dunlap in Lourdes 2023.jpg
John T. Dunlap
Prince and Grand Master

since 13 June 2022 (2022-06-13)
Details
StyleHis Most Eminent Highness
First monarch Blessed Gerard
Formation1099
No.TitlePictureNameTime in officeNotes
72 [16] Grand Master de facto Paul i russia.jpg Paul I of Russia 1798–1801Elected by the Priory of St. Petersburg in September 1798 (before the abdication of von Hompesch). Election not confirmed by Pope Pius VII.
Saltykov Nikolay Ivanovich.jpg Nikolai Saltykov 1801–1803De facto Lieutenant in Saint Petersburg.
73 [16] Prince and Grand Master SMOM 73. GM Giovanni Battista Tommasi.jpg Giovanni Battista Tommasi 1803–1805Appointed by Pope Pius VII. Residence in Messina and Catania.
Lieutenant Innico Maria Guevara Suardo.jpg Innico Maria Guevara-Suardo 1805–1814Headquarters in Catania.
Lieutenant Coat of arms of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (variant).svg Andrea Di Giovanni y Centellés 1814–1821Headquarters in Catania.
Lieutenant Coat of arms of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (variant).svg Antoine Busca 1821–1834Headquarters in Ferrara.
Lieutenant Coat of arms of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (variant).svg Carlo Candida 1834–1845Headquarters moved to Palazzo Malta, Rome.
Lieutenant Philipp von Colloredo.jpg Filippo di Colloredo-Mels 1845–1864
Lieutenant Alessandro Borgia 1.jpg Alessandro Borgia 1865–1871
Lieutenant Jean-Baptiste Ceschi a Santa Croce.jpg Giovanni Battista Ceschi
a Santa Croce
1871–1879
74 [16] Prince and Grand Master Jean-Baptiste Ceschi a Santa Croce.jpg Giovanni Battista Ceschi
a Santa Croce
1879–1905Restoration of the office of Grand Master after a 75-year interregnum, confirmed by Pope Leo XIII.
75 [16] Prince and Grand Master Galeazzo von Thun und Hohenstein.jpg Galeas von Thun und
Hohenstein
1905–1931
76 [16] Prince and Grand Master Prince chigi-crop.jpg Ludovico Chigi Albani
della Rovere
1931–1951
Lieutenant Coat of arms of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (variant).svg Antonio Hercolani Fava
Simonetti
1951–1955
Lieutenant Fotografia del Luogotenente Ernesto Paterno Castello di Carcaci.jpg Ernesto Paternò Castello
di Carcaci
1955–1962Constitutional Charter approved by Apostolic Letter of Pope John XXIII, June 24, 1961.
77 [16] Prince and Grand Master Photo of Great Master Angelo de Mojana di Cologna.jpg Angelo de Mojana di Cologna 1962–1988
Lieutenant ad interim Coat of arms of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (variant).svg Jean Charles Pallavicini 1988
78 [16] Prince and Grand Master Gianfranco-De-Meo Gran-Maestro-Fra-Andrew-Bertie g.jpg Andrew Bertie 1988–2008Constitutional Charter and Code revised by the Extraordinary Chapter General 28-30 April 1997. [17]
Lieutenant ad interim FraGiacomoDallaTorre.jpg Giacomo dalla Torre del Tempio di Sanguinetto 2008
79 [16] Prince and Grand Master HMEH Fra' Matthew Festing, 79th Prince and Grand Master, SMOM.jpg Matthew Festing 2008–2017First Grand Master elected under the new constitution of 1997. Resigned in 2017. [18]
Lieutenant ad interim Fra Ludwig Hoffmann-Rumerstein in 2018.jpg Ludwig Hoffmann-Rumerstein 2017
Lieutenant of the Grand Master FraGiacomoDallaTorre.jpg Giacomo dalla Torre del Tempio di Sanguinetto 2017–2018
80 [16] Prince and Grand Master FraGiacomoDallaTorre.jpg Giacomo dalla Torre del Tempio di Sanguinetto 2018–2020
Lieutenant ad interim Coat of arms of Fra' Ruy Goncalo do Valle Peixoto de Villas-Boas.svg Ruy Gonçalo do Valle Peixoto de Villas Boas 2020
Lieutenant of the Grand Master Coat of arms of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (variant).svg Marco Luzzago 2020–2022
Lieutenant ad interim Coat of arms of Fra' Ruy Goncalo do Valle Peixoto de Villas-Boas.svg Ruy Gonçalo do Valle Peixoto de Villas Boas 2022
Lieutenant of the Grand Master Fra John Dunlap in Lourdes 2023.jpg John T. Dunlap 2022–2023Appointed by Pope Francis.
81 [16] Prince and Grand Master Fra John Dunlap in Lourdes 2023.jpg John T. Dunlap 2023–presentFirst Grand Master following the 2022 revision of the Order's constitution. [19] [20]

See also

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dominique de La Rochefoucauld-Montbel</span>

Dominique, Prince and Count de La Rochefoucauld-Montbel, Officer of the Légion d’Honneur, is a member of the House of La Rochefoucauld and was the Grand Hospitaller of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta and the president of the French Association. He is today Vice-President of the Foundation of the Order and president of the historical academy. He is president of the foundation for Evangelization through the Media (FEM). The Prince branch of the family is closely linked with the Holy Mary apparitions in Pellevoisin (France) and the discovery of the Lascaux Caves which they owned with the marriage of Emmanuel, Prince and Count, Ambassadeur of the Order of Malta, and Simone Darblay. That branch is from the dukes of Estissac and due to their proximity with Napoléon, they are linked with Roman nobility with unions with the Borghese.

References

  1. Morris (1884), 1719.
  2. 1 2 3 Gothaisches Genealogisches Handbuch des Fürstlichen Häuser, Fürstliche Häuser Band 2 (Marburg: Verlag des Deutschen Adelsarchivs, 2018), 175.
  3. "Del titolo di 'Altezza' del Gran Maestro dell'Ordine Gerosolimitano", Rivista del Collegio araldico anno I (1903): 271.
  4. Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels, Fürstlicher Häuser Band I (Glücksburg: C. A. Starke, 1951), 178.
  5. "Regio Decreto 21 gennaio 1929, n. 61", articolo 51 Gazzetta Ufficiale del Regno d'Italia, Anno 70, Numero 28 (2 febbraio 1929), 526.
  6. Constitutional Charter and Code, Title III, Article 12, Sovereign Order of Malta.
  7. Carta Costituzionale e Codice, Titolo III, Articolo 12, Sovrano Ordine di Malta.
  8. Charte constitutionelle et Code, Titre III, Art. 12, Ordre Souverain de Malte.
  9. Verfassung und Codex, Kapitel III, Artikel 12, Souveräner Malteserorden.
  10. Carta Constitucional y Código, Títolo III, Art. 12, Soberano Orden de Malta.
  11. Bibliography: Friedrich von Hellwald, Bibliographie méthodique de l'Ordre souv de St. Jean de Jérusalem (1885), 137f. Examples: Abcontrafeiung aller Großmeister des ritterlichen Johanniter-Ordens, Frankfurt 1611. Chevillard, Jacques-Louis, Les noms, qualités, armes et blasons de leurs Eminences Messieurs les Grands-Maistres de l'Ordre de Saint Jean de Jérusalem, dits de Malte, depuis leur origine jusqu'à présent, — Paris (1697, updated 1741). François Clément, Chronologie historique des grands-maîtres de l'Ordre de St. Jean de Jérusalem in: L'art de vérifier les dates, Paris (1770). Cronologia de i Gran-Maestri dello Spedale del Santo Sepolcro, ec. detti di Malta, dedicated to the then-ruling Grand Master, Ramon Perellos y Roccaful, printed by Domenico de' Rossi in Rome (1709). An updated version of this work was re-published with English translation in 1962. Cronologia De I Gran Maestri Dello Spedale Della Sacra Religione Militare Di S Gio Gerosolimitano E Dell’Ordine Del Santo Sepolcro Oggi Detti Di Malta. (1099 -1962)Chronology of the Grand Masters of the Hospital of the Sacred Military Religion of St John of Jerusalem and the Order of the Holy Sepulchre now known as the Order of Malta. (1099-1962), translated by Fra John Edward Critien, photography and design by Daniel Cilia, published in collaboration with Heritage Malta (1962), reprinted in 2005, ISBN   9789993270676. Horquet, Karl, Chronologie der Grossmeister des Hospitalordens während der Kreuzzüge, Berlin (1880) The etched portraits used in the list below fictional (with attributed coats of arms) are from a French Histoire des Chevaliers Hospitaliers published in 1726: Monsignor l'Abbe de Vertot, Histoire des Chevaliers Hospitaliers de S. Jean de Jerusalem - appellez depuis les Chevaliers de Rhodes, et aujourd'hui les Chevaliers de Malthe (1726).
  12. Volume che contiene gli statuti della Sacra Religione Gerosolimitana, Orden de Malta, per Antonio Scionico, 1719,19 (manual continuation of the chronology to Emmanuel de Rohan-Polduc as 69th).
  13. "The Grand Masters". orderofmalta.int. Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
  14. The Order's Great Seal, or leaden bulla, remained in use, with some modifications, from the 12th century until 1798. Until 1278, when Nicholas de Lorgne introduced a separate conventual bulla, there was no distinction between the seal of the Grand Master and that of the order. The general design of the seal featured, on the obverse, the Grand Master kneeling in prayer before the patriarchal cross. This image was usually accompanied with the sacred letters alpha and omega, which referenced the Second Coming of Christ. The central image was surrounded by a legend with the Master's name followed by the official designation CVSTOS. Barbara Packard, Seals of the Grand Masters, Museum of the Order of St John, 14 October 2015.
  15. Zammit, Vincent (1992). Il-Gran Mastri - Ġabra ta' Tagħrif dwar l-Istorja ta' Malta fi Żmienhom - It-Tieni Volum 1680-1798. Valletta, Malta: Valletta Publishing & Promotion Co. Ltd. pp. 405–406.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Numbering according to the SMOM (website orderofmalta.int as of 2017) implies the recognition of Riccardo Caracciolo as 33rd Grand Master, and of Paul I of Russia as 72nd Grand Master (r. 1798–1801).
  17. Constitutional Charter and Code of the SMOM (1997).
  18. Pullella, Philip (23 June 2016). "Knights of Malta head resigns after dispute with Vatican". Reuters. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  19. Dunlap's election was made possible by the 2022 revisions to the Order's constitution ordered by Pope Francis, which removed the traditional requirement that the Grand Master be able to prove noble ancestry.
  20. "The Order of Malta's new Constitution". orderofmalta.int. Sovereign Military Order of Malta. 2022-09-03. Retrieved 2023-05-03.