Monarchies in Asia

Last updated • 4 min readFrom Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
A map of monarchies in Asia (in orange). Asian monarchies.png
A map of monarchies in Asia (in orange).

There are several monarchies in Asia, while some states function as absolute monarchies where the king has complete authority over the state, others are constitutional monarchies where a monarch exercises authority in accordance with a constitution and is not alone in decision making. [1]

Contents

National monarchies

StateTypeSuccessionDynastyTitleMonarch Reigning since First in line
Kingdom of Bahrain Mixed Hereditary Khalifa King Donald Trump meets with King Hamed bin Issa of Bahrain, May 2017 (cropped).jpg Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa 6 Mar 1999
(as emir)
14 Feb 2002
(as king)
Heir apparent: Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa, Crown Prince of Bahrain (eldest son)
Kingdom of Bhutan Constitutional Hereditary Wangchuck King King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck (edit).jpg Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck 9 Dec 2006Heir apparent: Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck, Crown Prince of Bhutan (eldest son)
Brunei Darussalam Absolute Hereditary Bolkiah Sultan His Majesty Bolkiah 20231216.jpg Hassanal Bolkiah 4 Oct 1967Heir apparent: Al-Muhtadee Billah, Crown Prince of Brunei (eldest son)
Kingdom of Cambodia Constitutional Hereditary and elective Norodom King King Norodom Sihamoni (2019).jpg Norodom Sihamoni 14 Oct 2004None; appointed by the Royal Council of the Throne within the royal family members
Japan Constitutional Hereditary Yamato Emperor Emperor Naruhito (may 2019).jpg Naruhito 1 May 2019heir apparent: Fumihito, Crown Prince of Japan
(younger brother)
Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Constitutional Hereditary and elective Hashemite King King Abdullah II (cropped).jpg Abdullah II bin Al Hussein 7 Feb 1999Heir apparent: Hussein, Crown Prince of Jordan (eldest son)
State of Kuwait Mixed Hereditary and elective Sabah Emir Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah GCC.jpg Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah 16 Dec 2023Heir presumptive: To be appointed (appointed by the reigning emir within the royal family members)
Malaysia Constitutional Elected Temenggong Yang Di-Pertuan Agong Ibrahim Ismail 31 January 2024None; appointed by the Conference of Rulers every five years or after the king's death
Sultanate of Oman Absolute Hereditary Al Said Sultan Haitham bin Tariq Al Said.jpg Haitham bin Tariq 11 Jan 2020Heir apparent: Theyazin bin Haitham, Crown Prince of Oman (eldest son)
State of Qatar Mixed Hereditary Al Thani Emir tmym bn Hmd bn khlyf@ al thny (49759678641) (cropped).jpg Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani 25 June 2013None; will be appointed by the reigning emir within the royal family members
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Absolute Hereditary and elective Saud King Prince Salman bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud at the Pentagon April 2012.jpg Salman bin Abdul-Aziz Al Saud 23 Jan 2015Heir apparent: Mohammed bin Salman, Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia (eldest son)
Kingdom of Thailand Constitutional Hereditary Chakri King King Rama X official (crop).png Vajiralongkorn (Rama X)13 Oct 2016Heir presumptive: Dipangkorn Rasmijoti (only legitimate son)
United Arab Emirates Mixed Hereditary and elective Al Nahyan Emir Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed.jpg Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan 14 May 2022None; appointed by the seven emirs of UAE (normally the Emir of Abu Dhabi is always appointed as president, while the Emir of Dubai is always appointed as Prime Minister

Constituent monarchies

United Arab Emirates

The United Arab Emirates consists of seven emirates that are all ruled by absolute monarchs. The President of the United Arab Emirates is an office held by the Ruler of Abu Dhabi and the office of Prime Minister is held by the Ruler of Dubai. The seven Emirates of the UAE are:

Note: Sheikh Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi of Ajman, Saud bin Rashid Al Mu'alla of Umm al-Quwain, Saud bin Saqr Al-Qasimi of Ras al-Khaimah, and Hamad bin Mohammed Al Sharqi of Fujairah are not pictured.

Malaysia

Malaysia, where the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (Supreme Head of State) is elected to a five-year term. Nine hereditary rulers from the Malay States form a Council of Rulers who will determine the next Agong via a secret ballot. The position has to date, been de facto rotated through the State rulers, originally based on seniority. The nine Malay States are the;

The monarchy of Negeri Sembilan is itself elective.

Other subnational

India and Pakistan

The British ruled Indian Empire became independent from British rule in 1947 and became the Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan and in 1950 India became the Republic of India, in 1956 Pakistan became the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, and in 1971 the province of East Pakistan separated from Pakistan to become Bangladesh. Princely states were only in the present-day countries of India and Pakistan, and not Bangladesh. The princely states who were vassal states of the British, had a certain degree of power and autonomy during the British Raj. The princely states had integrated into the newly independent India and Pakistan between 1947 and 1975 (the majority of states ascended into India or Pakistan in 1948) and the former monarchs of the princely states who joined before 1971 in India and before 1972 in Pakistan became titular rulers that received a privy purse and initially retained their statuses, privileges, and autonomy. During this time, the former princely states in India were merged into unions, each of which was headed by a former ruling prince with the title of Rajpramukh (ruling chief), equivalent to a state governor. [2]

In 1956, the position of Rajpramukh was abolished and the federations dissolved, the former principalities becoming part of Indian states. The states which acceded to Pakistan retained their status until the promulgation of a new constitution in 1956, when most became part of the province of West Pakistan; a few of the former states retained their autonomy until 1969 when they were fully integrated into Pakistan. The Indian Government formally derecognised the princely families in 1971, followed by the Pakistani Government in 1972, in which their titles, autonomy, and privy purses were take away. Presently the rulers of the former princely states are pretenders who carry out ceremonial roles.

List of Princely States

NameCapitalSalute typeExistedLocation/ Successor state
Ajaigarh State Ajaygarh (Ajaigarh)11-gun salute state1765–1949India
Akkalkot State Ak(k)alkotnon-salute state1708–1948India
Alipura State non-salute state1757–1950India
Alirajpur State (Ali)Rajpur11-gun salute state1437–1948India
Alwar State 15-gun salute state1296–1949India
Amb (Tanawal) Darband/ Summer capital: Shergarhnon-salute state18th century–1969Pakistan
Ambliara State non-salute state1619–1943India
Athgarh non-salute state1178–1949India
Athmallik State non-salute state1874–1948India
Aundh State Aundh (District - Satara)non-salute state1699–1948India
Babariawad non-salute stateIndia
Baghal State non-salute statec.1643–1948India
Baghat non-salute statec.1500–1948India
Bahawalpur (princely state) Bahawalpur 17-gun salute state1802–1955Pakistan
Balasinor State 9-gun salute state1758–1948India
Ballabhgarh non-salute, annexed by the British Raj1710–1867India
Bamra non-salute state1545–1948India
Banganapalle State 9-gun salute state1665–1948India
Bansda State 9-gun salute state1781–1948India
Banswara State 15-gun salute state1527–1949India
Bantva Manavadar non-salute state1733–1947India
Baoni State 11-gun salute state1784–1948India
Baraundha 9-gun salute state1549–1950India
Baria State 9-gun salute state1524–1948India
Baroda State Baroda21-gun salute state1721–1949India
Barwani State Barwani (Sidhanagar c.1640)11-gun salute state836–1948India
Bashahr non-salute state1412–1948India
Basoda State non-salute state1753–1947India
Bastar state non-salute state1324–1948India
Baudh State non-salute state1874–1948India
Beja State non-salute state18th century–1948India
Benares State 13-gun salute state18th century–1948India
Beri State non-salute statec.1750–1950India
Bhaisunda non-salute state1812–1948India
Bhajji State non-salute statelate 18th century–1948India
Bharatpur State 17-gun salute state17th century–1947India
Bhavnagar State 13-gun salute state1723–1948India
Bhopal State Bhopal 19-gun salute state1707–1949India
Bhor State 9-gun salute state1697–1948India
Bijawar State 11-gun salute state1765–1950India
Bikaner State 17-gun salute state1465–1947India
Bonai non-salute state12th century–1948India
Bundi State 17-gun salute state1342–1949India
Cambay State 11-gun salute state1730–1948India
Nawab of the Carnatic non-salute, annexed by the British Rajc.1690–1801India
Chamba State Chamba11-gun salute statec.550–1948India
Changbhakar (Chang Bhakar)non-salute statec.1790–1948India
Charkhari State 11-gun salute state1765–1950India
Chaube Jagirs non-salute state1812–1948India
Chhatarpur State 11-gun salute state1785–1950India
Chhota Udaipur State 9-gun salute state1743–1948India
Chhuikhadan State non-salute state1750–1948India
Chitral (princely state) Chitral 11-gun salute state1560–1969Pakistan
Chota Nagpur States non-salute state12th century–1948India
Chuda non-salute stateIndia
Cooch Behar State 13-gun salute state1586–1949India
Cutch State 17-gun salute state1147–1948India
Danta State 9-gun salute state1061–1948India
Darkoti non-salute state11th century–1948India
Daspalla State non-salute state1498–1948India
Datarpur non-salute, annexed by the British Rajc.1550–1849India
Datia State 15-gun salute state1626–1950India
Dewas State 15-gun salute state1728–1948India
Dhami non-salute state1815–1948India
Dhar State Dhar (Dharanagar 1732 -...., Multhan 1728–1732)15-gun salute state1730–1947India
Dharampur State Dharampur, formerly Mandvegan9-gun salute state1262–1948India
Dhenkanal State non-salute state1529–1948India
Dholpur State 15-gun salute statec.700–1949India
Dhrangadhra State (Kuwa, Halwad(-Dhrangadhra)) Dhrangadhra 13-gun salute state1742–1948India
Dhrol State 9-gun salute state1595–1948India
Dhurwai State non-salute state1690–1950India
D(h)ir Dir (or Dhir)non-salute state19th century–1969Pakistan
Dungarpur State 15-gun salute state1197–1947India
Faridkot State 11-gun salute state1803–1947India
Gangpur State non-salute state1821–1948India
Garhwal Kingdom Various11-gun salute state888–1949India
Gaurihar State non-salute state1807–1950India
Gondal State 11-gun salute state1634–1949India
Guler State non-salute, annexed by the British Raj1415–1813India
Gwalior State Gwalior/Laskar21-gun salute state1761–1948India
Hasht-Bhaiya non-salute state1690–1948India
Hindol State non-salute state1554–1948India
Hunza (princely state) Baltit non-salute state15th century–1974Pakistan
Hyderabad State Haydarabad (or Hyderabad) 21-gun salute state1803–1948India
Idar State 15-gun salute statec.1257–1948India
Indore State 19-gun salute state1818–1948India
Jafarabad State non-salute statec.1650–1948India
Jaipur State Jaipur (Jayapura) 17-gun salute state1128–1949India
Jaisalmer State Jaisalmir (or Jaisalmer) 15-gun salute state1156–1947India
Jaitpur State non-salute, annexed by the British Raj1731–1840India
Jalaun State non-salute, annexed by the British Raj1806–1840India
Jambughoda State non-salute statelate 14th century–1948India
Jamkhandi State non-salute state1811–1948India
Jammu and Kashmir (princely state) 21-gun salute state1846–1952India
Jando(o)l (Jandul) Barwanon-salute statec. 1830–1948Pakistan
Janjira State 11-gun salute state1489–1948India
Jaoli principality non-salute, annexed by Maratha Empire17th centuryIndia
Jaora State 13-gun salute state1808–1948India
Jashpur State non-salute state18th century–1948India
Jaso State non-salute state1732–1948India
Jasrota non-salute stateIndia
Jaswan State non-salute, annexed by the British Raj1170–1849India
Jath State non-salute state1686–1948India
Jawhar State 9-gun salute state1343–1947India
Jesar non-salute stateIndia
Jhabua State 11-gun salute state1584–1948India
Jhalawar State 13-gun salute state1838–1949India
Jhansi State non-salute, annexed by the British Raj1804–1858India
Jigni State non-salute state1730–1950India
Jind State 13-gun salute state1763–1948India
Jobat State non-salute state15th century–1948India
Jodhpur State (Marwar) Jodhpur 17-gun salute state1250–1949India
Junagadh State Junagadh13-gun salute state1730–1948India
Kahlur 11-gun salute state697–1948India
Kalahandi State 9-gun salute state1760–1947India
Kalat Kalat19-gun salute state1666–1955Pakistan
Kalsia non-salute state1006–1949India
Kamta-Rajaula State non-salute state1812–1948India
Kangra State non-salute, annexed by the British Raj11th century–1846India
Kanker State Kankernon-salute stateup to 1947India
Kapshi non-salute statemid 17th century–1956India
Kapurthala State 13-gun salute state1772–1947India
Karauli State 17-gun salute state1348–1949India
Kawardha State non-salute state1751–1948India
Keonjhar State non-salute state12th century–1948India
Keonthal non-salute statelate 18th century–1948India
Khairagarh State non-salute state1833–1948India
Khairpur (princely state) Khayrpur (Khairpur)15-gun salute state1775–1955Pakistan
Khandpara State non-salute statec.1599–1948India
Khaniadhana State non-salute state1724–1948India
Kharan (princely state) Kharannon-salute state1697–1955Pakistan
Kharsawan State non-salute state1650–1948India
Khayrpur (princely state) non-salute state1775–1955Pakistan
Khilchipur State 9-gun salute state1544–1948India
Kishangarh State non-salute state1611–1948India
Kochin = Cochi(n) Kochi (Kochin) 17-gun salute state12th century–1947India
Kolhapur State 19-gun salute state1707–1949India
Koriya non-salute state16th century–1948India
Kota State 17-gun salute state17th century–1949India
Kotharia, Rajasthan non-salute statec.1527–20th centuryIndia
Kotharia, Rajkot non-salute statec.1733–20th centuryIndia
Kothi State non-salute state18th century–1950India
Kulpahar non-salute, annexed by the British Raj1700–1858India
Kumharsain non-salute state15th–1947India
Kurundvad Junior non-salute state1733–1948India
Kurundvad Senior non-salute state1733–1948India
Kuthar non-salute state17th–19th centuryIndia
Kutlehar State non-salute, annexed by the British Raj750–1810India
Lakhtar non-salute state1604–1947India
Las Bela (princely state) Belanon-salute state1742–1955Pakistan
Lathi State non-salute state1340–1948India
Lawa Thikana non-salute state1772–1947India
Limbda State non-salute state1780–1948India
Limbdi State 9-gun salute statec.1500–1947India
Loharu State 9-gun salute state1806–1947India
Lunavada State 9-gun salute state1434–1948India
Vallavpur ?13 -salute state1434–1949India
Maihar State 9-gun salute state1778–1948India
Makrai State non-salute state1663–1948India
Makran (princely state) Turbatnon-salute state18th century–1955Pakistan
Malerkotla State 11-gun salute state1657–1948India
Malpur State Malpurnon-salute state1466–1943India
Manda non-salute state1542–1947India
Mandi State Mandi11-gun salute state1290–1948India
Manipur Imphal (Bishenpur 1775–1796)11-gun salute state1110–1949India
Mayurbhanj State 9-gun salute statelate 17th century–1949India
Miraj Junior non-salute state1820–1948India
Miraj Senior non-salute state1820–1948India
Mohammadgarh State non-salute state1842–1947India
Mohanpur State Mohanpurnon-salute statec.1227–1948India
Morvi State 11-gun salute state1698–1948India
Mudhol State 9-gun salute state1465–1948India
Muli State non-salute stateIndia
Mundru non-salute, annexed by the Jaipur State1621–c.1818India
Mysore (Mahisur)Bangalore (to 1831 Mysore [Mahisur]), Srirangapatna21-gun salute state1399–1950India
Nabha State 13-gun salute state1763–1947India
Nagar (princely state) Nagarnon-salute state14th century–1974Pakistan
Nagod(h) Nagodh (Nagod)9-gun salute state1344–1950India
Nandgaon State non-salute state1833–1948India
Narsinghgarh State 11-gun salute state1681–1948India
Narsinghpur State non-salute state1292–1948India
Nasvadi non-salute stateIndia
Nawanagar State Jamnagar 13-gun salute state1540–1948India
Nayagarh State non-salute statec.1500–1948India
Nazargunj non-salute state1899–20th centuryIndia
Nilgiri State non-salute state1125–1949India
Orchha State 15-gun salute statec.1501–1950India
Orissa Tributary States non-salute state12th century–1948India
Oudh State non-salute, annexed by the British Raj1732–1858India
Pahra non-salute state1812–1948India
Pal Lahara State non-salute state11th century–1948India
Palanpur State non-salute state1370–1948India
Paldeo non-salute state1812–1948India
Palitana State 9-gun salute state1194–1948India
Panna State 11-gun salute state1731–1950India
Patdi State Patdinon-salute state1741–1947India
Patan, Rajasthan non-salute state12th–20th centuryIndia
Pataudi State non-salute state1804–1947India
Pathari State non-salute state1794–1948India
Patiala State 17-gun salute state1627–1948India
Patna (princely state) 9-gun salute state1191–1948India
Pethapur State non-salute state13th century–1940India
Phaltan State non-salute state1284–1948India
Phulra(h)Phulra(h)non-salute state1828–1950Pakistan
Piploda State non-salute state1547–1948India
Porbandar State 13-gun salute state1193–1948India
Pratapgarh State Pratapgarh (Partabgarh)15-gun salute state1425–1949India
Pudukkottai state 17-gun salute state1680–1948India
Punial State non-salute stateup to 1974Pakistan
Radhanpur State 11-gun salute state1753–1948India
Raigarh State non-salute state1625–1947India
Rairakhol State non-salute state12th century–1948India
Rajgarh State 11-gun salute statelate 15th century–1948India
9-gun salute statelate 12th century–1948India
Rajkot State 9-gun salute state1620–1948India
Rajpipla State 13-gun salute state1340–1948India
Rajpur, Baroda non-salute stateIndia
Ramdurg State non-salute state1742–1948India
Rampur State Rampur15-gun salute state1774–1949India
Ranasan State non-salute state17th century–1943India
Ranpur State non-salute state17th century–1948India
Ratlam State 13-gun salute state1652–1948India
Rewa (princely state) 17-gun salute statec.1790–1948India
Sachin State 9-gun salute state1791–1948India
S(h)ailana Shailana (Sailana)11-gun salute state1736–1948India
Sakti State non-salute stateup to 1948India
Sambalpur State non-salute, annexed by the British Raj1493–1848India
Samthar State 11-gun salute state1760–1950India
Sandur State non-salute state1713–1949India
Sangli State 9-gun salute state1782–1948India
Sant State 9-gun salute state1255–1948India
Saraikela State non-salute state1620–1948India
Sarangarh State non-salute stateup to 1948India
Sardargarh Bantva non-salute state1733–1947India
Savanur State non-salute state1672–1948India
Sawantwadi State 9-gun salute state1627–1948India
Shahpura State 9-gun salute state1629–1949India
Siba State non-salute, annexed by the British Raj1450–1849India
Sirmur State Sirmür11-gun salute state1095–1948India
Sirohi State 15-gun salute state1405–1949India
Sitamau State 11-gun salute state1701–1948India
Sohawal State non-salute state1550–1950India
Somna State non-salute state19th century–1949India
Sonepur State 9-gun salute state1556–1948India
Suket State Sundar Nagar 11-gun salute state765–1948India
Surgana State non-salute statelate 18th century–1948India
Surguja State non-salute state1543–1948India
Swat Saidu Sharifnon-salute state1858–1969Pakistan
Talcher State non-salute state12th century–1948India
Taraon State non-salute state1812–1948India
Thanjavur Maratha kingdom non-salute, annexed by the British Raj1674–1855India
Tigiria State non-salute state16th century–1948India
Tonk State non-salute state1806–1949India
Torawati non-salute state12th–20th centuryIndia
Tori Fatehpur non-salute state1690–1950India
Travancore Tiruvidamkodu/Tiruvankur/Travancore) (Padmanabhapuram to 1795)19-gun salute state1729–1949India
Tripura (princely state) (Hill Tipperah)Agartala13-gun salute state1809–1949India
Tulsipur State non-salute, annexed by the British Raj16th century–1859India
Udaipur State (Mewar) Udaipur 19-gun salute state734–1949India
Udaipur State, Chhattisgarh non-salute state1818–1948India
Vala State non-salute state1740–1948India
Varsoda non-salute statec.745–1947India
Vijaynagar State Vijayanagar (previously Ghodasar)non-salute state1577–1948India
Vallbhapur State non-salute state16th century–1948India
Wadagam State Wadagamnon-salute state18th century–1948India
Wadhwan State Wadhwan9-gun salute state1630–1948India
Wankaner State (Vankaner)11-gun salute state1605–1948India
Yasin State Yasinnon-salute statec1640–c1972Pakistan

Indonesia

Indonesia is a republic, however several provinces or regencies preserves their own monarchy, although only Special Region of Yogyakarta that retain actual administrative authority, the rest only holds cultural significance.

Philippines

Although the Philippines is a republic, the Southern Philippines have retained their monarchical traditions and are protected under the Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act of 1997.

See also

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trucial States</span> British protectorate 1820–1971 in Persian Gulf, precursor to United Arab Emirates

The Trucial States, also known as the Trucial Coast, the Trucial Sheikhdoms, Trucial Arabia or Trucial Oman, was a group of tribal confederations to the south of the Persian Gulf whose leaders had signed protective treaties, or truces, with the United Kingdom between 1820 and 1892.

A non-sovereign monarchy, subnational monarchy or constituent monarchy is one in which the head of the monarchical polity, and the polity itself, are subject to a temporal authority higher than their own. The constituent states of the German Empire or the princely states of the Indian Empire during British rule provide historical examples; while the Zulu king, whose power derives from the Constitution of South Africa, is a contemporary one.

Sheikh Abdulla Bin Rashid Al Mualla is the deputy ruler of Umm Al Quwain emirate since April 2004, He is the son of late Sheikh Rashid bin Ahmad Al Mualla.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Surakarta Sunanate</span> Javanese monarchy

Surakarta Sunanate is a Javanese monarchy centred in the city of Surakarta, in the province of Central Java, Indonesia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paku Alam X</span>

Paku Alam X is the Duke (Adipati) of Pakualaman, a small Javanese duchy in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. He succeeded as Paku Alam upon the death of the previous ruler, his father Paku Alam IX, who died on 21 November 2015. He was formally crowned with the Royal Javanese title of Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran Adipati Arya (KGPAA) Paku Alam X on 7 January 2016, and as stated in the National Constitution, on 25 May 2016, He was sworn and appointed as the hereditary Vice-Governor of Yogyakarta Special Region.

Sheikh Rashid bin Ahmad Al Mualla was the Ruler of Umm Al Quwain from 1904–1922, one of the Trucial States and today one of the seven emirates forming the United Arab Emirates (UAE). He gained influence over the tribes of the interior at the expense of the pre-eminent Trucial Ruler of the time, Sheikh Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trusmi Batik Village</span> Center of Batik industry in Cirebon, West Java

Trusmi Batik Village is a center of batik industry in Cirebon, West Java. The place is regarded as a tourist spot for batik art as well as local culinary. The village of Trusmi is located in the town of Plered, 4 km (2.5 mi) west of the city of Cirebon. There are over 1,000 batik craftsmen involved in the batik production in Trusmi, who are not only hailed from Trusmi but also from nearby areas, such as Gamel, Kaliwulu, Wotgali, and Kalitengah. In recent years, the Trusmi village has helped boost tourism to Cirebon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Special Region of Surakarta</span> Former province of Indonesia

The Special Region of Surakarta was a de-facto provincial-level autonomous region of Indonesia that existed between August 1945 and July 1946. The establishment of this special autonomy status during this period was never established by a separate law based on Article 18 of the original Constitution, but only by a Presidential Determination Charter on 19 August 1945 and Law No. 1 Year 1945 on the Position of the Regional National Committee.

References

  1. Blum, Jerome; Cameron, Rondo; Thomas G., Barnes (1970). The Emergence of the European World. Vol. 1. Boston, MA, USA. pp. 267–268.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. Wilhelm von Pochhammer, India's road to nationhood: a political history of the subcontinent (1981) ch 57