Banjarmasin

Last updated

Banjarmasin
City
City of Banjarmasin
Kota Banjarmasin
Other transcription(s)
 •  Jawi بنجر ماسين
 •  Chinese 马辰/馬辰
Mǎ chén(Pinyin)
Kota Banjarmasin.jpg
Banjarmasin floating market, 2018.jpg
Klenteng Soetji Nurani Banjarmasin (3).jpg
Menara Pandang Banjarmasin.JPG
Clockwise from top:
Banjarmasin seen from above, Soetji Nurani Chinese Temple, Banjarmasin watchtower, and Banjarmasin floating market.
Flag of Banjarmasin City.png
Flag
Lambang Kota Banjarmasin.gif
Coat of arms
Nicknames: 
Kota Seribu Sungai
"City of Thousand Rivers" [1]
Motto(s): 
Kayuh Baimbai (Banjarese)
"Rowing Together" [2]
Lokasi Kalimantan Selatan Kota Banjarmasin.svg
Location of Banjarmasin within South Kalimantan
Banjarmasin
Interactive map outlining Banjarmasin
Indonesia location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Banjarmasin
Location within Indonesia
Coordinates: 03°19′12″S114°35′33″E / 3.32000°S 114.59250°E / -3.32000; 114.59250
CountryFlag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia
Region Kalimantan
ProvinceFlag of South Kalimantan.svg  South Kalimantan
Established24 September 1526
Government
 • MayorIbnu Sina
 • Vice MayorHermansyah
Area
 •  City
98.46 km2 (38.02 sq mi)
 • Metro
6,945.67 km2 (2,681.74 sq mi)
Elevation
1 m (3 ft)
Population
 (mid 2023 estimate)
 •  City
675,915
 • Density6,900/km2 (18,000/sq mi)
 •  Metro
2,041,014
 • Metro density290/km2 (760/sq mi)
  [3]
Time zone UTC+8 (WITA)
Area code +62 511
Nominal GDP [4] 2023
 - TotalIncrease2.svg Rp 42.049 trillion (30th)
Increase2.svg US$ 2.759 billion
Increase2.svg Int$ 8.835 billion (PPP)
 - Per capitaIncrease2.svg Rp 63,095 thousand
Increase2.svg US$ 4,140
Increase2.svg Int$ 13,257 (PPP)
 - MetroIncrease2.svg Rp 78.012 trillion
Increase2.svg US$ 5.118 billion
Increase2.svg Int$ 16.391 billion (PPP)
 - GrowthIncrease2.svg 5.7%
HDI (2024)Increase2.svg 0.805 (Very High) [5]
Website www.banjarmasinkota.go.id

Banjarmasin is the largest city in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. It was the capital of the province until 15 February 2022. The city is located on a delta island near the junction of the Barito and Martapura rivers. Historically the centre of the Banjarese culture, and the capital of the Sultanate of Banjar, it is the biggest city in South Kalimantan and one of the main cities of Kalimantan. The city covers an area of 98.46 km2 (38.02 sq mi) and had a population of 625,481 as of the 2010 Census [6] and 657,663 as of the 2020 Census; [7] the official estimate as of mid 2023 was 675,915 (comprising 337,819 males and 338,096 females). [3] It is the third most populous city on the island of Borneo. [8] [9]

Contents

Greater Banjarmasin, also known as Banjarbakula (an acronym for Banjarmasin-Barito Kuala-Tanah Laut) or Banjar Raya, is an urban agglomeration of over two million people covering an area of 6,945.67 km2 (2,681.74 sq mi), which includes Banjarbaru city and parts of Banjar Regency (including Martapura town), Barito Kuala Regency, and Tanah Laut Regency, and accounts for almost half of the province's population.

Banjarmasin was the de jure seat of the South Kalimantan governor and the location of the provincial parliament, although some provincial buildings have been relocated to Banjarbaru. [10] [11] On 15 February 2022, the capital of South Kalimantan province was legally moved to Banjarbaru.

History

Historical affiliations

Negara Dipa (1380–1478)
Negara Daha (1478–1520)
Banjar Sultanate Flag.svg Banjar Sultanate (1520–1526)
Demak Sultanate (1526–1546)
Banjar Sultanate Flag.svg Banjar Sultanate (1546–1635)
Flag of the Dutch East India Company.svg VOC (1635–1638)
Banjar Sultanate Flag.svg Banjar Sultanate (1638–1701)
Flag of England.svg England (1701–1707)
Banjar Sultanate Flag.svg Banjar Sultanate (1707–1787)
Statenvlag.svg Dutch Republic (1787–1795)
Flag of the navy of the Batavian Republic.svg Batavian Republic (1795–1806)
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Dutch East Indies (1806–1809)
Banjar Sultanate Flag.svg Banjar Sultanate (1809–1815)
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1815–1816)
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Dutch East Indies (1817–1942)
Flag of Japan (1870-1999).svg Empire of Japan (1942–1945)
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Dutch East Indies (1945–1949)
Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia (1949–today)

Etymology

"Banjarmasin" is thought to be a corrupted version of "Bandar Masih" (Port Masih), which was named for Patih Masih, who ruled the port and the surrounding villages. Patih Masih's name may have been a nickname. Masih originates from the Ngaju language. Oloh Masi refers to the coastal-dwelling Malay population in the language of the Dayaks, who lived in the interior and visited the port regularly to trade. Some of the Dayaks eventually settled in the port. They eventually contributed to the culture of the Banjar people, along with the Javanese and Malays. [12] [13]

Early history

Burial complex of Sultan Suriansyah, first sultan of Banjar Komplek Makam Sultan Suriansyah.jpg
Burial complex of Sultan Suriansyah, first sultan of Banjar

European archeologist H. Kupper discovered several prehistoric sites around the region in 1939 and found implements such as choppers and other stone tools. Most of the artifacts found around the region and the province show signs of Neolithic culture. Migration from mainland Asia to Borneo may have been common while they were connected by the Sunda Shelf. Many stone tools have been found in Awang Bangkal, 50 km (31 mi) from the city. [12]

Until the early 15th century, there were few written records found from the region. Outside records indicate it was home to several kingdoms such as Tanjungpuri—theorized to have been founded by Malay people from Srivijaya—and Negara Daha and Dipa, which were founded by Javanese people from Majapahit. Hinduism and Buddhism entered the region between the first and 15th centuries. There are two candis (temples) left in the region, Candi Laras and Candi Agung. [14] The Ma'anyan people may have ruled the oldest kingdom in the archipelago, Nan Sarunai. Its existence is disputed; [15] [12] [16] speculated by archeologists based on several carved stone tombs and a Ma'anyan folk song called "Usak Jawa", which is thought to tell the story of the Majapahit conquest of the kingdom. [16]

The history of Banjarmasin itself began during the founding of the Sultanate of Banjar. According to folk stories and the Hikayat Banjar , Sukarama, the fourth king of Negara Daha, wanted his grandson, Raden Samudra, to be his successor in the kingdom instead of his direct son Prince Tumenggung. Prince Tumenggung later banished Raden Samudra and tried to reclaim the throne for himself. Raden Samudra fled to the region that would later be known as Banjarmasin. There, he met Patih Masih. Under Samudra's leadership, the port grew into the town of Bandar Masih. [17] [12] Tumenggung, who disliked Samudra's growing power, wanted to invade the town. Samudra allied with the Demak Sultanate, which agreed to help him. In return he would have to convert to Islam if he won. With the help of expeditionary forces from Demak, Samudra defeated the Tumenggung forces and proclaimed the Banjar Sultanate. He changed his name to Sultan Suriansyah I. The sultanate became more reliant on the Demak to the point that it was considered their protectorate. However, between 1546 and 1550, as conquests and the spice trade enriched the sultanate, it became independent and stopped sending tributes to Java. [12] [18]

Colonial era

Engagement between Banjarese kotta mara (floating fortress) against Dutch steam ship Celebes, 6 August 1859 1. ZM Stoomschip Celebes in gevecht met een Kota Mara 6 aug 1859 Poeloe Kananat opgenomen.jpg
Engagement between Banjarese kotta mara (floating fortress) against Dutch steam ship Celebes, 6 August 1859

The first contact between Europeans and the Banjar people in the region came through trade. Starting in 1596, this mostly took place in Banten. European traders, largely Dutch, did not bother visiting the port until Banten's rulers banned them. The traders resorted to attacking ships from other countries, including ships under the Banjar Sultanate, to steal nutmeg. The Sultan took revenge against a Dutch ship visiting Banjarmasin on 17 July 1607 by hijacking it and massacring the crew. Similar incidents occurred several times between 1603 and 1636, ending when the sultanate reached a trade agreement that put the Dutch East India Company in control of the nutmeg trade from the sultanate and gave it a monopoly over trade in Banjarmasin. The company was expelled in 1638, however, after the sultan waged a war against the Dutch and burned much of the company's possessions around the port. [19] [12]

Fort Tatas, a Dutch fortress in Banjarmasin, 1924 COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Het bezoek van de Gouverneur-Generaal mr. Dirk Fock aan Bandjermasin tijdens zijn rondreis door de Zuider- en Oosterafdeling van Borneo 1924-04-00 TMnr 60013434.jpg
Fort Tatas, a Dutch fortress in Banjarmasin, 1924

Similarly, an English company agreed upon a treaty with the sultanate in 1698 but was expelled from the region in 1707. Following the Napoleonic Wars, Banjarmasin was subject to British control, a situation complicated by the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814, which was seen to have mandated its transfer to Dutch authority. [12] [18] This directive paradoxically conflicted with a prior 1812 treaty between the British East India Company and the sultanate, which prohibited the region’s transfer to any other European power. [20] This issue was navigated by the then Governor of Java, John Fendall, who argued that the 1812 treaty’s conditions were still valid. Sovereignty was therefore effectively transferred from the British East India Company to the Sultan in late 1816, and not directly to the Dutch. [20] The dispute over sovereignty was finally settled when the Sultan of Banjarmasin settled an agreement with the Netherlands in January 1817, effectively confirming Dutch control over the region. [20] A succession crisis between Sultan Adam and Tamjidillah II and a dispute over resource control of coal mines resulted in a war between the sultanate and the Dutch East Indies Company which led to the end of the sultanate in 1863. The war continued until 1905 under an emergency government set up by the sultanate called Pagustian. The last resistance was put down with the capture of Queen Zaleha in 1906. [18] [21] As a result of the war, many Banjar people from Borneo migrated to Sumatra, Singapore, and Malaysia and formed communities there. [21]

20th century–present

Route of Japanese attack on Borneo, 1942 Japanese attack on Borneo, 1941-1942.jpg
Route of Japanese attack on Borneo, 1942

When World War II broke out, the city was occupied by the Imperial Japanese Army. After the Battle of Banjarmasin, control was transferred to the Imperial Japanese Navy. Locals described Japanese rule under the navy as harsher compared to the army. This led many people to escape to Java, which remained under army rule. The city was liberated by Australian forces in September 1945. The return of Dutch rule, however, was opposed by the people and resulted in the Kalimantan Physical Revolution, four years of war between Indonesian nationalists and the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army. This ended with the Dutch recognition of Indonesia in 1949. The city was briefly assigned as the capital of Great Dayak federal state before being absorbed into a single Kalimantan province. It later became the capital city of the newly formed South Kalimantan province. [12] [22] [23] Frequent flooding led to a plan to relocate the provincial capital city to Banjarbaru. The process continued until 2011, and the provincial parliament remains in Banjarmasin. [24] Banjarmasin was granted city status by the Indonesian government in 1959 under Law Number 27 of 1959. [8]

On 7 December 1996, Dirgantara Air Service Flight 5940 crashed to the gas factory after taking off near Syamsudin Noor International Airport, killing around 18 people. [25] On 23 May 1997, the city witnessed a riot caused by friction between supporters of the United Development Party and Golkar. The riot later developed into looting, which targeted Chinese and Christian minorities and several shopping malls. [26] [27] [28] At least 137 people were killed during the riots. [29] The riot today is known by locals as Jumat Kelabu or Grey Friday. [30]

On 15 February 2022, the capital of South Kalimantan province was legally moved to Banjarbaru. [31] [32]

Geography

Banjarmasin is located in the Barito River's basin and is bisected by the Martapura River. The slope of the city is 0.13% and the land is generally flat and low-lying. The geological foundation of the city is dominated by clay and sandstone, but also includes alluvial sediments from the river. Several smaller rivers, all connected to either the Martapura River or Barito River, form a dendritic drainage pattern. The city's river system is affected by tides. The city is located in a swampy region and is generally below water level, making it prone to being flooded by tidal bores. [33] [11]

The area of city proper is 98.46 km2 (38.02 sq mi), around 0.26% of the provincial area. [11] It borders the Barito Kuala Regency in the north and west and the Banjar Regency in the east and south. [11]

Climate

Banjarmasin has a tropical savanna climate (Aw) with heavy rainfall from November to June and moderate rainfall from July to October. The monthly temperature is within range between 26 °C (79 °F) to 38 °C (100 °F) with an average maximum temperature of 33 °C (91 °F) and average minimum temperature of 22 °C (72 °F). However, there is a slight variation of seasonal temperatures because of monsoons. Precipitation can reach between 2,400 mm (94 in) and 3,500 mm (140 in) yearly, with an average level of 1,600 mm (63 in). The hottest months are between March and September when the temperature can reach an average as high as 36 °C (97 °F). The average amount of sunshine is 2.8 hours per day during the rainy season and 6.5 hours during the dry season. [11] [33]

January is the wettest month, with air humidity sitting between 75 and 90% in January; September is the driest, with humidity of 52% in September. [33]

Climate data for Banjarmasin (Syamsudin Noor International Airport, 1991–2020 normals)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)32.2
(90.0)		32.4
(90.3)		32.7
(90.9)		33.0
(91.4)		33.2
(91.8)		32.8
(91.0)		32.7
(90.9)		33.4
(92.1)		33.9
(93.0)		33.9
(93.0)		33.2
(91.8)		32.3
(90.1)		33
(91)
Daily mean °C (°F)26.3
(79.3)		26.4
(79.5)		26.5
(79.7)		26.7
(80.1)		26.9
(80.4)		26.5
(79.7)		26.1
(79.0)		26.2
(79.2)		26.5
(79.7)		26.8
(80.2)		26.6
(79.9)		26.2
(79.2)		26.5
(79.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)23.7
(74.7)		23.8
(74.8)		23.9
(75.0)		24.1
(75.4)		24.1
(75.4)		23.5
(74.3)		22.6
(72.7)		22.3
(72.1)		22.6
(72.7)		23.3
(73.9)		23.8
(74.8)		23.8
(74.8)		23.5
(74.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches)334.1
(13.15)		291.4
(11.47)		261.4
(10.29)		211.3
(8.32)		152.5
(6.00)		124.6
(4.91)		92.2
(3.63)		56.6
(2.23)		63.7
(2.51)		122.0
(4.80)		232.0
(9.13)		357.4
(14.07)		2,299.2
(90.52)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)20.717.217.314.913.511.69.56.46.611.916.521.1167.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours 99.995.1117.7130.1148.3134.0150.1159.5146.6136.5118.393.41,529.5
Source: World Meteorological Organization [34]

Governance

Banjarmasin city hall building Kantor Wali Kota Banjarmasin.jpg
Banjarmasin city hall building

Administrative division

The city is divided into five districts (kecamatan). The most densely populated district is Central Banjarmasin with a density of 13,155 per square kilometre while the least densely populated district is South Banjarmasin with density of 4,281 per square kilometre. As of 2020, South, North, and East Banjarmasin district experienced population growth—South and North both by 1.10% and East by 0.58%; Central and West Banjarmasin both experienced declines of 0.46%. Their areas and populations at the 2010 Census [6] and 2020 Census, [7] together with the official estimates as at mid 2023, [3] are tabulated below. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of urban villages (all rated as kelurahan) in each district, and its postal codes.

Kode
Wilayah		Name of
District
(kecamatan)		Area
in
km2		Pop'n
Census
2010		Pop'n
Census
2020		Pop'n
Estimate
mid 2023		Admin
centre		No.
of
villages		Post
code
63.71.01Banjarmasin Selatan
(South Banjarmasin)		38.30146,068163,948167,690Kelayan Selatan1270241
- 70249
63.71.02Banjarmasin Timur
(East Banjarmasin)		24.50111,912118,389124,869Kuripan970234
- 70239
63.71.03Banjarmasin Barat
(West Banjarmasin)		13.11143,461136,964137,451Pelambuan970112
- 70245
63.71.05Banjarmasin Tengah
(Central Banjarmasin)		6.6591,70087,47990,412Teluk Dalam1270111
- 70241
63.71.04Banjarmasin Utara
(North Banjarmasin)		16.90132,340150,883155,493Alalak Utara1070121
- 70127
Totals98.46625,481657,663675,91552

Local government

As with all Indonesian cities, Banjarmasin is a second-level administrative division run by a mayor and a vice mayor together with the city parliament, and is equivalent to a regency. [35] Executive power is vested in the mayor and vice mayor, while legislative duties are vested in the local parliament. The mayor, vice mayor, and parliament members are directly elected by the people of the city in an election. [36] Heads of districts are appointed by the mayor on the recommendation of the city secretary. [37] [38]

Politics

On the provincial level, Banjarmasin is part of South Kalimantan's first electoral district, which has 8 out of 55 representatives. On the city level, the city is divided into five electoral districts, which have a total of 45 parliamentary representatives. The last election was in 2019 and the next one is scheduled for 2024. [39]

Electoral districtRegionRepresentatives
Banjarmasin 1stCentral Banjarmasin District6
Banjarmasin 2ndNorth Banjarmasin District10
Banjarmasin 3rdEast Banjarmasin District8
Banjarmasin 4thSouth Banjarmasin District11
Banjarmasin 5thWest Banjarmasin District10
Total45

Banjarbakula (Greater Banjarmasin)

The Banjarmasin metropolitan area comprises two complete cities (Banjarmasin and Banjarbaru), together with large parts of three regencies as follows:

Name of
City or
Regency		Area
in
km2		Pop'n
Census
2020		Pop'n
Estimate
mid 2023
Banjarmasin (city)98.46657,663675,915
Banjarbaru (city)305.15253,442272,783
Banjar Regency (part (a) )1,756.75507,240514,275
Barito Kuala Regency (part (b) )1,801.15250,078258,487
Tanah Laut Regency (part (c) )2,984.16305,898319,554
Total Banjarbakula6,945.671,974,3212,041,014

Notes: (a) 14 out of 20 districts. (b) 12 out of 17 districts. (c) all except Kintap District.

Economy

BCA branch in Banjarmasin Gedung BCA Banjarmasin.jpg
BCA branch in Banjarmasin

The city's economy is dominated by manufacturing, which accounts for 17.19% of its gross regional product (GRP) as of 2020. The second largest sector is trade, which accounts for 12.57% of the city's GRP, followed by the finance sector at 12.29%. The agriculture sector is small, contributing only 2.43% of city's GRP. Mining is nonexistent within the city, in stark contrast to neighbouring regions. In 2019, economic growth was 6.38%. However, in 2020 there was an economic downturn caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in a decrease of 1.91%. The city imports 1,900,000 long tons (1,900,000 t) of goods through its main port, the Port of Trisakti, and exports 98,320,000 long tons (99,900,000 t) of goods as of 2019. Movement of goods increased 92.24% between 2018 and 2019. Banjarmasin experienced 4.15% yearly inflation in 2019. [40] [11]

Industry

Around 62% of industry in Banjarmasin is focused on food and drink processing and related products. This includes bread, flour, and soybean sauce production. Other industries include rubber and plastic manufacturing, which account for about 15% of the city's industrial output. The rest of the industrial output is from machinery, pharmaceuticals, paper products, and electrical equipment. [41]

There are 3,014 industrial companies registered in the city as of 2020, employing a total of 22,063 people. There are also smaller-scale industries producing wood furniture, clothing, and snacks, with 88 registered smaller-scale businesses in these sectors as of 2020. [11]

Tourism

The Bekantan Statue is a landmark of the city of Banjarmasin Patung Bekantan Banjarmasin.jpg
The Bekantan Statue is a landmark of the city of Banjarmasin

The city has 129 hotels registered as of 2020. The city was visited by 109,653 domestic tourists and 251 foreign tourists that year. According to Statistics Indonesia, in 2020 there were 113 identified potential tourist spots in the city. Tourism, however, remains a small sector in the city's economy. [11]

Finance

The finance sector in general has been grew steadily from 2015 to 2019, with an annual growth of around 3%. Basic financial services account for 67% of this sector, followed by pension funds and insurance services with 14.94%. The city accounts for 67.61% of financial activities in the entire province, both in local and foreign currencies. [40]

Demographics

A church in Banjarmasin GKE Eppata Banjarmasin.jpg
A church in Banjarmasin

According to Statistics Indonesia, a resident of the city is defined as "someone who resides within the city for at least 6 months or less than 6 months but with intention to settle". The estimated number of residents in 2020 was 657,663 with a sex ratio of 100.36 male per 100 female. 47.87% of the city population resides in the South and North Banjarmasin districts. As with most of Indonesian cities, the population is young and consists of a workforce within the reproductive age of above 15, which in the city is around 62.07% of the city's population in 2020, or 331,526 people. Annual population growth was 0.44% between 2010 and 2020. East and Central Banjarmasin district. however, has a sex ratio of 98.84 and 97.47 male per 100 female respectively, which means both districts have more female residents than males. This differs from the city average. The city's dominant religion is Islam, with a minority of Protestants, Catholics, Hindus, Buddhists, Confucianists, and animist religions. Muslims make up around 94% of the city's population, followed by Christians (both Catholics and Protestants) at around 3%; other religions combined total about 2%. [11]

Soetji Nurani Temple Gerbang Klenteng Soetji Nurani Banjarmasin.jpg
Soetji Nurani Temple

Most of the city's population identifies as Banjarese—79,26% did so in 2010. Other ethnicities include Javanese with 10.27%, Madurese with 3.17%, Chinese Indonesian with 1.56%, Dayak with 0.92%, and Bugis with 0.6%. [42] There is also an Arabic population that date back to Sultanate and colonial era. [42]

Education

The literacy rate in 2020 was 98.94%. There are 311 kindergartens, 208 elementary schools, 35 junior high schools, and 29 senior high schools as of 2020. There are also 22 vocational high schools in the city. The city is home to more than 25 higher education institutions and universities. One of the most notable, which is also a public university, is the Lambung Mangkurat University. The university has more than 2,000 graduates every year—most of them majoring in teaching and science education, followed by economics and business, engineering, agricultural science, and medical subjects. In 2020, there were 700 postgraduate students. A developed education system and the existence of educational institutions attract students from neighbouring regions to pursue their education in the city. [43] [11] Other notable private universities, such as the Muhammad Arsyad Al-Banjari Kalimantan Islamic University, have the greatest number of students. According to Indonesian Statistics, in 2020 there 11,854 male and 8,189 female students. The school participation rate was 97.91% as of 2020. [11] [44]

Healthcare

Ulin Regional Hospital building Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Ulin.jpg
Ulin Regional Hospital building

The city has eight hospitals and 34 polyclinics as of 2020. There are also 26 puskesmas (community healthcare centres), 26 healthcare centres, and 47 pharmacies. The main and largest hospital in the city is Ulin Regional Hospital, which is owned by the provincial government; it is classified as an A-type hospital by the Ministry of Health. Life expectancy in the city as of 2020 was 71.13 years, which is significantly above the provincial average. [45] [11]

As of 2020, 511,118 people of the total city population of 657,663 are registered in the BPJS Kesehatan, government-mandated social insurance which covers certain healthcare costs. [11] 89% of newborn babies in 2020 were vaccinated with basic vaccines such as polio vaccine, MMR vaccine, and Hepatitis B vaccine. Around 95% of newborn babies are born inside a healthcare or maternity facility, while 99.98% of births are assisted by healthcare workers. [44]

Culture and entertainment

Banjarese culture

Floating Market in Banjarmasin Pasar Terapung di Kota Banjarmasin.jpg
Floating Market in Banjarmasin

The city's dominant culture is that of the Banjar people, which have characteristics described as those of a "river culture" and are influenced by other ethnicities such as Dayak, Javanese, Malay, Arab, and even Persian. Despite being a Muslim majority, the Banjar people still hold on to the importance of cultural parts that have been influenced by their Hindu-Buddhist past. This includes the Malanuh ceremony, which is an offering to supernatural beings. [46] One annual event that is celebrated widely by the people of the city is Haul Guru Sekumpul, an event commemorating the death of a charismatic ulema from the region, Zaini Abdul Ghani. [47] [48]

Another famous cultural sight in the city is a floating market located on the Kuin River and Lok Baintan. People meet on the river after Fajr prayer until around 07:00 pm and transactions with the merchants are done from small boats. Small snacks, vegetables, fruits, meat, and many other groceries are sold at the market. This market is dying, however, and the number of merchants has declined because of the shift from river culture to land culture and competition with regular land markets. [49] The city is home to a cultural center building surrounded by a cultural park where traditional artists can often be seen performing. The building and its surrounding has been used regularly to hold cultural events to preserve Banjarese culture, as well as to facilitate local artists. [50] [51] [52]

City parks

Siring Park at night Siring Banjarmasin at night.jpg
Siring Park at night

There are several city parks and public spaces in the city, one of the most notable being Siring Park, located in the center of the city. Sometimes referred to by locals as "0 Kilometer Park", the park is located on the shores of the Martapura River and also acts as a waterfront for the river with docks for small boats in the river. Facilities in the park include a watchtower, several gazebos, pedestrian roads, and skateboard parks. In front of the park, there is an urban bus stop used by both Trans Banjarmasin & BRT Banjarbakula bus companies. [53] In addition, the park includes one of the city's landmarks, a 6.5 m (21 ft) statue of a bekantan (Proboscis monkey) which is a native primate in the region. The park is also a center for street foods in the city during dusk. [54] [55] [56]

Other city parks include Kamboja Park, Bungas Banjarmasin Park, and Banua Anyar Public Space. Located 2 km (1.2 mi) from the city center, Banua Anyar Public Space is specifically designed for toddlers and kids. It is located below Banua Anyar bridge and has facilities such as a kids' park, artificial soft grass to ensure child safety, and book reading corners. [57] [58] [59] [60]

Others

Duta Mall Banjarmasin is the biggest shopping mall in the city Duta Mall Banjarmasin.jpg
Duta Mall Banjarmasin is the biggest shopping mall in the city

Several shopping malls are located in the city. The Duta Mall Banjarmasin is the largest in the province, and connected to a hotel called The Mercure Hotel. Located in Central Banjarmasin district, it occupies more than 42,000 m2 (450,000 sq ft) and consists of four stories. It is also surrounded by several other buildings housing stores, forming a complex with a total area of 80,000 m2 (860,000 sq ft). [61] [62] Other entertainment centers in the city include Trans Studio Mini Banjarmasin, an indoor theme park which is owned by Trans Corp and malls such as Mitra Plaza, Lotte Mart, and Giant. [63] Mitra Plaza is one of the city's oldest modern shopping centers, and was a target of looting and destruction during the Banjarmasin riot of May 1997. It was renovated after the riot. [64] Other than modern shopping malls, according to Statistics Indonesia, as of 2019, there are 60 traditional markets registered in the city. [65]

Transportation

A flyover in Banjarmasin Flyover Banjarmasin.JPG
A flyover in Banjarmasin

The city has 790.13 km (490.96 mi) of road, most of which have been paved with asphalt. It is connected to the Trans-Kalimantan Highway Southern Route, which connects it to other big cities such as Palangka Raya and Samarinda. [66] Kilometer 6 Bus Terminal is the main bus terminal for the city and the province, where buses for long inter-province routes gather. [67] Being old and overcrowded, the government relocated the main terminal to the newly built Kilometer 17 Bus Terminal in Gambut District, Banjar Regency. However, the new terminal is rarely used and many bus operators resisted the relocation because of the remoteness of the new terminal from the city center. [68]

Martapura River in Banjarmasin City Pinggiran Sungai Martapura di Kota Banjarmasin.jpg
Martapura River in Banjarmasin City

Being divided by a big navigable river, speed boats on the river are also an important means of transportation within the city. Ride-hailing services such as Gojek and Grab are widespread. The city has three urban bus services, BRT Banjarbakula which connects it to the Greater Banjarmasin area and Trans Banjarmasin, which only serves the city proper. [69] [70] [71] As with other Indonesian cities, the city has angkots (shared taxis), which have been declining rapidly because of competition from online ride-hailing services, online taxis, and new public transportation services created by the city government. [72] [73] On 22 December 2021, another urban bus system, Trans Banjarbakula, was launched which also covers the entire metropolitan area. [74] [75]

The city is served by the Port of Trisakti, which is one of main ports in Indonesia and classified as class IA. The port has a passenger terminal for passenger ships to neighbouring islands such as Java and Sulawesi. [76] [77] The closest airport is the Syamsudin Noor Airport, which located inside Banjarbaru city, 29 km (18 mi) from Banjarmasin. [78]

Media

Banjarmasin Post office building Gedung Banjarmasin Post.jpg
Banjarmasin Post office building

There are numerous newspapers, television stations, and radio based in Banjarmasin. The city is center of mass media in the province of South Kalimantan. Known established media groups such as Banjarmasin Post, Kalimantan Post, and Radar Banjarmasin existed since early New Order period, while numerous smaller independent media were founded mostly after Reformasi. Other example of news media are Barito Post, Mata Banua, Metro Banjar, and Kanal Kalimantan. In total, there were 47 registered news media including printed and online, 36 tabloids, and 4 magazines in the city. [79]

In television sector, outside of nationwide networks both private and state-owned, there are local television stations focused mostly on local news. State-owned television network TVRI has local branch for South Kalimantan located in Banjarmasin, while Duta TV and Banjar TV, two most prominent local channels, are private. [80] [81] [82] [83]

The city also has a branch of Radio Republik Indonesia, an Indonesian state-owned radio network. [84] According to the government source, there are 21 formally registered radio station. [83]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">South Kalimantan</span> Province in Indonesia

South Kalimantan is a province of Indonesia. It is the second most populous province on the island of Kalimantan, the Indonesian territory of the island of Borneo after West Kalimantan. The provincial capital was Banjarmasin until 15 February 2022 when it was legally moved 35 kms southeast to Banjarbaru. The population of South Kalimantan was recorded at just over 3.625 million people at the 2010 Census, and at 4.07 million at the 2020 Census. The official estimate as at mid 2023 was 4,221,929. One of the five Indonesian provinces in Kalimantan, it is bordered by the Makassar Strait in the east, Central Kalimantan in the west and north, the Java Sea in the south, and East Kalimantan in the northeast. The province also includes the island of Pulau Laut, located off the eastern coast of Kalimantan, as well as other smaller offshore islands. The province is divided into 11 regencies and 2 cities. South Kalimantan is the traditional homeland of the Banjar people, although some parts of East Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan are also included in this criterion. Nevertheless, South Kalimantan, especially the former capital city Banjarmasin has always been the cultural capital of Banjarese culture. Many Banjarese have migrated to other parts of Indonesia, as well as neighbouring countries such as Singapore and Malaysia. In addition, other ethnic groups also inhabit the province, such as several groups of the Dayaks, who mostly live in the interior part of the province, as well as the Javanese, who mostly migrated from Java due to the Transmigration program which dated from the Dutch colonial era. It is one of the provinces in Indonesia that has a larger population than Mongolia.

Negara Daha was a Hindu kingdom successor of Negara Dipa that appears in the Hikayat Banjar. It was located in what is now the Regency of Hulu Sungai Selatan, Province of South Kalimantan, Republic of Indonesia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Banjarbaru</span> City and capital of South Kalimantan, Indonesia

Banjarbaru is the capital city of South Kalimantan, one of the provinces in Indonesia. It is located 35 km (22 mi) southeast of Banjarmasin, the largest city of the province. The city had a population of 199,627 as of the 2010 Census, and 253,442 at the 2020 Census, and the official population estimate was 272,763. The large town of Martapura lies immediately to the north of Banjarbaru, and in effect constitutes an extension of the city. The second largest city in the province after Banjarmasin, it is also part of Banjarbakula metropolitan area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Banjar people</span> Ethnic group native to South Kalimantan

The Banjar or Banjarese are an Austronesian ethnic group native to the Banjar regions in the southeastern Kalimantan regions of Indonesia. Nowadays, Banjarese diaspora can be found in neighbouring Banjar regions as well; including Kotabaru Regency, the southeastern regions of Central Kalimantan, southernmost regions of East Kalimantan, and some provinces of Indonesia in general. The Banjarese diaspora community also can be found in neighbouring countries of Indonesia, such as Brunei, Malaysia, and Singapore.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Martapura, South Kalimantan</span> City and Capital of Banjar Regency, South Kalimantan, Indonesia

Martapura is the capital of the Banjar Regency in South Kalimantan province, Indonesia. It is located close to the city of Banjarbaru and it consists of three districts within the Regency - Martapura, West Martapura and East Martapura, with a combined population at the 2020 Census of 169,356 people; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 174,876.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kotabaru Regency</span> Regency of Indonesia

Kotabaru Regency is one of the eleven regencies in the Indonesian province of South Kalimantan. It consists of two parts; the smaller but more populated insular part comprises Laut Island, the largest island off the coast of Kalimantan, together with the smaller Sebuku Island off Laut Island's east coast and other even smaller islands nearby; the larger but less populated part consists of the 12 districts on the mainland of Kalimantan. The regency as a whole has an area of 9,480.17 km2, and had a population of 290,142 at the 2010 Census and 325,622 at the 2020 Census. The official estimate as at mid 2023 was 329,641, of whom 177,148 were in the insular part and 152,493 in the mainland part of the regency. The regency seat is located at the large town of Kotabaru at the northern tip of Laut Island.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Syamsudin Noor Airport</span> Airport in Banjarmasin, Kalimantan, Indonesia

Syamsudin Noor Airport is an airport serving Banjarmasin in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. It is located in the district of Landasan Ulin, 5 km (3.1 mi) west of Banjarbaru, the capital of South Kalimantan, and about 25 km (16 mi) southeast from the centre of the city of Banjarmasin, the largest city of South Kalimantan. The airport served more than 5.3 million passengers in 2017.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ma'anyan people</span> Ethnic group in Indonesia

Ma'anyan, Dayak Maanyan or Eastern Barito Dayak people are an ethnic group of the Dayak people indigenous to Borneo. They are also considered as part of the east Barito Dusun group with the name Dusun Ma'anyan. According to J. Mallinckrodt (1927), the Dusun people group is part of the Ot Danum people cluster, although later that theory was disproved by A. B. Hudson (1967), who argues that the Ma'anyan people are a branch of the Barito family. The Ma'anyan people who are often referred to as Dayak people are also referred to as Dayak Ma'anyan. The Dayak Ma'anyan people inhabit the east side of Central Kalimantan, especially in the East Barito Regency and parts of South Barito Regency which are grouped as Ma'anyan I. The Dayak Ma'anyan people also inhabit the northern parts of South Kalimantan, especially in Tabalong Regency which refers to the Dayak Warukin people. The Dayak Balangan people or Dusun Balangan people which are found in the Balangan Regency and the Dayak Samihim people that are found in the Kotabaru Regency are grouped together with the Dayak Ma'anyan people group. The Dayak Ma'anyan people in South Kalimantan are grouped as Ma'anyan II.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sultanate of Banjar</span> Former sultanate in South Kalimantan

Sultanate of Banjar was a sultanate located in what is today the South Kalimantan province of Indonesia. For most of its history, its capital was at Banjarmasin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jukung tambangan</span>

Jukung tambangan is a traditional boat made by the Banjar people of South Kalimantan. They are mainly used for riverine transportation. It is already present at least since mid-18th century. They were not seen anymore in Banjarmasin ca. 1950s and around the 1970s on the Nagara River, Hulu Sungai Selatan Regency.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kalimantan Physical Revolution</span>

The Kalimantan Physical Revolution was an armed conflict between Indonesian nationalists and pro-Dutch forces in Dutch Borneo in the second half of the 1940s. It began with the end of the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies and the 1945 Proclamation of Indonesian Independence by Sukarno and lasted until the Dutch withdrew from most of Indonesia in 1949. It can be considered part of the larger Indonesian National Revolution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2021 South Kalimantan floods</span> 2021 floods in Indonesia

The 2021 South Kalimantan floods were a series of floods in the South Kalimantan province of Indonesia. It was the worst flood to affect the region in the last ten years, and the first major flood in the past fifty years. Most of the region affected had never experienced such a flood before. There were 15 deaths while many are missing. Landslides were also triggered by the floods. The most affected regions were Banjarmasin, Central Hulu Sungai Regency, and Tanah Laut Regency. More than 100,000 people were evacuated.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">BRT Banjarbakula</span> Indonesian bus system

BRT Banjarbakula, also informally known as "Tayo bus", is a bus rapid transit (BRT) system serving Greater Banjarmasin metropolitan area, encompassing Banjarmasin, Banjarbaru, and parts of Banjar Regency in Indonesia. It comprises three routes and more than 37 bus stops as of 2019. After several months of trials with free service, it launched on 14 August 2019 to coincide with the celebration of 69 years since the creation of South Kalimantan province. The local government plans to expand the system to 6 routes and a total of 112 bus stops, encompassing the entire Banjar regency, Tanah Laut regency, and Barito Kuala regency; covering the entire metropolitan area with service. The government is also considering handing operations to a private firm in 2021 to boost its development. As of September 2020, recruitment of new drivers for the service was stalled because of the COVID-19 pandemic, hampering route and fleet expansion needed to keep up with demand.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mess L</span> Building in North Banjarbaru, Indonesia

Mess L, officially known as Dekranasda Creative Hub, is a multipurpose building located in the city of Banjarbaru, Indonesia. Located in Komet subdistrict, North Banjarbaru district, it was formerly a building used by Soviet workers as homebase to assist development of steel industry in the then-newly built city. The Soviet workers left the city in 1965 due to transition to the New Order, resulting in cancelation of the project and abandonment of the building. The building was left crumbling down and overgrown by vegetation until 2017 when it was renovated and repurposed as a creative economy center and multipurpose building.

The Law on South Kalimantan province, officially Law Number 8 of 2022, is a law passed by the People's Representative Council of Indonesia regarding the existence of the province of South Kalimantan. The law is one of several laws passed with relatively minor changes to provide an updated legal basis for the existence of Indonesian provinces; previously, the legal standing for many Indonesian provinces was based on laws from the era of the United States of Indonesia. However, while other provinces' laws were passed uncontroversially without major change, South Kalimantan's province law was passed with a sudden change of the capital city from Banjarmasin to Banjarbaru. This change led to a court challenge from elements associated with Banjarmasin city, with consequent response from Banjarbaru city.

Negara Dipa was a Hindu kingdom in South Kalimantan that appears in Hikayat Banjar. It was located in Amuntai near modern-day Tabasan. It was also the predecessor of Negara Daha and Banjar Sultanate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Banjarmasin metropolitan area</span> Place in South Kalimantan, Indonesia

Banjarmasin metropolitan area officially Banjarbakula; or native name Wilayah metropolitan Banjarmasin is a metropolitan area located in Indonesia. This area includes Banjarmasin city and its surrounding areas such as Banjarbaru city, and Banjar Regency. This region of South Kalimantan province, officially the biggest city in Southern Kalimantan island on Barito River to Java Sea. It has an area of 5,072.11 km2, and at the 2023 estimate had a population of 1,526,061

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sei Alalak Bridge</span> Bridge in Barito Kuala Regency, South Kalimantan

Sei Alalak Bridge is a curved cable-stayed bridge in South Kalimantan province of Indonesia. The bridge, which has length of 850 meters, crossing the Alalak river in Alalak District, Barito Kuala Regency, and connecting the regency through the main Trans-Kalimantan Road towards Banjarmasin city.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trans Banjarbakula</span>

Trans Banjarbakula, or informally known by locals as "Green Tayo", is a bus rapid transit system serving Greater Banjarmasin area and its surrounding including cities and towns of Banjarbaru and Martapura in Indonesia. It is one of three bus systems present serving the Banjarmasin metropolitan area, together with BRT Banjarbakula and Trans Banjarmasin.

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