Kazakhstan, the largest country fully within the Eurasian Steppe, has been a historical crossroads and home to numerous different peoples, states and empires throughout history. Throughout history, peoples on the territory of modern Kazakhstan had nomadic lifestyle, which developed and influenced Kazakh culture.
The flag of Kazakhstan was adopted on 4 June 1992, replacing the Soviet-era flag. The flag was designed by Shaken Niyazbekov.
Soviet Central Asia was the part of Central Asia administered by the Russian SFSR and then the Soviet Union between 1918 and 1991, when the Central Asian republics declared independence. It is nearly synonymous with Russian Turkestan in the Russian Empire. Soviet Central Asia went through many territorial divisions before the current borders were created in the 1920s and 1930s.
The Manghud, or Manghit were a Mongol tribe of the Urud-Manghud federation. Manghuds who moved to the Desht-i Qipchaq steppe were Turkified. They established the Nogai Horde in the 14th century and the Manghit dynasty to rule the Emirate of Bukhara in 1785. They took the Islamic title of Emir instead of the title of Khan, since they were not descendants of Genghis Khan and rather based their legitimacy as rulers on Islam. However, Persian historian Rashid-al-Din Hamadani who chronicled the Mongols, claimed that many old Mongolian clans were founded by Borjigin members. The clan name was used for Mongol vanguards as well. Members of the clan live in several regions of Central Asia and Mongolia.
Alikhan Nurmukhameduly Bukeikhanov was a Kazakh politician and publisher who served as the Chairman of the Kazakh Provisional National Government of Alash Orda and one of the leaders of the Alash party from late 1917 to 1920.
A jüz is one of the three main territorial and tribal divisions in the Kypchak Plain area that covers much of the contemporary Kazakhstan. It represents the main tribal division within the ethnic group of the Kazakhs.
The Alash Autonomy, also known as Alash Orda, was an unrecognized Kazakh proto-state located in Central Asia and was part of the Russian Republic, and then Soviet Russia. The Alash Autonomy was founded in 1917 by Kazakh elites, and disestablished after the Bolsheviks banned the ruling Alash party. The goal of the party was to obtain autonomy within Russia, and to form a national democratic state. The political entity bordered Russian territories to the north and west, the Turkestan Autonomy to the south, and China to the east.
Alash was a political party and liberation movement in the Russian Republic and Soviet Russia, and the ruling party of Alash Autonomy on the territory of present-day Kazakhstan and Russia. They advocated for equal treatment between Kazakhs and Russians and the cessation of Russian settlement on the Kazakh lands. It was notably the first modern organized political Kazakh and Kyrgyz elite group.
Kazakhstan–Russia relations are the bilateral foreign relations between Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation. Kazakhstan has an embassy in Moscow, a consulate-general in Saint Petersburg, Astrakhan, and Omsk. Russia has an embassy in Astana and consulates in Almaty and Oral.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the Kazakh government ministry which oversees the foreign relations of Kazakhstan.
The Nogais are a Kipchak people who speak a Turkic language and live in Southeastern Europe, North Caucasus, Volga region, Central Asia and Turkey. Most are found in Northern Dagestan and Stavropol Krai, as well as in Karachay-Cherkessia, Chechnya and Astrakhan Oblast; some also live in Dobruja, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine and a small Nogai diaspora is found in Jordan. They speak the Nogai language and are descendants of various Mongolic and Turkic tribes who formed the Nogai Horde. There are eight main groups of Nogais: the Ak Nogai, the Karagash, the Kuban-Nogai, the Kundraw-Nogai, the Qara-Nogai, the Utars, Bug-Nogai, and the Yurt-Nogai.
Muhammedjan Tynyshpaev was a Kazakh engineer, activist, and intellectual. He surveyed and engineered the railways of Russian Central Asia, while also being active in the young political newspapers of the region. Through his work, he became known as a political activist, ethnographer, and historian.
The Turkestan Autonomy or Kokand Autonomy was a short-lived state in Central Asia that existed at the beginning of the Russian Civil War. It was formed on 27 November 1917 and existed until 22 February 1918. It was a secular republic, headed by a president.
Üsh Zhüz was a Kazakh socialist political party. Founded in the wake of the Central Asian revolt of 1916 and the Russian Revolution of 1917, the party supported Pan-Turkism, federal republicanism and land reform. It was opposed to the Alash party, which aligned with the White movement, while Üsh Zhüz itself aligned with the Bolsheviks and eventually merged into the Communist Party of Turkestan. Some of its leading members, including Turar Ryskulov, became prominent figures within the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (TASSR).
The Battle of Bulanty — large battle between Kazakh and Dzungar Khanates in 1728 during the Kazakh-Dzungar Wars. In the battle, the Kazakhs inflicted a heavy defeat on the Dzungar Khanate's army.
The Central Asian Theatre was the front of the Russian Civil War taking place in the old imperial provinces of Turkestan, Khiva, Bukhara, and Transcaspia.
Kazakh-Nogai War — the armed conflict of the Kazakh Khanate and the Nogai Horde from 1515 to 1521. Which ended with the victory of the Kazakhs.
The Kazakh-Tashkent War was a conflict in the first half of the XVI century between the Kazakh Khanate and the Bukhara Khanate, where the Kazakhs fought with Tashkent in 1534.
Kazakh-Nogai War (1508) — armed campaign of the Kazakh Khanate against the Nogai Horde
Kazakh-Nogai War (1577) — one of the major military invasions of the Kazakh Khanate on the territory of the Nogai Horde.
