List of wars involving Mongolia

Last updated

The following is an incomplete list of major wars fought by Mongolia, by Mongolian people or regular armies during periods when independent Mongolian states existed, from antiquity to the present day.

Contents

The list gives the name, the date, combatants, and the result of these conflicts following this legend:

  Mongolian victory
  Mongolian defeat
  Another result
(e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result, status quo ante bellum, result of civil or internal conflict, result unknown or indecisive)
  Ongoing conflict

Mongolian tribes

This section contains list of wars involving Xianbei, Wuhuan, Wusun and other Mongol tribes.

DateConflictCombatant 1Combatant 2Result
2nd centuryWuhuan Uprising Wuhuan Northern Xiongnu Wuhuan victory
97–130Raids on cities Liaodong Peninsula Xianbei Han Dynasty Unclear
117Xianbei Conflict with Wusun Xianbei Wusun Xianbei defeat
119Raid on Ma-chen-sai Xianbei Xiongnu Defeat
122The attack on Yanmen and Dingxiang Xianbei Han Dynasty Defeat
123Attack's on Northern Xiongnu Xianbei Xiongnu Victory
155Dismemberment Xiongnu Xianbei
Han Dynasty
Xiongnu Victory
2nd century Xianbei-Buyeo conflict Xianbei Buyeo Victory
2nd century Tanshihuay's campaign against Wusun Xianbei Wusun Xianbei victory
166Great campaign to Caspian Sea by Tanshihuay Xianbei Everything on way to Caspian Sea Victory
2nd–3rd centuryHelyan's raid on China. Xianbei Han Dynasty Defeat

Rouran Khaganate

This section contains list of wars involving Rouran Khaganate

DateConflictCombatant 1Combatant 2Result
508–540 Rouran-Tiele people wars Rouran Khaganate Tiele people Victory
554–555 Ashina Revolt Rouran Khaganate First Turkic Khaganate Defeat
  • Destruction of the Rouran Khaganate

Khitan Empire/Liao Dynasty

This section contains list of wars involving Liao Dynasty

DateConflictCombatant 1Combatant 2Result
906–926The conquest of the Balhae State Liao Dynasty Balhae Victory
  • Destruction of the Balhae State
923–936The proxy war with the Later Tang Liao Dynasty Later Tang Victory
979 Battle of Gaoliang river Liao Dynasty Song Dynasty Victory
986Battle of Qigou Pass Liao Dynasty Song Dynasty Victory
993 First conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War Liao Dynasty Kingdom of Goryeo Victory
1010–1011 Second conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War Liao Dynasty Kingdom of Goryeo Victory
1019 Third conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War Liao Dynasty Kingdom of Goryeo Defeat
1114–1125 Jin-Khitan war Liao Dynasty Jin dynasty (1115–1234) Defeat
  • Liao Empire destroyed

Mongol Empire

This section contains list of wars involving Mongol Empire.

DateConflictCombatant 1Combatant 2Result
1187 Battle of Dalan Balzhat Genghis Khan Jamukha Genghis Khan defeat
1204 Battle of Chakirmaut Genghis Khan Jamukha Genghis Khan victory
1201–1308 Mongol campaigns in Siberia Mongol Empire Various Siberian tribesVictory
1205–1210 Mongol conquest of Western Xia Mongol Empire Western Xia Victory
1206–1368 Mongol invasions and conquests Mongol Empire Multiple kingdoms and dynastiesVictory
1206–1368 Mongol campaigns in Central Asia Mongol Empire Khwarazmian Empire Victory
1209Mongol invasion of the Kingdom of Qocho Mongol Empire Kingdom of Qocho Victory
1211–1234 Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty Mongol Empire Jin dynasty Victory
1216–1218 Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai Mongol Empire Qara Khitai Victory
1217, 1222–1233 Mongol conquest of Eastern Xia Mongol Empire Eastern Xia Victory
1219–1258 Mongol conquest of Persia and Mesopotamia Mongol Empire Khwarazmian Empire, Abbasid Caliphate, Nizari Ismaili state Victory
1219–1221 Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire Mongol Empire Khwarazmian Empire Victory
1218First Kyrgyz Revolt against Mongol Empire Mongol Empire Kyrgyz statesVictory
  • Leader of revolt Kurlun executed
  • Thousands of Kyrgyz people massacred
1220–1221 Mongol invasion of Khorasan Mongol Empire Khwarazmian Empire Victory
1220–1223The Mongol conquest of Cumania Mongol Empire Kipchaks Victory
1220–1238 Mongol invasions of Georgia Mongol Empire Kingdom of Georgia Victory
1220-1231 Mongol invasions of Azerbaijan Mongol Empire Atabegs of Azerbaijan Victory
1220–1236 Mongol invasions of Armenia Mongol Empire Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia Victory
1221–1225 First Mongol invasions of India Mongol Empire Punjab
Sindh
Kerman
Defeat
1223–1240 Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' Mongol Empire Vladimir-Suzdal
Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia
Novgorod Republic
Smolensk
Rostov
Chernigov
Ryazan
Pereyaslavl
Victory
1223–1236The Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria Mongol Empire Volga Bulgaria Victory
1225–1227Punitive expedition in Western Xia Mongol Empire Western Xia Victory
12271227 Incident Mongol Empire Jin Dynasty Mongols ravaged
  • Jie (階)
  • Feng (鳳)
  • Cheng (成)
  • He (和)
  • Tianshui (天水)
  • Wenzhou(文州) prefectures
1231 First Mongol invasion of Korea Mongol Empire Kingdom of Goryeo Victory
1232 Second Mongol invasion of Korea Mongol Empire Kingdom of Goryeo Defeat
1235–1239 Third Mongol invasion of Korea Mongol Empire Kingdom of Goryeo Victory
1240–1241 Mongol invasion of Tibet Mongol Empire Tibet Victory
1235–1279 Mongol conquest of Song China Mongol Empire Song dynasty Victory
1235–1241 Mongol conquest of Kashmir Mongol Empire Kashmir
Deli Sultanate
Defeat
1237–1253First Mongol invasions of Durdzuketi Mongol Empire Chechens
Ingush
Ossetians
Lezgins
Avars
Alans
Victory
1237–1253 Mongol invasion of Circassia Mongol Empire Circassians Defeat
1240–1241 First Mongol invasion of Poland Mongol Empire Kingdom of Poland
Knights Templar
Teutonic Knights
Knights Hospitaller
Victory
1241–1242Mongol invasion of Moldova and Wallachia Mongol Empire Moldova and Wallachia Victory
1241–1243 Mongol invasion of Anatolia Mongol Empire Sultanate of Rum
Georgian auxiliaries
Trapezuntine auxiliaries
Latin mercenaries
Victory
1242 First Mongol invasion of Hungary Mongol Empire Kingdom of Hungary Victory
1242 Mongol invasion of the Bulgaria Mongol Empire Second Bulgarian Empire Victory
1242 Mongol invasion of Serbia Mongol Empire Serbia Victory
1242Fourth Mongol invasion of Korea Mongol Empire Kingdom of Goryeo Victory
1253Mongolian conquest of Dali Kingdom Mongol Empire Dali Kingdom Victory
1253–1256 Mongol campaign against the Nizaris Mongol Empire Nizari Ismailis (Assassins) Victory
  • Destruction of key fortresses including Alamut Castle
  • End of the Nizari state in Persia
1254–1255Kashmir uprising Mongol Empire Kashmir rebelsUprising crushed
1255Fifth the Mongol invasion of Korea Mongol Empire Kingdom of Goryeo Victory
1258 Mongol invasion of Iraq Mongol Empire Abbasid Iraq Victory
1257–1258 First Mongol invasion of Delhi Sultanate Mongol Empire Delhi Sultanate Peaceful agreement
1257–1258 Dai Viet-Mongol War Mongol Empire Tran Dynasty
Champa
Defeat
1258 Sixth Mongol invasion of Korea Mongol Empire Kingdom of Goryeo Peaceful agreement
1260 Mongol invasions of the Levant Ilkhanate of the Mongol Empire
Kingdom of England
Knights Templar
Golden Horde of the Mongol Empire (1259–1264)
Mamluk Sultanate
Ayyubids
Golden Horde of the Mongol Empire (after 1264)
Karamanid rebels
Abbasid Caliphate
  • Mongol victory over the Abbasids, Ayyubids and Nizaris
  • Mamluk victory over the Mongols
  • Treaty of Aleppo
12612nd Kyrgyz Revolt against Mongol Empire Mongol Empire Kem-Kemjiut state Victory
1274 First Mongol invasion of Japan Mongol Empire Kamakura Japan Defeat
1264 Mongol invasions of Sakhalin Mongol Empire Sakhalin Ainu Victory
1281 Second Mongol invasion of Japan Mongol Empire Kamakura Japan Defeat
1293–1298 Second Mongol invasion of Delhi Sultanate Mongol Empire Delhi Sultanate Defeat

Mongolian States

This section contains list of wars involving different Mongolian states existed between the 13th and 14th centuries.

DateConflictCombatant 1Combatant 2Result
1252 Nevryuy's campaign  [ ru; uk ] Golden Horde Vladimir–Suzdal Victory
1252–1258 Kuremsa war Golden Horde Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia Defeat
1258–59Lithuanian campaign [1] [2] Golden Horde
Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia
Grand Duchy of Lithuania Victory
1259–1260 Second Mongol invasion of Poland Golden Horde
Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia
Polish states Victory
1270–1273 Sambyeolcho Rebellion Yuan dynasty Sambyeolcho armyVictory
1275–1276Ruthenians and Mongols winter raid to Lithuania Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia
Golden Horde
Grand Duchy of Lithuania Defeat
1262 Berke–Hulagu war Golden Horde Ilkhanate Inconclusive
1268–1301 Kaidu–Kublai war Yuan dynasty
Ilkhanate
Chagatai Khanate
Golden Horde
Inconclusive
1277–1278 First Mongol invasion of Burma Yuan dynasty Pagan Empire Victory
1282–1284The Mongol invasion of Champa Yuan dynasty Champa Defeat
1285 Dai Viet-Mongol War Yuan dynasty Tran dynasty Defeat
1285–1286 Second Mongol invasion of Hungary Golden Horde Kingdom of Hungary Defeat
1287–1288 Third Mongol invasion of Poland Golden Horde
Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia
Kingdom of Poland
Kingdom of Hungary
Defeat
1287–1288 Third Mongol invasion of Vietnam Yuan dynasty Tran dynasty Defeat
1287–1288 Mongol invasion of Java Yuan dynasty Majapahit Empire
Kingdom of Singhasari
Kediri Kingdom
Defeat
1300–1301 Second Mongol invasion of Burma Yuan Dynasty Myinsaing Kingdom Defeat
1351–1368 Red Turban Rebellion Yuan dynasty Red Turban Army Defeat
  • Destruction of the Yuan dynasty
1380Combining Blue-Horde and White-Horde Wings of the Golden Horde Wings of the Golden Horde Inconclusive
1380s and early 1390s Tokhtamysh–Timur war Golden Horde Timurid Empire Timurid Victory

Post-imperial Mongolia

This section contains list of wars involving different post-imperial Mongolian states (Northern Yuan Dynasty, Dzungar Khanate, Four Oirat)

DateConflictCombatant 1Combatant 2Result
1388–1399 Rise of the Oirats Northern Yuan Dynasty Four Oirat Defeat
1409 Battle of Kherlen Northern Yuan Dynasty Ming Dynasty Victory
1409–1424 Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols Northern Yuan Dynasty Ming Dynasty Defeat
1449 Tumu Crisis Oirats Ming Dynasty Victory
1449 Defense of Beijing Oirats Ming Dynasty Inconclusive
  • Oirats successfully traded emperor Yingzong for valuables
1479–1510Second concatenate Mongolian tribes Dayan Khan coalitionVarious Taishis Victory
1500–1501Raid Dayan Khan on Ningxia Northern Yuan Dynasty Ming Dynasty Defeat
1501–1507 Northern Yuan-Ming Dynasty War Northern Yuan Dynasty Ming Dynasty Eventual Victory
1550Siege of Beijing Tumed Mongols Ming Dynasty Victory
  • More than 60% of city burned
  • Forced peace treaty between Ming and Mongols
  • Capture of many valuables such as horse, silk and gold
1529–1571Dayan Khans raid on Ming Dynasty Northern Yuan Dynasty Ming Dynasty Northern yuan victory
  • Ming and Northern Yuan signs peace treaty
1538 Uriankhai uprising Northern Yuan Dynasty Tuvans Revolt suppressed
1542 Dayan Khan deathbed clash with Chinese troops Northern Yuan Dynasty Ming Dynasty Victory
1600–1635 Chahar-Jurchen War Northern Yuan Dynasty Later Jin Defeat
  • Fall of Northern Yuan
1687–1698First Dzungar-Qing War Dzungar Khanate Qing dynasty Defeat
1688 Russian empire invasion to Lake Baikal, Buryat lands Khalkha Mongols Russian Empire Victory
  • Khalkhas pillaged and burned Russian settlements
  • Khalkhas raided and plundered Russians and their reinforcements
1715–1739Second Dzungar-Qing War Dzungar Khanate Qing dynasty Peaceful agreement
1755–1759 Ten Great Campaigns genocide of the Dzungars Dzungar Khanate Qing dynasty Defeat
  • Capture of the Dzungar Khanate

Dzungar Khanate and Kalmyk Khanate

This section contains list of wars involving Dzungar Khanate and Kalmyk Khanate.

Dzungar Khanate

DateConflictCombatant 1Combatant 2Result
1635Kazakh-Dzungar conflict Dzungar Khanate Kazakh Khanate Defeat
1640Dzungar campaign against the Kazakh Khanate Dzungar Khanate Kazakh Khanate Defeat
1643 Battle of Orbulaq Dzungar Khanate Kazakh Khanate Defeat
1678–1680 Dzungar conquest of Altishahr Dzungar Khanate Yarkent Khanate Victory
1680Dzungar invasion of Tengeri Mountains Dzungar Khanate Kazakh Khanate Victory
1680Dzungar invasion of Semirechye and South Kazakhstan Dzungar Khanate Kazakh Khanate Victory
  • Tauke Khan's son taken as prisoner
1681Dzungar invasion of Turfan Dzungar Khanate Yarkent Khanate Victory
1681Dzungar invasion of Hami Dzungar Khanate Yarkent Khanate Victory
1683Galdan Boshigt's invasion of Kazakh khanate Dzungar Khanate Kazakh Khanate Victory
  • Galdan's army reaches Tashkent and Syr Darya
  • Galdan's army subjugates Black Kirghizes and ravages Ferghana v

Valley

1683–1684Dzungar campaign against the Kazakh Khanate Dzungar Khanate Kazakh Khanate Victory
  • Dzungars seized Sayram, Tashkent, Shymkent, and Taraz
1690 Battle of Ulan Butung Dzungar Khanate Flag of the Qing Dynasty (1889-1912).svg Qing Dynasty Unclear
1696 Battle of Jao Modo Dzungar Khanate Flag of the Qing Dynasty (1889-1912).svg Qing Dynasty Defeat
1711Kazakh counteroffensive against the Dzungars Dzungar Khanate Kazakh Khanate Defeat
1712Kazakh invasion of the Dzungar Khanate Dzungar Khanate Kazakh Khanate Defeat
1713Dzungar campaign against the Kazakh Khanate Dzungar Khanate Kazakh Khanate Defeat
1713–1716 Bucholz's expedition to Dzungaria Dzungar Khanate Flag of Oryol (variant).svg Tsardom of Russia Victory
1714 Battle of the Ayagoz River Dzungar Khanate Kazakh Khanate Victory
1714Kazakh invasion of the Dzungar Khanate Dzungar Khanate Kazakh Khanate Defeat
1717 Battle of Lhasa Dzungar Khanate Khoshut Khanate Victory
1719–1720 Likharev's expedition to Dzungaria Dzungar Khanate Flag of Oryol (variant).svg Tsardom of Russia Victory
1723–1730Dzungar-Kazakh War Dzungar Khanate
Flag of the Kalmyk Khanate.svg Kalmyk Khanate
Supported by:
Flag of Russia.svg Russian Empire
Kazakh Khanate Initial victory, later defeat
1730–1731 Irtysh Operation Dzungar Khanate Kazakh Khanate Defeat
1730–1731Altay Operation Dzungar Khanate Kazakh Khanate Defeat
1731Qing invasion of the Dzungar Khanate Dzungar Khanate Flag of the Qing Dynasty (1889-1912).svg Qing Dynasty Victory
1731 Battle of Lake Khoton Dzungar Khanate Flag of the Qing Dynasty (1889-1912).svg Qing Dynasty Victory
1741Dzungar-Kazakh War Dzungar Khanate Kazakh Khanate Defeat
  • Ablai Sultan repulsed the Dzungar attack, expanded his field and organized campaigns in the inner regions of Dzungar
1752–1755Dzungar-Kazakh War Dzungar Khanate Kazakh Khanate unclear
1755–1757 Dzungar-Qing War Dzungar Khanate Flag of the Qing Dynasty (1889-1912).svg Qing Dynasty Defeat

Kalmyk Khanate

DateConflictCombatant 1Combatant 2Result
1608Battle of the Baraba steppe Flag of the Kalmyk Khanate.svg Kalmyk Khanate Flag of Oryol (variant).svg Tsardom of Russia Victory
1630Siege of Yaik Cossack towns in Yaik River Flag of the Kalmyk Khanate.svg Kalmyk Khanate Flag of Oryol (variant).svg Tsardom of Russia Defeat
1633–1635 Kalmyk Conquest of the Nogai Horde Flag of the Kalmyk Khanate.svg Kalmyk Khanate Nogai flag.svg Nogai Horde Victory
  • In 1633, Kho-Urlyuk subjugated the Nogai Horde, resettled the Torguts there, led by his eldest son Shukur Daichin, and himself migrated to Emba. In 1635, the Torguts, having displaced the Nogais, spread along the left bank of the Volga from Astrakhan to Samara.
1680sKalmyk campaign against the Kazakh KhanateFlag of the Kalmyk Khanate.svg Kalmyk Khanate Kazakh Khanate
Turkmen people
Victory
1696–1710 Kalmyk-Russian Coalition Flag of the Kalmyk Khanate.svg Kalmyk Khanate
Flag of Oryol (variant).svg Tsardom of Russia and other
* Flag of Sweden.svg Swedish Empire Victory
1715 Crimean campaign to AstrakhanFlag of the Kalmyk Khanate.svg Kalmyk Khanate Flag of the Crimean Khanate (15th century).svg Crimean Khanate Defeat
  • 60,000 Kalmyks killed
1723–1726 Abulkhair's campaigns against the Kalmyk Khanate Flag of the Kalmyk Khanate.svg Kalmyk Khanate Kazakh Khanate Defeat
1724Volga-Saratov offensiveFlag of the Kalmyk Khanate.svg Kalmyk Khanate Kazakh Khanate Defeat
1737–1738Kazakh campaign against the Kalmyks and Yaik CossacksFlag of Russia.svg Russian Empire
Flag of the Kalmyk Khanate.svg Kalmyk Khanate
Kazakh Khanate Defeat
1743–1747 Abul Khair–Neplyuyev conflict Flag of Russia.svg Russian Empire
Flag of the Kalmyk Khanate.svg Kalmyk Khanate
Kazakh Khanate Defeat
1755 Zhaugash Batyr's counteroffensiveFlag of the Kalmyk Khanate.svg Kalmyk Khanate Kazakh Khanate Defeat
1756 First Kazakh–Qing War Flag of the Kalmyk Khanate.svg Kalmyk Khanate [3]
Flag of the Qing Dynasty (1889-1912).svg Qing dynasty
Kazakh Khanate Initial victory, later defeat
1771 Kalmyk Exodus to Dzungaria Flag of the Kalmyk Khanate.svg Kalmyk Khanate Kazakh Khanate
Supported by:
Flag of Russia.svg Russian Empire
Flag of the Qing Dynasty (1889-1912).svg Qing dynasty
Defeat
  • Liquidation of the Kalmyk Khanate
  • This campaign turned into a national tragedy for the Kalmyks. On the way, the small Kalmyk ethnic group lost more than 100,000 people in just a year, in battle, from wounds, cold, hunger, disease, and captured

Beginning of the 20th century

This section contains list of wars and major battlesinvolving different Mongolian states that existed in the first four decades of the 20th century (Mongolia (1911–1924), Buryat-Mongolia, Uryankhay Republic).

DateConflictCombatant 1Combatant 2Result
1911–1912 Mongolian Revolution of 1911 Flag of Bogd Khaanate Mongolia.svg Bogd Khanate of Mongolia Flag of the Qing Dynasty (1889-1912).svg Qing dynasty China Victory
  • Establishment of an independent Mongolia
1912Liberation of Khovd Flag of Bogd Khaanate Mongolia.svg Bogd Khanate of Mongolia Flag of the Qing Dynasty (1889-1912).svg Qing dynasty China Victory
1913Operation Бух чичүүр Flag of Bogd Khaanate Mongolia.svg Bogd Khanate of Mongolia Victory
1913Operation Crazy Tiger Invasion Flag of Bogd Khaanate Mongolia.svg Bogd Khanate of Mongolia Victory
1912–1915Bogd Khanate's attempt to liberate Inner Mongolia Flag of Bogd Khaanate Mongolia.svg Bogd Khanate of Mongolia Initial Victory
1917–1923 Russian Civil WarEastern Front of the Russian Civil War Buryat-Mongolia
Green Ukraine
Flag of Russia.svg White Movement
Flag of Russia (1918-1920).svg Red Army
Defeat
1919–1921 Occupation of Mongolia Flag of Bogd Khaanate Mongolia.svg Bogd Khanate of Mongolia
Buryat-Mongolia
Flag of Russia.svg White Movement
Flag of the Republic of China 1912-1928.svg Republic of China Initial defeat, Later victory
  • Mongolian military defeat
  • Liberation of Mongolia by the White Army's Asiatic Cavalry Division
1920Liberation of Urga Flag of Bogd Khaanate Mongolia.svg Bogd Khanate of Mongolia
  • Baron Ungern
Victory
1921Battle for Khyagta Flag of the People's Republic of Mongolia (1921-1924).svg RPGOM
Flag of the Republic of China 1912-1928.svg Republic of China Victory
1921 Mongolian Revolution of 1921 Flag of Bogd Khaanate Mongolia.svg Bogd Khanate of Mongolia
Flag of Russia.svg White Movement
Flag of the People's Republic of Mongolia (1921-1924).svg RPGOM
Flag of Russia (1918-1920).svg Red Army
Defeat of the Bogd Khaanate
1935–1937 Suiyuan Campaign Flag of Mongol Military Government (1936-1937).svg Mongol Military Government
Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg Japan
Flag of the Republic of China.svg China Defeat

Mongolian People's Republic

This section contains list of wars involving Mongolian People's Republic.

DateConflictCombatant 1Combatant 2Result
1932 Khuvsgul Uprising Flag of the People's Republic of Mongolia (1924-1930).svg Mongolian People's Republic Buddhist lamas
Flag of Tibet.svg Tibet (alleged)
Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg Empire of Japan (alleged)
Victory
1935 Battle of Khalkhyn Temple Flag of the People's Republic of Mongolia (1924-1930).svg Mongolian People's Republic Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg Empire of Japan Victory
1939 Battles of Khalkhin Gol Flag of the Soviet Union (1936 - 1955).svg Soviet Union
Flag of the People's Republic of Mongolia (1924-1930).svg Mongolian People's Republic
Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg Empire of Japan
Flag of Manchukuo.svg Manchukuo
Victory
1939–1945 Soviet–Japanese War (World War II)Flag of the Soviet Union (1936 - 1955).svg Soviet Union
Flag of the People's Republic of Mongolia (1940-1945).svg Mongolian People's Republic
Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg  Japan
Flag of Manchukuo.svg Manchukuo
Flag of the Mengjiang.svg Mengjiang
Victory (for the Mongolian People's Republic)
1946–1948 Battle of Baitag Bogd Flag of the Soviet Union (1936 - 1955).svg Soviet Union
Flag of the People's Republic of Mongolia (1945-1992).svg Mongolian People's Republic
Flag of the Republic of China.svg China Return to status quo ante bellum

Sources

References

  1. Jaroslaw Pelenski (1998). The Contest for the Legacy of Kievan Rus'. East European Monographs. p. 133. ISBN   978-0-88033-274-3.
  2. Mikolaj Gladysz (2012). The Forgotten Crusaders: Poland and the Crusader Movement in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries. BRILL. pp. 325–. ISBN   978-90-04-18551-7.
  3. Абылай хан (Абилмансур)