This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
|
The following is an incomplete list of major wars fought by Mongolia, by Mongolian people or regular armies during periods when independent Mongolian states existed, from antiquity to the present day.
The list gives the name, the date, combatants, and the result of these conflicts following this legend:
This section contains list of wars involving Xianbei, Wuhuan, Wusun and other Mongol tribes.
Date | Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|
2nd century | Wuhuan Uprising | Wuhuan | Northern Xiongnu | Wuhuan victory |
93 | Battle of Ikh Bayan | Xianbei | Xiongnu | Xianbei victory |
97–130 | Raids on cities Liaodong Peninsula | Xianbei | Han Dynasty | Unclear |
117 | Xianbei Conflict with Wusun | Xianbei | Wusun | Xianbei defeat |
119 | Raid on Ma-chen-sai | Xianbei | Xiongnu | Defeat |
122 | The attack on Yanmen and Dingxiang | Xianbei | Han Dynasty | Defeat |
121 | Han-Xianbei war | Xianbei | Han Dynasty | Victory |
123 | Attack's on Northern Xiongnu | Xianbei | Xiongnu | Victory |
155 | Dismemberment Xiongnu | Xianbei Han Dynasty | Xiongnu | Victory
|
2nd century | Xianbei-Buyeo conflict | Xianbei | Buyeo | Victory |
2nd century | Tanshihuay's campaign against Wusun | Xianbei | Wusun | Xianbei victory |
166 | Great campaign to Caspian sea by Tanshihuay | Xianbei | Everything on way to Caspian sea | Victory |
177 | Han-Xianbei conflict | Xianbei | Han Dynasty | Victory |
177 | Xia Yu, Bian Yan and Tsang Ming campaign against Xianbei. | Xianbei | Han Dynasty | Victory |
185 | Xianbei-Wa War (185) | Xianbei | Wa (Japan) | Victory |
2nd–3rd century | Helyan's raid on China. | Xianbei | Han Dynasty | Defeat |
This section contains list of wars involving Rouran Khaganate
Date | Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|
508–540 | Rouran-Tiele people wars | Rouran Khaganate | Tiele people | Victory |
554–555 | Rouran-Turkic war | Rouran Khaganate | First Turkic Khaganate | Defeat
|
This section contains list of wars involving Liao Dynasty
Date | Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|
906–926 | The conquest of the Balhae State | Liao Dynasty | Balhae | Victory
|
923–936 | The proxy war with the Later Tang | Liao Dynasty | Later Tang | Victory |
979 | Battle of Gaoliang river | Liao Dynasty | Song Dynasty | Victory |
986 | Battle of Qigou Pass | Liao Dynasty | Song Dynasty | Victory |
993 | First conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War | Liao Dynasty | Kingdom of Goryeo | Victory |
1010–1011 | Second conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War | Liao Dynasty | Kingdom of Goryeo | Victory |
1019 | Third conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War | Liao Dynasty | Kingdom of Goryeo | Defeat |
1114–1125 | Jin-Khitan war | Liao Dynasty | Jin dynasty (1115–1234) | Defeat
|
This section contains list of wars involving Mongol Empire
This section contains list of wars involving different Mongolian states existed between the 13th and 14th centuries.
This section contains list of wars involving different post-imperial Mongolian states (Northern Yuan Dynasty, Dzungar Khanate, Four Oirat)
Date | Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|
1388–1399 | Rise of the Oirats | Northern Yuan Dynasty | Four Oirat | Defeat
|
1409 | Battle of Kherlen | Northern Yuan Dynasty | Ming Dynasty | Victory |
1409-1424 | Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols | Northern Yuan Dynasty | Ming Dynasty | Defeat |
1449 | Tumu Crisis | Oirats | Ming Dynasty | Victory |
1449 | Defense of Beijing | Oirats | Ming Dynasty | Inconclusive
|
1479–1510 | Second concatenate Mongolian tribes | Dayan Khan coalition | Various Taishis | Victory
|
1500–1501 | Raid Dayan Khan on Ningxia | Northern Yuan Dynasty | Ming Dynasty | Defeat |
1501–1507 | Northern Yuan-Ming Dynasty War | Northern Yuan Dynasty | Ming Dynasty | Eventual Victory |
1550 | Siege of Beijing | Tumed Mongols | Ming Dynasty | Victory
|
1529-1571 | Dayan Khans raid on Ming Dynasty | Northern Yuan Dynasty | Ming Dynasty | Northern yuan victory
|
1538 | Uriankhai uprising | Northern Yuan Dynasty | Tuvans | Revolt suppressed |
1542 | Dayan Khan deathbed clash with Chinese troops | Northern Yuan Dynasty | Ming Dynasty | Victory |
1600–1635 | Chahar-Jurchen War | Northern Yuan Dynasty | Later Jin | Defeat
|
1687–1698 | First Dzungar-Qing War | Dzungar Khanate | Qing dynasty | Defeat |
1688 | Russian empire invasion to Lake Baikal, Buryat lands | Khalkha Mongols | Russian Empire | Victory |
1715–1739 | Second Dzungar-Qing War | Dzungar Khanate | Qing dynasty | Peaceful agreement |
1755–1759 | Ten Great Campaigns genocide of the Dzungars | Dzungar Khanate | Qing dynasty | Defeat
|
This section contains list of wars involving Dzungar Khanate and Kalmyk Khanate.
Date | Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|
1635 | Kazakh-Dzungar conflict | Dzungar Khanate | Kazakh Khanate | Defeat |
1640 | Dzungar campaign against the Kazakh Khanate | Dzungar Khanate | Kazakh Khanate | Defeat |
1643 | Battle of Orbulaq | Dzungar Khanate | Kazakh Khanate | Defeat |
1678-1680 | Dzungar conquest of Altishahr | Dzungar Khanate | Yarkent Khanate | Victory |
1680 | Dzungar invasion of Tengeri Mountains | Dzungar Khanate | Kazakh Khanate | Victory |
1680 | Dzungar invasion of Semirechye and South Kazakhstan | Dzungar Khanate | Kazakh Khanate | Victory
|
1681 | Dzungar invasion of Turfan | Dzungar Khanate | Yarkent Khanate | Victory |
1681 | Dzungar invasion of Hami | Dzungar Khanate | Yarkent Khanate | Victory |
1683 | Galdan Boshigt's invasion of Kazakh khanate | Dzungar Khanate | Kazakh Khanate | Victory
Valley |
1683-1684 | Dzungar campaign against the Kazakh Khanate | Dzungar Khanate | Kazakh Khanate | Victory
|
1690 | Battle of Ulan Butung | Dzungar Khanate | Qing Dynasty | Unclear |
1696 | Battle of Jao modo | Dzungar Khanate | Qing Dynasty | Defeat |
1711 | Kazakh counteroffensive against the Dzungars | Dzungar Khanate | Kazakh Khanate | Defeat |
1712 | Kazakh invasion of the Dzungar Khanate | Dzungar Khanate | Kazakh Khanate | Defeat |
1713 | Dzungar campaign against the Kazakh Khanate | Dzungar Khanate | Kazakh Khanate | Defeat |
1713-1716 | Bucholz's expedition to Dzungaria | Dzungar Khanate | Tsardom of Russia | Victory |
1714 | Battle of the Ayagoz River | Dzungar Khanate | Kazakh Khanate | Victory |
1714 | Kazakh invasion of the Dzungar Khanate | Dzungar Khanate | Kazakh Khanate | Defeat |
1719-1720 | Likharev's expedition to Dzungaria | Dzungar Khanate | Tsardom of Russia | Victory |
1723-1730 | Dzungar-Kazakh War | Dzungar Khanate Kalmyk Khanate Supported by: Russian Empire | Kazakh Khanate | Initial victory, later defeat
|
1730-1731 | Irtysh Operation | Dzungar Khanate | Kazakh Khanate | Defeat |
1730-1731 | Altay Operation | Dzungar Khanate | Kazakh Khanate | Defeat |
1731 | Qing invasion of the Dzungar Khanate | Dzungar Khanate | Qing Dynasty | Victory |
1731 | Battle of Lake Khoton | Dzungar Khanate | Qing Dynasty | Victory |
1741 | Dzungar-Kazakh War | Dzungar Khanate | Kazakh Khanate | Initial victory, later defeat
|
1752-1755 | Dzungar-Kazakh War | Dzungar Khanate | Kazakh Khanate | Defeat |
1755-1757 | Dzungar-Qing War | Dzungar Khanate | Qing Dynasty | Defeat
|
Date | Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|
1608 | Battle of the Baraba steppe | Kalmyk Khanate | Tsardom of Russia | Victory
|
1630 | Siege of Yaik Cossack towns in Yaik River | Kalmyk Khanate | Tsardom of Russia | Defeat |
1633-1635 | Kalmyk Conquest of the Nogai Horde | Kalmyk Khanate | Nogai Horde | Victory |
1680s | Kalmyk campaign against the Kazakh Khanate | Kalmyk Khanate | Kazakh Khanate Turkmen people | Victory
|
1696-1710 | Kalmyk-Russian Coalition | Kalmyk Khanate Tsardom of Russia and other | *• Swedish Empire
| Victory |
1723-1726 | Abulkhair's campaigns against the Kalmyk Khanate | Kalmyk Khanate | Kazakh Khanate | Defeat |
1724 | Volga-Saratov offensive | Kalmyk Khanate | Kazakh Khanate | Defeat |
1737-1738 | Kazakh campaign against the Kalmyks and Yaik Cossacks | Russian Empire Kalmyk Khanate | Kazakh Khanate | Defeat |
1743-1747 | Abul Khair–Neplyuyev conflict | Russian Empire Kalmyk Khanate | Kazakh Khanate | Defeat
|
1755 | Zhaugash Batyr's counteroffensive | Kalmyk Khanate | Kazakh Khanate | Defeat |
1756 | First Kazakh–Qing War | Kalmyk Khanate [1] Qing dynasty | Kazakh Khanate | Initial victory, later defeat
|
1771 | Kalmyk Exodus to Dzungaria | Kalmyk Khanate | Kazakh Khanate Supported by: Russian Empire Qing dynasty | Defeat
|
This section contains list of wars and major battlesinvolving different Mongolian states that existed in the first four decades of the 20th century (Mongolia (1911–1924), Buryat-Mongolia, Uryankhay Republic).
This section contains list of wars involving Mongolian People's Republic.
Date | Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|
1932 | Khuvsgul Uprising | Mongolian People's Republic | Buddhist lamas Tibet (alleged) Empire of Japan (alleged) | Victory |
1935 | Battle of Khalkhyn Temple | Mongolian People's Republic | Empire of Japan | Victory |
1939 | Battles of Khalkhin Gol | Soviet Union Mongolian People's Republic | Empire of Japan Manchukuo | Victory |
1939–1945 | Soviet–Japanese War (World War II) | Soviet Union Mongolian People's Republic | Japan Manchukuo Mengjiang | Victory (for the Mongolian People's Republic) |
1946–1948 | Battle of Baitag Bogd | Soviet Union Mongolian People's Republic | China | Return to status quo ante bellum |
The Mongols are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, Inner Mongolia in China, and the Buryatia Republic of the Russian Federation. The Mongols are the principal member of the large family of Mongolic peoples. The Oirats in Western Mongolia as well as the Buryats and Kalmyks of Russia are classified either as distinct ethno-linguistic groups or subgroups of Mongols.
The Dzungar Khanate, also written as the Zunghar Khanate or Junggar Khanate, was an Inner Asian khanate of Oirat Mongol origin. At its greatest extent, it covered an area from southern Siberia in the north to present-day Kyrgyzstan in the south, and from the Great Wall of China in the east to present-day Kazakhstan in the west. The core of the Dzungar Khanate is today part of northern Xinjiang, also called Dzungaria.
Oirats or Oirds, also formerly Eluts and Eleuths, are the westernmost group of the Mongols whose ancestral home is in the Altai region of Siberia, Xinjiang and western Mongolia.
Baghatur is a historical Turkic and Mongol honorific title, in origin a term for "hero" or "valiant warrior". The Papal envoy Plano Carpini compared the title with the equivalent of European Knighthood.
Moghulistan, also called the Moghul Khanate or the Eastern Chagatai Khanate, was a Mongol breakaway khanate of the Chagatai Khanate and a historical geographic area north of the Tengri Tagh mountain range, on the border of Central Asia and East Asia. That area today includes parts of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and northwest Xinjiang, China. The khanate nominally ruled over the area from the mid-14th century until the late 17th century.
The Northern Yuan was a dynastic regime ruled by the Mongol Borjigin clan based in the Mongolian Plateau. It existed as a rump state after the collapse of the Yuan dynasty in 1368 and lasted until its conquest by the Jurchen-led Later Jin dynasty in 1635. The Northern Yuan dynasty began with the retreat of the Yuan imperial court led by Toghon Temür to the Mongolian steppe. This period featured factional struggles and the often only nominal role of the Great Khan.
Choros or Tsoros was the ruling clan of the Ööld and Dörbet Oirat and once ruled the whole Four Oirat. They founded the Dzungar Khanate in the 17th century. Their chiefs reckoned their descent from a boy nourished by a sacred tree.
The Dzungar people are the many Mongol Oirat tribes who formed and maintained the Dzungar Khanate in the 17th and 18th centuries. Historically, they were one of the major tribes of the Four Oirat confederation. They were also known as the Eleuths or Ööled, from the Qing dynasty euphemism for the hated word "Dzungar", and as the "Kalmyks". In 2010, 15,520 people claimed "Ööled" ancestry in Mongolia. An unknown number also live in China, Russia and Kazakhstan.
The Four Oirat ; also Oirads and formerly Eleuths, alternatively known as the Alliance of the Four Oirat Tribes or the Oirat Confederation, was the confederation of the Oirat tribes which marked the rise of the Western Mongols in the history of the Mongolian Plateau.
Various nomadic empires, including the Xiongnu, the Xianbei state, the Rouran Khaganate (330–555), the First (552–603) and Second Turkic Khaganates (682–744) and others, ruled the area of present-day Mongolia. The Khitan people, who used a para-Mongolic language, founded an empire known as the Liao dynasty (916–1125), and ruled Mongolia and portions of North China, northern Korea, and the present-day Russian Far East.
There were several Mongol invasions of Tibet. The earliest is the alleged plot to invade Tibet by Genghis Khan in 1206, which is considered anachronistic; there is no evidence of Mongol-Tibetan encounters prior to the military campaign in 1240. The first confirmed campaign is the invasion of Tibet by the Mongol general Doorda Darkhan in 1240, a campaign of 30,000 troops that resulted in 500 casualties. The campaign was smaller than the full-scale invasions used by the Mongols against large empires. The purpose of this attack is unclear, and is still in debate among Tibetologists. Then in the late 1240s Mongol prince Godan invited Sakya lama Sakya Pandita, who urged other leading Tibetan figures to submit to Mongol authority. This is generally considered to have marked the beginning of Mongol rule over Tibet, as well as the establishment of patron and priest relationship between Mongols and Tibetans. These relations were continued by Kublai Khan, who founded the Mongol Yuan dynasty and granted authority over whole Tibet to Drogon Chogyal Phagpa, nephew of Sakya Pandita. The Sakya-Mongol administrative system and Yuan administrative rule over the region lasted until the mid-14th century, when the Yuan dynasty began to crumble.
The Dzungar–Qing Wars were a decades-long series of conflicts that pitted the Dzungar Khanate against the Qing dynasty and its Mongol vassals. Fighting took place over a wide swath of Inner Asia, from present-day central and eastern Mongolia to Tibet, Qinghai, and Xinjiang regions of present-day China. Qing victories ultimately led to the incorporation of Outer Mongolia, Tibet and Xinjiang into the Qing Empire that was to last until the fall of the dynasty in 1911–1912, and the genocide of much of the Dzungar population in the conquered areas.
The Ganden Phodrang or Ganden Podrang was the Tibetan system of government established by the 5th Dalai Lama in 1642, after the Oirat lord Güshi Khan who founded the Khoshut Khanate conferred all temporal power on the 5th Dalai Lama in a ceremony in Shigatse in the same year. Lhasa again became the capital of Tibet, and the Ganden Phodrang operated until the 1950s. The Ganden Phodrang accepted China's Qing emperors as overlords after the 1720 expedition, and the Qing became increasingly active in governing Tibet starting in the early 18th century. After the fall of the Qing empire in 1912, the Ganden Phodrang government lasted until the 1950s, when Tibet was annexed by the People's Republic of China. During most of the time from the early Qing period until the end of Ganden Phodrang rule, a governing council known as the Kashag operated as the highest authority in the Ganden Phodrang administration.
The Dzungar genocide was the mass extermination of the Mongol Dzungar people by the Qing dynasty. The Qianlong Emperor ordered the genocide after the rebellion in 1755 by Dzungar leader Amursana against Qing rule, after the dynasty first conquered the Dzungar Khanate with Amursana's support. The genocide was perpetrated by Manchu generals of the Qing army, supported by Turkic oasis dwellers who rebelled against Dzungar rule.
Anti-Mongol sentiment has been prevalent throughout history, often perceiving the Mongols to be barbaric and uncivilized people with a lack of intelligence or civilized culture.
The division of the Mongol Empire began after Möngke Khan died in 1259 in the siege of Diaoyu Castle with no declared successor, precipitating infighting between members of the Tolui family line for the title of khagan that escalated into the Toluid Civil War. This civil war, along with the Berke–Hulagu war and the subsequent Kaidu–Kublai war, greatly weakened the authority of the great khan over the entirety of the Mongol Empire, and the empire fractured into four khanates: the Golden Horde in Eastern Europe, the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia, the Ilkhanate in Southwest Asia, and the Yuan dynasty in East Asia based in modern-day Beijing – although the Yuan emperors held the nominal title of khagan of the empire.
The Qing dynasty in Inner Asia was the expansion of the Qing dynasty's realm in Inner Asia in the 17th and the 18th century AD, including both Inner Mongolia and Outer Mongolia, both Manchuria and Outer Manchuria, Tibet, Qinghai and Xinjiang.
Tüsheet Khan refers to the territory as well as the Chingizid dynastic rulers of the Tüsheet Khanate, one of four Khalka khanates that emerged from remnants of the Mongol Empire after the death of Dayan Khan's son Gersenji in 1549 and which continued until 1930.
The Ming dynasty in Inner Asia was the expansion of the Ming dynasty's realm and influence in Inner Asia between the 14th and the 16th centuries. The Ming dynasty was established by Han Chinese rebels who overthrew the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty and sought to avert further incursions by a people or state from Inner Asia. Wars were fought against the Northern Yuan, which existed as a rump state after the collapse of the Yuan dynasty in 1368, but also against other states in Inner Asia like the Oirats and the khanate of Moghulistan. As a result, Ming China at the height incorporated Manchuria, much of the regions of Inner Mongolia and Qinghai, and parts of Xinjiang into its realm, and also had some degree of influence in Tibet especially during the reign of the Yongle Emperor, although most of these regions were lost to neighbouring states by the late Ming period.