| Siege of Sarai | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Golden Horde | |||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Dawlat Berdi | Olugh Mokhammad | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 5000 soldiers [1] | unknown | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| exact numbers unknown, but very few [2] | unknown | ||||||
The siege of Sarai (July - August 1420) was a siege of Sarai, the nominal capital of the Golden Horde.
After the death of Yeremferden both Dawlat Berdi and Olugh Mokhammad sought control of the Golden Horde. Berdi, who was Yeremferden's son, found himself limited to the Crimea. Mokhammad, on the other hand, held Sarai and had recently gained control of the Nogai Horde, raising his status immeasurably. In addition, Mokhammad had defeated Dawlat's soldiers in several small skirmishes. In retaliation, Berdi marched on Sarai in July 1420. [3]
Sarai was poorly defended at the time and Mokhammad found himself ill-prepared for an attack. In early August he mustered his forces and managed to break the siege long enough to escape. Berdi's forces subsequently occupied the city.
Mokhammad fled to his Nogai vassals, where he still held power, and Berdi's esteem within the Horde grew. however, this was short lived; only two years later Baraq would defeat both Berdi and Mokhammad and take control of the Horde himself.
The Golden Horde, self-designated as Ulug Ulus, lit. 'Great State' in Turkic, was originally a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire. With the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire after 1259 it became a functionally separate khanate. It is also known as the Kipchak Khanate or as the Ulus of Jochi.
Mamai was a powerful military commander of the Golden Horde. Contrary to popular misconception, he was not a khan (king), but a warlord and a kingmaker for several khans, and dominated parts or all of the Golden Horde for a period of almost two decades in the 1360s and 1370s. Although he was unable to stabilize central authority during a period of civil war, Mamai remained a remarkable and persistent leader for decades, while others came and went in rapid succession. His defeat in Battle of Kulikovo marked the beginning of the decline of the Horde, as well as his own rapid downfall.
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This is a timeline of major events in the Muslim world from 1400 AD to 1499 AD.
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The Nogai Horde was a confederation founded by the Nogais that occupied the Pontic–Caspian steppe from about 1500 until they were pushed west by the Kalmyks and south by the Russians in the 17th century. The Mongol tribe called the Manghuds constituted a core of the Nogai Horde.
The family tree of Genghis Khan is listed below. This family tree only lists prominent members of the Borjigin family and does not reach the present. Genghis Khan appears in the middle of the tree, and Kublai Khan appears at the bottom of the tree. The Borjigin family was the royal family of the Mongol Empire, dating back to the 13th and 14th centuries.
The Great Horde was a rump state of the Golden Horde that existed from the mid-15th century to 1502. It was centered at the core of the Golden Horde at Sarai. Both the Khanate of Astrakhan and the Khanate of Crimea broke away from the Great Horde throughout its existence, and were hostile to the Great Horde. The defeat of the forces of the Great Horde at the Great Stand on the Ugra River by Ivan III of Russia marked the end of the "Tatar yoke" over Russia.
Tokhta was a khan of the Golden Horde, son of Mengu-Timur and great grandson of Batu Khan.
The Tokhtamysh–Timur war was fought from 1386 to 1395 between Tokhtamysh, khan of the Golden Horde, and the warlord and conqueror Timur, founder of the Timurid Empire, in the areas of the Caucasus mountains, Turkistan and Eastern Europe. The battle between the two Mongol rulers played a key role in the decline of the Mongol power over early Rus' principalities.
Barak was Khan of the Golden Horde from 1423 to 1428. His father was Quyurchuq, the son of Urus Khan, who was a descendant of Tuqa-Timur, the son of Jochi, the eldest son of Genghis Khan.
Urus Khan was the eighth Khan of the White Horde and a disputed Khan of the Blue Horde; he was a direct descendant of Genghis Khan. Urus himself was the direct ancestor of the khans of the Kazakh Khanate.
Dawlat Berdi, also known as Devlet Berdi, was a Khan of the Golden Horde who reigned from 1419 to 1421, and again from 1428 to his death in 1432. He was the son of Jabbar Berdi and a descendant of Berke Khan.
Sayid Ahmad I was a khan of the Golden Horde from 1427 or 1433 until 1455. Unlike the last five of six khans, Ahmad was a younger son of Tokhtamysh.
Jalal al-Din or Jalāl ad-Dīn (1380–1412) was the Khan of the Golden Horde in 1411–1412. He was the son of Tokhtamysh, Khan of the Golden Horde until 1395, by Ṭaghāy Beg Khatun, the daughter of Ḥājjī Beg. He is also famous for his written history of the Mongol Empire. He is also known as the Green Sultan, a false etymology based on the apparent meaning of a Slavic rendition of his name, Zeleni Saltan.
Ulugh Muhammad was a medieval Tatar statesman, Gengisid, Khan of the Golden Horde, ruler of Crimea (1437), and the founder of the Khanate of Kazan, which he ruled from 1438-1445. He was the son of the oglan Ichkile Hassan and the cousin of Tokhtamysh. He received the nickname "Ulugh", meaning older or large, in contrast to another Muhammed who was called "Kichi", meaning younger or small.
The Kazakh War of Independence (1468–1500) was a conflict fought in Central Asia between the Kazakh Khanate and the Uzbek Khanate, which attempted to maintain its control over most of modern-day Kazakhstan, which at the time was under Uzbek rule. The war started after Abu'l-Khayr, Khan of the Uzbek Khanate, attacked Zhetysu in 1468 which was controlled by a small band of rebel Kazakhs who had split from the original Uzbek Khanate. Abu’l Khayr did so in an attempt to prevent the growing Kazakh influence among the steppe. However, he died unknowingly, making it easier for the Kazakhs to expand their influence. After Abu'l-Khayr Khan's death, the Uzbeks continued to be ruled by the Shaybanids who fought against the Kazakhs in the cities that were on the Syr Darya until both sides agreed to peace in 1500 with the Kazakh Khanate gaining its sovereignty from the Uzbek control. At the end of the war, the Uzbek Khanate transferred most of Kazakhstan to the Kazakh Khanate.
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Chekre (Čakrah) was khan of Golden Horde in 1414–1416. His name is found in several renditions, including Chinggis Oghlan and possibly Berke. Information on his life and reign is very limited.