Green Ukraine

Last updated
Green Ukraine
Зелений клин
1917–1922
Flag of Green Ukraine.svg
Modern-day proposal for a flag representation of Green Ukraine [1] [2]
Map of the Green Ukraine.svg
Proposed territory of Green Ukraine
Statusunrecognized, self-declared entity
Head of government  
 1918—1922
Yurii Hlushko
Historical era Russian Civil War
 Established
24 June 1917
 Independence
April 1918
 Disestablished
1922
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Flag of Russia.svg Russian Republic
Far Eastern Republic Flag of Far Eastern Republic.svg
Today part of Russia

Green Ukraine, [a] also known as Zelenyi Klyn [b] or Zakytaishchyna, [c] [note 1] [3] [4] is a Ukrainian name for a would-be independent Ukrainian state in the southern Russian Far East area between the Amur River and the Pacific Ocean, an area roughly corresponding to Outer Manchuria.

Contents

"State colonies of Ukraine", Yuri Hasenko, 1920 Derzhavni kol'oniyi Ukrayini.jpg
"State colonies of Ukraine", Yuri Hasenko, 1920

After the establishment of the Bolshevik Far Eastern Republic on April 6, 1920, Far Eastern areas with a significant ethnic Ukrainian minority population discussed the possibility of establishing an entity called Green Ukraine. [5] [6] [7] This movement quickly proved abortive.

Geographically, Green Ukraine borders the present-day North Korea, in the special city of Rason and the Chinese provinces of Heilongjiang and Jilin.

History

The Zeleny Klyn was an area of land settled by Ukrainians which is a part of the Russian Far East in the area of the Amur River and the Pacific Ocean. It was named by the Ukrainian settlers. The territory consists of over 1,000,000 square kilometres and has a population of 3.1 million (1958). The Ukrainian population in 1897 made up 15% of the Primorskaya Oblast's population. [8]

The territory was also informally known as Ukrainian : Закитайщина, romanized: Zakytaishchyna, "Trans-China", i.e., "land beyond China". [9] [10] [11]

Zeleny Klyn became part of the Russian Empire much later than Siberia and other parts of the Far East. The first attempts at colonizing the area date back to the mid-17th century when Yerofey Khabarov founded the fort of Albazin on the Amur River. From that time, constant skirmishes took place with the Manchu people of China. In 1689 China and Russia signed the Treaty of Nerchinsk, which granted Russia limited territory.

Green Ukraine on the map of modern Russia Green Ukraine - Zeleny Klyn - Russian Federation.jpg
Green Ukraine on the map of modern Russia

In the mid 19th century, the second Russian expansion took place after Russia lost the Crimean War (1853–1856). A number of Cossack settlements were established on the Amur river. China had become far weaker than Russia at the time and ceded territory to Russia in the Treaty of Aigun of 1858 and by the Convention of Peking of 1860 (see Amur Annexation).

During this period, only a small number of settlers settled in the region consisting of some 14,000 Cossacks and 2,500 Russian soldiers. In 1861, two oblasts were established, the Primorsky and Amur. Khabarovsk was founded in 1858, Vladivostok in 1860.

In 1882, free transportation was announced for settlers to the area from Ukraine and free land was offered to settlers. By 1897, the population had increased to 310,000. With the establishment of the railroad in 1901, over 14,000 settlers were moving to the area per year, with a maximum of 78,000 settlers moving there in 1907.

Ukrainian demonstration in Vladivostok Ukrayins'ka demonstratsiia u Vladivostotsi.jpg
Ukrainian demonstration in Vladivostok

After 1917,[ citation needed ] the area came under the jurisdiction of Admiral Alexander Kolchak. In 1920, the Far East Republic was established as a buffer republic between Russia and Japan. In 1922, the republic joined with the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. In 1934, the Jewish Autonomous Oblast region was established with its capital at Birobidzhan.

Name

This term was also used for Yellow Ukraine, Pink Ukraine and Grey Ukraine. [12]

Proposed state

Yuri Hlushko-Mova Yuri Mova.jpg
Yuri Hlushko-Mova

Head of the Krai Secretariat:

Territory

The Green Ukraine was located in the Outer Manchuria, extending across Amur River, Zeya, Svobodny, Blagoveshchensk, Ussuriland, to the north, Nikolayevsk-on-Amur, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok. to the south. The Green Ukraine had a roughly 2,500 km coastline along the Pacific Ocean that extended from the Sea of Japan, to the Sea of Okhotsk. Green Ukraine was nearby the Sakhalin island and the Japanese archipelago.

Religion

Most of the Slavic population were Christians. The local Tungusic peoples followed local religions; some Ashkenazi Jews in areas around the present-day Jewish Autonomous Oblast practiced Judaism.

See also

Notes

Lingual

  1. Ukrainian: Зелена Україна, romanized: Zelena Ukraina
    Russian: Зелёная Украина, romanized: Zelyonaya Ukraina
  2. Ukrainian: Зелений клин, romanized: Zelenyi Klyn, lit.'[the] green gore/wedge'
    Russian: Зелёный Клин, romanized: Zelyonyy Klin
  3. Ukrainian: Закитайщина, lit.'Trans China'

Explanatory

  1. The flag of Green Ukraine appears to be a play on words on the concept of a "green wedge" combined with traditional Ukrainian colors. Ukrainian parlance also referred to other ethnic enclaves as "wedges" - note that Yellow Ukraine, Grey Ukraine, Pink Ukraine - compare Ukrainian historical regions.

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References

  1. Smith, Ned (24 February 2001). "Green Ukraine / Ukrainian Far East (1921, Russian Far East)". FOTW "Flags Of The World". CRW Flags. Retrieved 24 October 2018. In "Flags of Non-Russian Peoples Under Soviet Rule" by Prof. Walter Trembicky [tbc69], pages 134 and 135, it mentions two proposed flags for Green Ukraine, or the Ukrainian Far East, neither of which was officially adopted, since the movement quickly proved abortive. There are simple black & white line drawings illustrating the two proposed flags on p. 133 of [tbc69]. The green in the two flags was described as dark or deep green. ... One [of the two proposed flags] was the Ukrainian blue-over-gold bicolor with a green triangle at the hoist.
  2. Trembicky, Walter (1969). Flags of Non-Russian Peoples Under Soviet Rule. Flag Research Center. pp. 134, 135.
  3. "«Закитайщина». «Другая Украина» на Дальнем Востоке". Archived from the original on 18 February 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
  4. "Юрій Глушко (Мова) — Україна Incognita". Archived from the original on 18 February 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
  5. Jonathan D. Smele (2015). Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916-1926. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 476. ISBN   9781442252813.
  6. "Всесоюзная перепись населения 17 декабря 1926 г". 1927.
  7. "Зеленый Клин. Как украинцы осваивали дикие земли Дальнего Востока". 28 January 2024.
  8. "Russian Census of 1897". Demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
  9. Андрій Манчук, «Закитайщина». «Другая Украина» на Дальнем Востоке
  10. Андрій Безсмертний-Анзіміров, Юрій Глушко (Мова)
  11. Smele, Jonathan D. (2015). Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916-1926. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 476. ISBN   978-1442252813.
  12. Білий Д. Д. (1994). Малиновий клин (Нариси з історії українського населення Кубані). Київ: Україна.

Sources

51°18′N133°24′E / 51.3°N 133.4°E / 51.3; 133.4