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Green Ukraine Зелений клин | |||||||||
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1917–1922 | |||||||||
Status | unrecognized, self-declared entity | ||||||||
Head of government | |||||||||
• 1918—1922 | Yurii Hlushko | ||||||||
Historical era | Russian Civil War | ||||||||
• Established | 24 June 1917 | ||||||||
• Independence | April 1918 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1922 | ||||||||
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Today part of | Russia |
Green Ukraine, [a] also known as Zelenyi Klyn [b] or Zakytaishchyna, [c] [note 1] [3] [4] is a Ukrainian name for a would-be independent Ukrainian state in the southern Russian Far East area between the Amur River and the Pacific Ocean, an area roughly corresponding to Outer Manchuria.
After the establishment of the Bolshevik Far Eastern Republic on April 6, 1920, Far Eastern areas with a significant ethnic Ukrainian minority population discussed the possibility of establishing an entity called Green Ukraine. [5] [6] [7] This movement quickly proved abortive.
Geographically, Green Ukraine borders the present-day North Korea, in the special city of Rason and the Chinese provinces of Heilongjiang and Jilin.
The Zeleny Klyn was an area of land settled by Ukrainians which is a part of the Russian Far East in the area of the Amur River and the Pacific Ocean. It was named by the Ukrainian settlers. The territory consists of over 1,000,000 square kilometres and has a population of 3.1 million (1958). The Ukrainian population in 1897 made up 15% of the Primorskaya Oblast's population. [8]
The territory was also informally known as Ukrainian : Закитайщина, romanized: Zakytaishchyna, "Trans-China", i.e., "land beyond China". [9] [10] [11]
Zeleny Klyn became part of the Russian Empire much later than Siberia and other parts of the Far East. The first attempts at colonizing the area date back to the mid-17th century when Yerofey Khabarov founded the fort of Albazin on the Amur River. From that time, constant skirmishes took place with the Manchu people of China. In 1689 China and Russia signed the Treaty of Nerchinsk, which granted Russia limited territory.
In the mid 19th century, the second Russian expansion took place after Russia lost the Crimean War (1853–1856). A number of Cossack settlements were established on the Amur river. China had become far weaker than Russia at the time and ceded territory to Russia in the Treaty of Aigun of 1858 and by the Convention of Peking of 1860 (see Amur Annexation).
During this period, only a small number of settlers settled in the region consisting of some 14,000 Cossacks and 2,500 Russian soldiers. In 1861, two oblasts were established, the Primorsky and Amur. Khabarovsk was founded in 1858, Vladivostok in 1860.
In 1882, free transportation was announced for settlers to the area from Ukraine and free land was offered to settlers. By 1897, the population had increased to 310,000. With the establishment of the railroad in 1901, over 14,000 settlers were moving to the area per year, with a maximum of 78,000 settlers moving there in 1907.
After 1917,[ citation needed ] the area came under the jurisdiction of Admiral Alexander Kolchak. In 1920, the Far East Republic was established as a buffer republic between Russia and Japan. In 1922, the republic joined with the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. In 1934, the Jewish Autonomous Oblast region was established with its capital at Birobidzhan.
This term was also used for Yellow Ukraine, Pink Ukraine and Grey Ukraine. [12]
Head of the Krai Secretariat:
The Green Ukraine was located in the Outer Manchuria, extending across Amur River, Zeya, Svobodny, Blagoveshchensk, Ussuriland, to the north, Nikolayevsk-on-Amur, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok. to the south. The Green Ukraine had a roughly 2,500 km coastline along the Pacific Ocean that extended from the Sea of Japan, to the Sea of Okhotsk. Green Ukraine was nearby the Sakhalin island and the Japanese archipelago.
Most of the Slavic population were Christians. The local Tungusic peoples followed local religions; some Ashkenazi Jews in areas around the present-day Jewish Autonomous Oblast practiced Judaism.
Khabarovsk is the largest city and the administrative centre of Khabarovsk Krai, Russia, located 30 kilometers (19 mi) from the China–Russia border, at the confluence of the Amur and Ussuri Rivers, about 800 kilometers (500 mi) north of Vladivostok. As of the 2021 Russian census, it had a population of 617,441. The city was the administrative center of the Far Eastern Federal District of Russia from 2002 until December 2018, when the status was given to Vladivostok. It is the largest city in the Russian Far East, having overtaken Vladivostok in 2015. It was known as Khabarovka until 1893. As is typical of the interior of the Russian Far East, Khabarovsk has an extreme climate with strong seasonal swings resulting in strong, cold winters and relatively hot and humid summers.
Khabarovsk Krai is a federal subject of Russia. It is located in the Russian Far East and is administratively part of the Far Eastern Federal District. The administrative centre of the krai is the city of Khabarovsk, which is home to roughly half of the krai's population and the largest city in the Russian Far East. Khabarovsk Krai is the fourth-largest federal subject by area, and had a population of 1,343,869 as of 2010.
Amur Oblast is a federal subject of Russia, located on the banks of the Amur and Zeya rivers in the Russian Far East. The oblast borders Heilongjiang province of the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the south.
The Russian Far East is a region in North Asia. It is the easternmost part of Russia and the Asian continent, and is coextensive with the Far Eastern Federal District, which encompasses the area between Lake Baikal and the Pacific Ocean. The area's largest city is Khabarovsk, followed by Vladivostok. The region shares land borders with the countries of Mongolia, China, and North Korea to its south, as well as maritime boundaries with Japan to its southeast, and with the United States along the Bering Strait to its northeast.
Outer Manchuria, sometimes called Russian Manchuria, refers to a region in Northeast Asia that is now part of the Russian Far East but historically formed part of Manchuria. While Manchuria now more normatively refers to Northeast China, it originally included areas consisting of Priamurye between the left bank of Amur River and the Stanovoy Range to the north, and Primorskaya which covered the area in the right bank of both Ussuri River and the lower Amur River to the Pacific Coast. The region was ruled by a series of Chinese dynasties and the Mongol Empire, but control of the area was ceded to the Russian Empire by Qing China during the Amur Annexation in the 1858 Treaty of Aigun and 1860 Treaty of Peking, with the terms "Outer Manchuria" and "Russian Manchuria" arising after the Russian annexation.
Blagoveshchensk is a city and the administrative center of Amur Oblast, Russia. It is located at the confluence of the Amur and the Zeya Rivers, opposite to the Chinese city of Heihe. Population: 241,437 (2021 Census); 214,390 (2010 Census); 219,221 (2002 Census); 205,553 (1989 Soviet census).
Left-bank Ukraine is a historic name of the part of Ukraine on the left (east) bank of the Dnieper River, comprising the modern-day oblasts of Chernihiv, Poltava and Sumy as well as the eastern parts of Kyiv and Cherkasy.
Sloboda Ukraine, also known locally as Slobozhanshchyna or Slobozhanshchina, is a historical region in northeastern Ukraine and southwestern Russia. It developed and flourished in the 17th and 18th centuries on the southwestern frontier of the Tsardom of Russia. In 1765, it was converted into the Sloboda Ukraine Governorate.
Count Nikolay Nikolayevich Muravyov-Amursky was a Russian general, statesman and diplomat, who played a major role in the expansion of the Russian Empire into the Amur River basin and to the shores of the Sea of Japan.
Yurii Kosmych Hlushko (Ukrainian: Ю́рій Косьмич Глушко́, known by the pseudonym Mova, was a Ukrainian public and political figure, one of the organizers of Ukrainian national cultural existence in Green Ukraine.
The coat of arms of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast is the official coat of arms of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in Russia. It consists of a Siberian tiger standing on four legs with the tail and the head turned upwards, of which the latter is facing the observer. This specific position and occurrence of the tiger symbolizes the history and development of the Oblast. The coat is a heraldic French shield and the background represents the color of the geographical characteristics of the Russian Far East, which includes taigas, hills, and meadows.
Russia, the largest country in the world by area, has international land borders with fourteen sovereign states as well as 2 narrow maritime boundaries with the United States and Japan. There are also two breakaway states bordering Russia, namely Abkhazia and South Ossetia. The country has an internationally recognized land border running 22,407 kilometres (13,923 mi) in total, and has the second-longest land border of any country in the world, after China. The borders of the Russian Federation were mostly drawn since 1956, and have remained the same after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. In 2014, Russia annexed Ukraine's Crimean peninsula in a move that remains internationally unrecognized.
Boris Petrovich Polevoy, also Polevoi was a Soviet historian known for his work on the history of the Russian Far East. He was honored in Kamchatka for his work on the study of the region's history, and has been described in the West as "a leading Soviet specialist on the history of Russian cartography".
Grey Ukraine is an unofficial name for a region in Southern Siberia and Northern Kazakhstan, where mass settlement of Ukrainians took place from the middle of the 18th to the beginning of the 20th century. Around 1917–1920 there was a movement for Ukrainian autonomy in the region.
Yellow Ukraine, also known as Zhovty Klyn, is a historical territory with significant Ukrainian settlement in Volga Region.
Klyn is commonly used to refer to various territories historically inhabited by large numbers of Ukrainian people within the modern day Russia.
The Priamur electoral district was a constituency created for the 1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election. The Priamur electoral district consisted of the Amur Oblast, the Maritime Province and the Sakhalin Oblast. However, local leaders had preferred to have three separate constituencies. The election was held on time in the constituency.
The Amur Oblast with the center in Blagoveshchensk was formed on December 20, 1858 by the Personal Decree No. 33862. By this Decree, on the proposal of the Governor–General of Eastern Siberia and the Siberian Committee, the Amur Region was made up of lands "located on the left bank of the Amur River, starting from the junction of the Shilka and Argun Rivers or from the borders of the Trans–Baikal and Yakutsk Oblasts, along the entire course of the Amur, to the mouth of the river Ussuri and to the new border of the Primorsky Oblast".
Pink Ukraine is a region in Kuban with a significant Ukrainian population.
Renaming of geographical objects in the Russian Far East of the Soviet Union was a process massive change in the names of geographical objects and settlements in Primorsky Krai, as well as in Khabarovsk Krai and Amur Oblast, from predominantly Chinese and some local indigenous names to Russian-language ones, with the bulk of the changes occurred from 1972 to 1974. About 500 objects were renamed by the Soviet government, including 100 settlements. The renaming occurred as a result of the Soviet Union's armed conflict with China over Damansky Island in 1969. Many place names that were replaced were of Chinese origin.
In "Flags of Non-Russian Peoples Under Soviet Rule" by Prof. Walter Trembicky [tbc69], pages 134 and 135, it mentions two proposed flags for Green Ukraine, or the Ukrainian Far East, neither of which was officially adopted, since the movement quickly proved abortive. There are simple black & white line drawings illustrating the two proposed flags on p. 133 of [tbc69]. The green in the two flags was described as dark or deep green. ... One [of the two proposed flags] was the Ukrainian blue-over-gold bicolor with a green triangle at the hoist.