Kazakh-Tashkent War | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
Kazakh Khanate | |||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Ahmet Khan | Ubaidullah Khan |
The Kazakh-Tashkent War was a conflict in the first half of the XVI century between the Kazakh Khanate and the Bukhara Khanate, where the Kazakhs fought with Tashkent in 1534.
Since the 1520s, the first internecine war for the throne has been going on in the Kazakh khanate. Long before that, Kasym Khan annexed the lands of the Noag horde during the Kazakh-Nogai War (1515-1521), but after his death, the Nogais, as Trepavlov writes, began the Nogai "reconquista" by reconquering their lands and the capital, driving the Kazakhs beyond the Irtysh. [2] But already in 1530, the Kazakhs knocked out the Nogais across the Emba River.
The struggle between the Kazakh rulers and the Shaybanids continued even after Tahir Khan left the historical scene. In fact, until 1537 the Kazakhs posed a real threat to the northern territories of the Uzbek state. Archive documents show that during these years they attempted to take Tashkent from the Shaybanids.
In September 1536, a letter from the Russian ambassador D. Gubin was delivered to Moscow, stating:
"And the Stekhani (of Tashkent), Sovereign, the ambassador came to the prince and the Murzas, so that the prince and the Myrzas would go against the Kaki (Kazakhs - author), and Tashkeni, Sovereign, from the Cossacks, they say good, good is necessary. They expect it to be raised this summer or in winter. And that’s why, Sir, the Cossacks say they won’t go to Nagai, because they’re fighting in Tashken.” [3]
It is also known that the Kazakhs defeated the Uzbeks twice. [4]
The campaigns of the Kazakh army and the threat of losing Tashkent forced Ubaydallah Khan to seek allies. He found it in the person of a Chagatai (more specifically - Timurid) Abd ar-Rashid Khan, the ruler of the Mughal state. As a result of negotiations, an Uzbek-Mughal military alliance emerged. It was concluded at the mountain pass of "Ak-Boguz" in opposition to the Kazakh-Kyrgyz alliance, which had formed during the reign of Kazakh Khan Tahir. The alliance between Uzbeks and Mughals was cemented by a dynastic marriage. Ubaydallah married one of the sisters of Abd ar-Rashid Khan.
In 1537, Uzbeks, Moguls and Nogais defeated the Kazakhs in the battle of San Tash, killing 37 Kazakh sultans. [5]
The Khanate of Sibir was a state in western Siberia. It was founded at the end of the 15th century, following the break-up of the Golden Horde. Throughout its history, members of the Shaybanid and Taibugid dynasties often contested the rulership over the Khanate between each other; both of these competing tribes were direct patrilineal descendants of Genghis Khan through his eldest son Jochi and Jochi's fifth son Shayban (Shiban). The area of the Khanate had once formed an integral part of the Mongol Empire, and later came under the control of the White Horde and the Golden Horde of 1242–1502.
The Khanate of Astrakhan was a Tatar rump state of the Golden Horde. The khanate existed in the 15th and 16th centuries in the area adjacent to the mouth of the Volga river, around the modern city of Astrakhan. Its khans claimed patrilineal descent from Toqa Temür, the thirteenth son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan.
Abdullah Khan, known as "The Old Khan", was an Uzbek ruler of the Khanate of Bukhara (1500–1785). He was the last uncontested Shaybanid Khan of Bukhara from 1583 until his death.
The Nogai Horde was a confederation founded by the Nogais that occupied the Pontic–Caspian steppe from about 1500 until they were pushed west by the Kalmyks and south by the Russians in the 17th century. The Mongol tribe called the Manghuds constituted a core of the Nogai Horde.
The Uzbek Khanate, also known as the Abulkhair Khanate, was a Shaybanid state preceding the Khanate of Bukhara. During the few years it existed, the Uzbek Khanate was the preeminent state in Central Asia, ruling over most of modern-day Uzbekistan, much of Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, and parts of southern Russia. This is the first state of the Abulkhairids, a branch of the Shaybanids.
The Russo-Crimean Wars were fought between the forces of the Tsardom of Russia and the Crimean Khanate during the 16th century over the region around the Volga River.
The Kazakh Khanate, in eastern sources known as Ulus of the Kazakhs, Ulus of Jochi, Yurt of Urus, was a Kazakh state in Central Asia, successor of the Golden Horde existing from the 15th to the 19th century, centered on the eastern parts of the Desht-i Qipchaq.
Abu'l-Khayr Khan, also known as Bulgar Khan, was Khan of the Uzbek Khanate from 1428 to 1468, which united the nomadic Central Asian tribes.
A jüz is one of the three main territorial and tribal divisions in the Kypchak Plain area that covers much of the contemporary Kazakhstan. It represents the main tribal division within the ethnic group of the Kazakhs.
Ibak Khan, born Sayyid Ibrahim Khan was a Shaybanid khan of Sibir about whom the sources are contradictory. He is also called Abak, Ivak, Ibaq, Khan of Tyumen, and Said Ibrakhim Khan(?).
The 1st Kazakh Civil War was an internecine war in the Kazakh Khanate between the descendants of Janibek Khan. The war started just after the death of Qasim Khan.
Tāhir Ali Abdūllah Khan, also known by his regal name as Tahir (Taiyr) Khan was the sixth Khan of the Kazakh Khanate from 1523 to 1533. His rule led to the fall of the Kazakh Khanate's dominance since the reign of Qasim Khan.
Aḥmed Shāh bin Janysh Sultan, also known as Ahmed Khan, was a Khan of the Kazakh Khanate who ruled the western part of modern-day Kazakhstan as well as the upper reaches of the Syr Darya river from 1533 to 1536. Through his father, Janysh Sultan, he was a nephew of the great ruler Qasim Khan, the fourth khan of the Kazakh Khanate. Ahmed resided in Hazrat-e-Turkistan, the capital and largest city of the Kazakh Khanate, as well as Sawran, another major Kazakh settlement established during the time of his uncle and father. Ahmed also lived in northern Kazakhstan near modern-day Astana and Pavlodar for much of his life, as he fought a war of succession for the Kazakh throne.
The Katagans are a medieval Mongol tribe related to Genghis Khan. In the period of Mongol conquest and assimilation with enslaved by Turkic tribes played its role in the ethnogenesis of modern Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Karakalpaks, Uzbeks, Buryats, Uyghurs, and others.
The Kazakh War of Independence (1468–1500) was a conflict fought in Central Asia between the Kazakh Khanate and the Uzbek Khanate, which attempted to maintain its control over most of modern-day Kazakhstan, which at the time was under Uzbek rule. The war started after Abu'l-Khayr, Khan of the Uzbek Khanate, attacked Zhetysu in 1468 which was controlled by a small band of rebel Kazakhs who had split from the original Uzbek Khanate. Abu’l Khayr did so in an attempt to prevent the growing Kazakh influence among the steppe. However, he died unknowingly, making it easier for the Kazakhs to expand their influence. After Abu'l-Khayr Khan's death, the Uzbeks continued to be ruled by the Shaybanids who fought against the Kazakhs in the cities that were on the Syr Darya until both sides agreed to peace in 1500 with the Kazakh Khanate gaining its sovereignty from the Uzbek control. At the end of the war, the Uzbek Khanate transferred most of Kazakhstan to the Kazakh Khanate.
Haqnazar Haider Sultan bin Qasim Khan, commonly known as Haqnazar Khan, was the khan of the Kazakh khanate from 1538-1580. He was the second-oldest son of Qasim Khan and the younger brother of Muhammed Khan.
Battle of Samarkand (1598) — the battle that took place in 1598 between the Kazakh and Bukhara Khanates, between Tashkent and Samarkand, the Kazakhs won the battle.
Kazakh-Nogai War — the armed conflict of the Kazakh Khanate and the Nogai Horde from 1515 to 1521. Which ended with the victory of the Kazakhs.
Kazakh-Nogai War (1508) — armed campaign of the Kazakh Khanate against the Nogai Horde