Nogai Battle

Nogai Battle
	Part of Kazakh-Nogai War (1515-1521)
Date	1519
Location	Xacitarxan (modern Astrakhan), Volga
Result	Indefinite Kazakhs defeated Nogais; Death of two Kazakh sultans; Murder of Sheikh Mohammed; Liquidation of the Nogai Horde; Murder of Astrakhan Khan Muzaffar;
Belligerents
Commanders and leaders

Last updated January 16, 2025

Nogai Battle was fought in 1519 between the Kazakhs, Nogais and Bolsheordyntsy of the Astrakhan Khanate near the Volga River under the walls of Hadji Tarkhan (Astrakhan).

Description

In 1519, the Kazakh khan decided to strengthen his power over the Nogai Horde. This was particularly important after the unsuccessful Tashkent campaign, as a result of which Kasym Khan's army immediately returned to the steppe, and Kasym Khan abandoned thoughts of further conquests. To continue the struggle for control over the Turkestan pastures and cities, the khan sought to unite all his subjects under his authority, including the Nogais.

Information about the events of that time has been preserved in diplomatic reports. Envoy B. Ya. Golokhvastov, en route to Turkey, reported from Kaffa that the Crimean khan had received word from Sheikh Muhammad stating that "they are pressured by the Kazakh Horde." In response, Mehmed I Giray allowed the Nogais "to cross over to this side of the Volga." A mass crossing of the Nogais began, but Astrakhan ruler Janibek intervened. He set a condition: "If you wish to cross to this side of the Volga, you must make peace with us and send us a Crimean envoy." As Kazakh pressure intensified, Sheikh Muhammad agreed to these terms: "They made peace with Astrakhan and sent a Crimean envoy to Astrakhan." However, Janibek imprisoned the envoy.

Golokhvastov arrived in Kaffa on July 3, so the Kazakh offensive likely began shortly before this—probably in June 1519. In the fall of the same year (around November), the Ottoman governor of Azov informed Vasily III that two Nogai mirzas had "fled" to Azov with news: "The Kazakhs captured the uluses of Sheikh Mirza." This likely referred to Sheikh Muhammad's followers who had not yet managed to cross to the right bank of the Volga.

Sheikh Muhammad himself also failed to reach Crimea. It is reported that he fought against the Kazakhs near the walls of Hajji Tarkhan, covering the crossing of his subjects. These events may be described in the work of Qadir-Ali Bek, which mentions the death of Kasym Khan's nephew Pulad in the "Nogai battle" and the killing of Jadik Khan and his son by "Sheikh Mirza." Sheikh Muhammad himself likely did not die at the hands of the Kazakhs but rather at the hands of the Astrakhan and Greater Horde forces. Various versions of the Genealogy state: "And Musin's son, the great Shegey prince, was killed in Astrakhan." Ottoman sources note that "Sheikh Mirza was killed, and his hordes were captured."

After Sheikh Muhammad's death, his brother Said Ahmed attacked the Akhmatovichi in Astrakhan and destroyed seven "sultans," including Muzaffar. Most of the Greater Horde in Astrakhan was annihilated: "Not a single (sultan) remained in Astrakhan." The Nogais reclaimed their property and seized the Astrakhan ulus. Only the capital of the Astrakhan Horde remained under Janibek Khan's control.

The above phrase indicates that the Astrakhans and the Greater Horde profited from the Nogai refugees by resorting to looting, confiscating property, and oppressing them. Sheikh Muhammad's death and Said Ahmed's subsequent actions are attributed to the spring of 1519.^[3]^[4]

Related Research Articles

The Tatars, is an umbrella term for different Turkic ethnic groups bearing the name "Tatar" across Eastern Europe and Asia.

The Khanate of Kazan was a Tatar state that occupied the territory of the former Volga Bulgaria between 1438 and 1552. The khanate covered contemporary Tatarstan, Mari El, Chuvashia, Mordovia, and parts of Udmurtia and Bashkortostan; its capital was the city of Kazan. It was one of the successor states of the Golden Horde (Mongol state), and it came to an end when it was conquered by the Tsardom of Russia.

The Khanate of Astrakhan was a Tatar rump state of the Golden Horde. The khanate existed in the 15th and 16th centuries in the area adjacent to the mouth of the Volga river, around the modern city of Astrakhan. Its khans claimed patrilineal descent from Toqa Temür, the thirteenth son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan.

Devlet I Giray ruled as Crimean Khan during a long and eventful period marked by significant historical events. These events included the fall of Kazan to Russia in 1552, the fall of the Astrakhan Khanate to Russia in 1556, and the burning of Moscow by the Crimean Tatars in 1571. Another notable event during Devlet's reign was the defeat of the Crimeans near Moscow in 1572. However, Cossack raids into the Crimea were also common during his reign.

The Nogai Horde was a confederation founded by the Nogais that occupied the Pontic–Caspian steppe from about 1500 until they were pushed west by the Kalmyks and south by the Russians in the 17th century. The Mongol tribe called the Manghuds constituted a core of the Nogai Horde.

The Great Horde was a rump state of the Golden Horde that existed from the mid-15th century to 1502. It was centered at the core of the former Golden Horde at Sarai on the lower Volga.

The Kazakh Khanate, in eastern sources known as Ulus of the Kazakhs, Ulus of Jochi, Yurt of Urus, was a Kazakh state in Central Asia, successor of the Golden Horde existing from the 15th to the 19th century, centered on the eastern parts of the Desht-i Qipchaq.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mehmed I Giray</span> Ruler of Crimea

Mehmed I Giray was khan of the Crimean Khanate. He was preceded by his father Meñli I Giray and followed by his son Ğazı I Giray (1523–1524). He gained control of the steppe nomads, put his brother on the throne of Kazan and was killed after taking Astrakhan.

The steppe and forest-steppe of Ukraine and southern Russia, traditionally held by pastoral nomads, provided agricultural opportunities. States that were able to settle the land with tax-paying peasants could significantly increase their power. From 1500 to 1800, this region came under Russian control.

The Nogais are a Kipchak people who speak a Turkic language and live in Southeastern Europe, North Caucasus, Volga region, Central Asia and Turkey. Most are found in Northern Dagestan and Stavropol Krai, as well as in Karachay-Cherkessia, Chechnya and Astrakhan Oblast; some also live in Dobruja, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine and a small Nogai diaspora is found in Jordan. They speak the Nogai language and are descendants of various Mongolic and Turkic tribes who formed the Nogai Horde. There are eight main groups of Nogais: the Ak Nogai, the Karagash, the Kuban-Nogai, the Kundraw-Nogai, the Qara-Nogai, the Utars, Bug-Nogai, and the Yurt-Nogai.

Aḥmed Shāh bin Janysh Sultan, also known as Ahmed Khan, was a Khan of the Kazakh Khanate who ruled the western part of modern-day Kazakhstan as well as the upper reaches of the Syr Darya river from 1533 to 1536. Through his father, Janysh Sultan, he was a nephew of the great ruler Qasim Khan, the fourth khan of the Kazakh Khanate. Ahmed resided in Hazrat-e-Turkistan, the capital and largest city of the Kazakh Khanate, as well as Sawran, another major Kazakh settlement established during the time of his uncle and father. Ahmed also lived in northern Kazakhstan near modern-day Astana and Pavlodar for much of his life, as he fought a war of succession for the Kazakh throne.

Canibek Giray was twice khan of the Crimean Khanate. During his first reign he fought for the Turks in Persia and Poland. He proved a poor commander and had difficulty making his men obey. He was removed by the Turks in 1623. In the following year the Turks tried to restore him and failed. During his second reign there were raids on Poland and Russia. The Turks again removed him and he died in exile.

The Kazakh War of Independence (1468–1500) was a conflict fought in Central Asia between the Kazakh Khanate and the Uzbek Khanate, which attempted to maintain its control over most of modern-day Kazakhstan, which at the time was under Uzbek rule. The war started after Abu'l-Khayr, Khan of the Uzbek Khanate, attacked Zhetysu in 1468 which was controlled by a small band of rebel Kazakhs who had split from the original Uzbek Khanate. Abu’l Khayr did so in an attempt to prevent the growing Kazakh influence among the steppe. However, he died unknowingly, making it easier for the Kazakhs to expand their influence. After Abu'l-Khayr Khan's death, the Uzbeks continued to be ruled by the Shaybanids who fought against the Kazakhs in the cities that were on the Syr Darya until both sides agreed to peace in 1500 with the Kazakh Khanate gaining its sovereignty from the Uzbek control. At the end of the war, the Uzbek Khanate transferred most of Kazakhstan to the Kazakh Khanate.

Haqnazar Haider Sultan bin Qasim Khan, commonly known as Haqnazar Khan, was the khan of the Kazakh khanate from 1538-1580. He was the second-oldest son of Qasim Khan and the younger brother of Muhammed Khan.

Kazakh-Nogai War — the armed conflict of the Kazakh Khanate and the Nogai Horde from 1515 to 1521. Which ended with the victory of the Kazakhs.

Kazakh-Nogai War (1508) — armed campaign of the Kazakh Khanate against the Nogai Horde

The Kazakh-Nogai War (1577) was one of the major military invasions of the Kazakh Khanate on the territory of the Nogai Horde.

The Kazakh-Nogai War (1535-1537) was a multilateral armed conflict in Central Asia, resulting in a crushing defeat for the Kazakh Khanate.

References

↑ The history of Kazakhstan in Russian sources in the XVI—XX centuries. Volume I. pp. 447-448.
↑ Моисеев М. В. (2016). "Ногайская Орда в системе международных отношений рубежа XV-XVI вв" (in Russian) (Золотоордынское обозрение ed.): 379. Archived from the original on 2024-11-11.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
↑ Trepavlov, V. V. (2016). History of Nogai Horde (in Russian). Kazan: Publishing house "Kazan real estate". pp. 141–142. ISBN 978-5-9907552-5-3.
↑ Atygaev, Nurlan (2023). The Kazakh Khanate: essays on the foreign policy history of the XV-XVII centuries[not in English] (in Russian). Almaty: Eurasian Scientific Research Institute of the Yasavi Moscow State Technical University. pp. 89–90. ISBN 978-601-7805-24-1.

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.

[1] The history of Kazakhstan in Russian sources in the XVI—XX centuries. Volume I. pp. 447-448.

[2] Моисеев М. В. (2016). "Ногайская Орда в системе международных отношений рубежа XV-XVI вв" (in Russian) (Золотоордынское обозрение ed.): 379. Archived from the original on 2024-11-11.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[3] Trepavlov, V. V. (2016). History of Nogai Horde (in Russian). Kazan: Publishing house "Kazan real estate". pp. 141–142. ISBN 978-5-9907552-5-3.

[4] Atygaev, Nurlan (2023). The Kazakh Khanate: essays on the foreign policy history of the XV-XVII centuries[not in English] (in Russian). Almaty: Eurasian Scientific Research Institute of the Yasavi Moscow State Technical University. pp. 89–90. ISBN 978-601-7805-24-1.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]