This is a list of wars involving the Italian Republic and its predecessor states since the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy on 17 March 1861, but does not include wars fought by the historic states of Italy. The result of these conflicts follows this legend:
The Risorgimento movement emerged to unite Italy in the 19th century. Piedmont-Sardinia took the lead in a series of wars to liberate Italy from foreign control. Following three Wars of Italian Independence against the Habsburg Austrians in the north, the Expedition of the Thousand against the Spanish Bourbons in the south, and the Capture of Rome, the unification of the country was completed in 1871 when Rome was declared capital of Italy.
| Start | Finish | Name of conflict | Belligerents | Outcome | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | ||||
| 1885 | 1895 | Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887–1889 [2] |  Italy |  Ethiopia  Mahdist Sudan | Italian Victory, establishment of Italian Eritrea. |
| 1889 | 1920 | Pacification of Somalia [3] | Italy | Various rebels Dervish State | Italian Victory, consolidation of Italian Somaliland. |
| 1890 | 1894 | Mahdist War | Italy | Mahdist Sudan | Italian Victory All Sudanese invasions repulsed Italians take Kassala |
| 1895 | 1896 | First Italo-Ethiopian War | Italy |  Ethiopia | Inconclusive/Other OutcomeTreaty of Addis Ababa:
|
| 1896 | 1925 | Bīmāl revolt | Italy | Bimaal Rebels | Italian Victory
|
| 1897 | 1897 | Greco-Turkish War (1897) |  Greece |  Ottoman Empire | Turkish Victory
|
| 1897 | 1898 | Cretan Revolt (1897–1898) (International Squadron (Cretan intervention, 1897–1898)) |  Cretan revolutionaries  Kingdom of Greece  British Empire  France Italy  Russian Empire  Austria-Hungary (until April 12, 1898) German Empire (until March 16th, 1898) | Ottoman Empire | Italian Victory
|
| 1899 | 1901 | Boxer Rebellion | United Kingdom
|  Righteous Harmony Society | Italian Allied Victory, Boxer Protocol:
|
| 1900 | 1920 | Somaliland Campaign | Italy United Kingdom |  Dervish movement Ethiopian Empire | Italian-British Victory
|
| 1902 | 1903 | Venezuelan naval blockade | United Kingdom Germany  Italy |  Venezuela | Inconclusive/Other Outcome
|
| 1911 | 1912 | Italo-Turkish War | Italy | Ottoman Empire | Italian Victory:
|
| 1911 | 1917 | Italo-Senussi War | Italy |  Senussi Order Ottoman Empire | Italian Victory:
|
| 1912 | 1913 | First Balkan War | Balkan League : Bulgaria  Serbia Greece  Montenegro Italian volunteers Russia | Ottoman Empire Austria-Hungary | Balkan League Victory: |
| 1914 | 1918 | World War I | Allied Powers
| Central Powers | Italian Allied Victory:
Russia pulls out in 1917
Creation of League of Nations |
| 1918 | 1920 | Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War |
|
| Bolshevik Victory:
|
| 1918 | 1923 | Occupation of Constantinople | United Kingdom France Italy | Ottoman Empire | Temporary occupation
|
| 1919 | 1923 | Turkish War of Independence | Ottoman Empire  Soviet Russia Italy [8] | United Kingdom France  Greece  Armenia  Georgia | Italian Allied Victory |
| 1920 | 1920 | Vlora War | Italy |  Principality of Albania | Italian withdrawal after Bersaglieri riots; Armistice
|
| 1920 | 1920 | Bloody Christmas | Italy |  Italian Regency of Carnaro | Italian Victory:
|
| 1921 | 1921 | Anti-fascist uprising in Albona | Italy |  Labin Republic | Italian Victory:
|
| 1923 | 1932 | Pacification of Libya | Italy | Senussi Order | Italian Victory:
|
| 1924 | 1927 | Pacification of Italian Somaliland | Italy | Somali rebels | Italian Victory:
|
| 1924 | 1940 | Italian conquest of the Horn of Africa | Italy |  Sultanate of Hobyo | Italian Victory:
|
| 1935 | 1937 | Second Italo-Abyssinian War | Italy | Ethiopian Empire | Italian Victory:
|
| 1936 | 1939 | Spanish Civil War |  Nationalist |  Republican
| Italian Allied Victory
|
| 1939 | 1939 | Invasion of Albania | Italy |  Albania | Italian Victory, Italian occupation of Albania. |
| 1939 | 1945 | World War II | Axis Powers
| Allied Powers
| 'United Nations' Allied victory:
|
The Turkish Armed Forces are the military forces of the Republic of Turkey. The Turkish Armed Forces consist of the Land Forces, the Naval Forces and the Air Forces. The Chief of the General Staff is the Commander of the Armed Forces. In wartime, the Chief of the General Staff acts as the Commander-in-Chief on behalf of the President, who represents the Supreme Military Command of the TAF on behalf of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. Coordinating the military relations of the TAF with other NATO member states and friendly states is the responsibility of the General Staff.
The Treaty of Lausanne is a peace treaty negotiated during the Lausanne Conference of 1922–23 and signed in the Palais de Rumine in Lausanne, Switzerland, on 24 July 1923. The treaty officially resolved the conflict that had initially arisen between the Ottoman Empire and the Allied French Republic, British Empire, Kingdom of Italy, Empire of Japan, Kingdom of Greece, Kingdom of Serbia, and the Kingdom of Romania since the outset of World War I. The original text of the treaty is in English and French. It emerged as a second attempt at peace after the failed and unratified Treaty of Sèvres, which had sought to partition Ottoman territories. The earlier treaty, signed in 1920, was later rejected by the Turkish National Movement which actively opposed its terms. As a result of the Greco-Turkish War, İzmir was reclaimed, and the Armistice of Mudanya was signed in October 1922. This armistice provided for the exchange of Greek-Turkish populations and allowed unrestricted civilian, non-military passage through the Turkish Straits.
The Treaty of Sèvres was a 1920 treaty signed between the Allies of World War I and the Ottoman Empire. The treaty ceded large parts of Ottoman territory to France, the United Kingdom, Greece and Italy, as well as creating large occupation zones within the Ottoman Empire. It was one of a series of treaties that the Central Powers signed with the Allied Powers after their defeat in World War I. Hostilities had already ended with the Armistice of Mudros.
The Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922 was fought between Greece and the Turkish National Movement during the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I, between 15 May 1919 and 14 October 1922.
The Turkish War of Independence was a series of military campaigns and a revolution waged by the Turkish National Movement, after parts of the Ottoman Empire were occupied and partitioned following its defeat in World War I. The conflict was between the Turkish Nationalists against Allied and separatist forces over the application of Wilsonian principles, especially national self-determination, in post-World War I Anatolia and Eastern Thrace. The revolution concluded the collapse of the Ottoman Empire; the Ottoman monarchy and the Islamic caliphate were abolished, and the Republic of Turkey was declared in Anatolia and Eastern Thrace. This resulted in a transfer of vested sovereignty from the sultan-caliph to the nation, setting the stage for Republican Turkey's period of nationalist revolutionary reform.
Revanchism is the political manifestation of the will to reverse the territorial losses which are incurred by a country, frequently after a war or after a social movement. As a term, revanchism originated in 1870s France in the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War among nationalists who wanted to avenge the French defeat and reclaim the lost territories of Alsace-Lorraine.
The Greco-Turkish War of 1897 or the Ottoman-Greek War of 1897, also called the Thirty Days' War and known in Greece as the Black '97 or the Unfortunate War, was a war fought between the Kingdom of Greece and the Ottoman Empire. Its immediate cause involved the status of the Ottoman province of Crete, whose Greek-majority population had long desired union with Greece. Despite the Ottoman victory on the field, an autonomous Cretan State under Ottoman suzerainty was established the following year, with Prince George of Greece and Denmark as its first High Commissioner.
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, also known as Mustafa Kemal Pasha until 1921, and Ghazi Mustafa Kemal from 1921 until the Surname Law of 1934, was a Turkish field marshal, revolutionary statesman, author, and the founding father of the Republic of Turkey, serving as its first president from 1923 until his death in 1938. He undertook sweeping progressive reforms, which modernized Turkey into a secular, industrializing nation. Ideologically a secularist and nationalist, his policies and socio-political theories became known as Kemalism.
Nureddin Ibrahim Pasha, known as Nureddin İbrahim Konyar from 1934, was a Turkish military officer who served in the Ottoman Army during World War I and in the Turkish Army during the Western Front of the Turkish War of Independence. He was called Bearded Nureddin because being the only high-ranking Turkish officer during the Turkish War of Independence sporting a beard. He is known as one of the most important commanders of the war. He ordered several murders and massacres.
Musa Kâzım Karabekir was a Turkish general and politician. He was the commander of the Eastern Army of the Ottoman Empire during the Turkish War of Independence, and fought a successful military campaign against the Armenian Democratic Republic. He was the a founder and leader of the Progressive Republican Party, the Turkish Republic's first opposition party to Atatürk, though he and his party would be purged following the Sheikh Said revolt. He was rehabilitated with İsmet İnönü's ascension to the presidency in 1938 and served as Speaker of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey before his death.
Ali Fuat Cebesoy was a Turkish military officer who served in the Ottoman Army and then in the Turkish army and politician.
The Turkish National Movement, also known as the Anatolian Movement, the Nationalist Movement, and the Kemalists, included political and military activities of the Turkish revolutionaries that resulted in the creation and shaping of the modern Republic of Turkey, as a consequence of the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I and the subsequent occupation of Constantinople and partitioning of the Ottoman Empire by the Allies under the terms of the Armistice of Mudros. The Turkish revolutionaries rebelled against this partitioning and against the Treaty of Sèvres, signed in 1920 by the Ottoman government, which partitioned portions of Anatolia itself.
The Turkish communities in the former Ottoman Empire refers to ethnic Turks, who are the descendants of Ottoman-Turkish settlers from Anatolia and Eastern Thrace, living outside of the modern borders of the Republic of Turkey and in the independent states which were formerly part of the Ottoman Empire. Thus, they are not considered part of Turkey's modern diaspora, rather, due to living for centuries in their respective regions, they are now considered "natives" or "locals" as they have been living in these countries prior to the independence and establishment of the modern-nation states.
The Armenian National Congress was a political congress established to provide representation for the Armenians of Russia. It first met at the Artistic Theatre in Tbilisi on 11 October [O.S. 28 September] 1917. Its formation was prompted by the opportunities the Russian Revolution provided for Armenians towards the end of World War I.
The Great Eastern Crisis of 1875–1878 began in the Ottoman Empire's territories on the Balkan peninsula in 1875, with the outbreak of several uprisings and wars that resulted in the intervention of international powers, and was ended with the Treaty of Berlin in July 1878.
During World War I, several Kurdish rebellions took place within the Ottoman Empire.
Seferyan Efendi was an Ottoman physician, diplomat and translator. He worked as a military surgeon during the Crimean War and the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78. In 1879, he was assigned to an envoy to Russia and worked to solve the disputes over the status of Armenians in Caucasus. In 1882, he worked as a scholar at the Imperial School of Medicine. His field of research included infectious diseases, military psychiatry and anatomy. He contributed to Turkish language by offering equivalents for Western medical terms. He was rewarded the Crimea Medal in 1855 and the Order of the Medjidie in 1856.
