List of wars involving Italy

Last updated

This is a list of wars involving the Italian Republic and its predecessor states since the Italian wars of independence in the 19th century, but does not include wars fought by the historic states of Italy. The result of these conflicts follows this legend:

Contents

  Italian victory
  Italian defeat
  Another result*
  Ongoing conflict

*e.g. result unknown or indecisive/inconclusive, result of internal conflict inside Italy, status quo ante bellum , or a treaty or peace without a clear result.

Italian Wars of Unification

The Risorgimento movement emerged to unite Italy in the 19th century. The Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia took the lead in a series of wars to liberate Italy from foreign control. Following three Wars of Italian Independence against the Habsburg Austrians in the north, the Expedition of the Thousand against the Bourbons of the Two Sicilies in the south, and the Capture of Rome, the unification of the country was completed in 1871 when Rome was declared capital of Italy.

StartFinishName of conflictBelligerentsOutcome
Combatant 1Combatant 2
18481849 First Italian War of Independence Supported by: (1849)Austrian victory
18531856 Crimean War

Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire
Flag of France (1794-1815).svg  France [a]
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom [a]
Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg Sardinia [b]

Flag of Russia.svg  Russia
Naval Royal Standard of Greece (1833-1858).svg  Greece [c]
Allied victory
18591859 Second Italian War of Independence

Flag of France (1794-1815).svg  France
Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg Sardinia

Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg  Austria

Franco-Sardinian victory
18601860 Expedition of the Thousand

Flag of Italy.svg Redshirts
Supported by:
Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg Piedmont-Sardinia

Flag of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (1816).svg Two Sicilies
Supported by:
Flag of the Papal States (1808-1870).svg Papal States

Garibaldine victory
18611865 Brigandage in Southern Italy

Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg Kingdom of Italy

Southern Italian brigands
Supported by:
Bourbon Legitimists in Southern Italy
Partisans from Bourbon Spain

Unification victory
18661866 Austro-Prussian War

Flag of the Kingdom of Prussia (1803-1892).svg Prussia

Flagge Grossherzogtumer Mecklenburg.svg Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Flagge Herzogtum Braunschweig.svg Brunswick
Flagge Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha (1911-1920).svg Saxe-Coburg & Gotha
Flagge Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha (1826-1911).svg Saxe-Altenburg
Flagge Grossherzogtumer Mecklenburg.svg Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Flag of Oldenburg (Scandinavian Cross).svg Oldenburg
Flagge Herzogtum Anhalt.svg Anhalt
Flag of Schwarzburg Sondershausen.svg Schwarzburg
Flag of Germany.svg Waldeck
Flagge Furstentum Lippe.svg Lippe
Flag of the Free City of Lubeck.svg Lübeck
Flag of Bremen (middle arms).svg Bremen
Flag of Hamburg.svg Hamburg
Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg Italy (co-belligerent)

Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg Austria
Flag of Bavaria (striped).svg Bavaria
Flagge Konigreich Sachsen (1815-1918).svg Saxony
Flag of Hanover 1837-1866.svg Hanover
Flagge Konigreich Wurttemberg.svg Württemberg
Flag of Hesse.svg Hesse-Kassel
Flagge Grossherzogtum Baden (1871-1891).svg Baden
Flagge Grossherzogtum Hessen ohne Wappen.svg Hesse-Darmstadt
Flagge Herzogtum Nassau (1806-1866).svg Nassau
Flag of Saxe-Meiningen (1826).svg Saxe-Meiningen
Flagge Furstentum Reuss altere Linie.svg Reuss-Greiz
Flagge Furstentum Schaumburg-Lippe.svg Schaumburg-Lippe
Flagge der Freien Stadt Frankfurt.png Frankfurt
Flag of Liechtenstein (1852-1921).svg Liechtenstein

Prussian-led German states and Italian victory
18661866 Third Italian War of Independence

Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg Kingdom of Italy
Supported by:
Flag of the Kingdom of Prussia (1803-1892).svg Prussia

Italian victory
18661866 The Seven and a Half Days Revolt Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg  Italy Palermitan RebelsItalian Victory, rebellion suppressed
18701870 Capture of Rome

Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg Kingdom of Italy

Papal proto-national flag.svg Papal States

Italian victory
  • Fall of the Papal States
  • Completion of the Italian unification
  • Rome becomes the capital of Italy
  • Annexation of Rome and Lazio by the Kingdom of Italy

Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)

StartFinishName of conflictBelligerentsOutcome
Combatant 1Combatant 2
18851895 Eritrean war [1] Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg  Italy Italian Victory

1881

1899

Mahdist War

Flag of the Mahdi movement in Sudan.svg Mahdist State

Allied victory
18951896 First Italo-Ethiopian War

Kingdom of Italy

Ethiopian Empire

Ethiopian victory
1890s1908 [7] Benadir war Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg  Italy Italian Victory
18971898 Cretan Revolt (1897–1898) (International Squadron (Cretan intervention, 1897–1898)) Arkadi Cretan flag.svg Cretan revolutionaries
State Flag of Greece (1863-1924 and 1935-1973).svg Kingdom of Greece
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg British Empire
Flag of France (1794-1958).svg  France
Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg Italy
Flag of Russia.svg Russian Empire
Flag of Austria-Hungary (1867-1918).svg Austria-Hungary (until April 12, 1898)
Flag of the German Empire.svg German Empire (until March 16th, 1898)
Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Italian Victory
18991901 Boxer Rebellion Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom

Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg  Japan
Flag of Russia.svg  Russia
Flag of France.svg France
Flag of the United States (1896-1908).svg United States
Flag of the German Empire.svg  Germany
Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg  Italy
Flag of Austria-Hungary (1867-1918).svg Austria-Hungary

Yihetuan flag.png Righteous Harmony Society

Flag of the Qing Dynasty (1889-1912).svg Manchu-China

Italian Allied Victory, Boxer Protocol:
19001920 Somaliland Campaign Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg  Italy
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom
Dervish flag.svg Dervish movement
Flag of Ethiopia (1897-1936; 1941-1974).svg Ethiopian Empire
Italian-British Victory
  • Collapse of the Dervish state
19021903 Venezuelan naval blockade Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom
Flag of the German Empire.svg Germany
Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg Italy
Flag of Venezuela (1863-1905).svg Venezuela Inconclusive/Other Outcome
  • Venezuelan debt dispute resolved
19111912 Italo-Turkish War Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg  Italy Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Italian Victory:
19141918 World War I Allied Powers

Flag of France.svg France
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg British Empire

Flag of Russia.svg  Russia
Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg United States
Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg  Italy
Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg Japan
Flag of the Republic of China 1912-1928.svg China
State Flag of Serbia (1882-1918).svg  Serbia
Flag of Montenegro (1905-1918).svg  Montenegro
Flag of Romania.svg  Romania
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium
Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg  Greece
Flag of Portugal (official).svg Portugal
Flag of Brazil (1889-1960).svg Brazil

Central Powers

Flag of the German Empire.svg  Germany
Flag of Austria-Hungary (1867-1918).svg Austria-Hungary
Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire
Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria

Italian Allied Victory:

Russia pulls out in 1917

  • Russian Civil War

Creation of League of Nations

19181920 Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War

Flag of Russia.svg White Movement
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg British Empire

Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg United States
Flag of France.svg France
Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg  Italy
Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg  Japan
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czechoslovakia
Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg  Greece
Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia
State Flag of Serbia (1882-1918).svg Serbia
Flag of Poland (1928-1980).svg Poland
Flag of Romania.svg Romania
Flag of the Republic of China 1912-1928.svg China

Flag RSFSR 1918.svg Russian SFSR
Flag of Far Eastern republic.svg Far Eastern Republic
Flag of Latvian SSR 1919.svg Latvian SSR
Flag of the Ukrainian SSR (1923-1927).svg Ukrainian SSR
Flag of CWP of Estonia.svg Commune of Estonia
Flag of the People's Republic of Mongolia (1921-1924).svg Mongolian Communists

Bolshevik Victory:
19181923 Occupation of Constantinople Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom
Flag of France (1794-1958).svg  France
Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg  Italy
Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Temporary occupation
19191923 Turkish War of Independence Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire
Flag of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1918-1925).svg  Russia
Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg  Italy [10]
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom
Flag of France (1794-1958).svg  France
Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg  Greece
Flag of Armenia.svg  Armenia
Flag of Georgia.svg  Georgia
Italian Allied Victory
19201920 Vlora War Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg  Italy Flag of Albania (1914-1920).svg Principality of Albania Compromise agreement
  • Italy voluntarily abandons Vlora, but annexes the island of Saseno.
  • Italy abandons plans to establish a mandate over Albania, but retains diplomatic protection over the country to guarantee its special interests.
19201920 Bloody Christmas Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg  Italy Labaro Reggenza Italiana del Carnaro.svg Italian Regency of Carnaro Italian Victory:
19231932 Pacification of Libya Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg  Italy Flag of Cyrenaica.svg Senussi Order Italian Victory:
  • Stabilization of Italian rule in Libya.
  • Ethnic cleansing of the Cyrenaican indigenous population.
  • Mass deaths of Cyrenaican indigenous civilians.
19241927Pacification of Italian SomalilandFlag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg  Italy Sultanate of Hobyo

Majeerteen sultanate coat of arms.png Majeerteen Sultanate
Somali rebels

Italian Victory:
  • Pacification of Somalia
  • The independent Majeerteen Sultanate is suppressed in 1927, finalizing the Italian occupation of Somalia.
19351937 Second Italo-Abyssinian War Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg  Italy Flag of Ethiopia (1897-1936; 1941-1974).svg Ethiopian Empire Italian Victory:
19361939 Spanish Civil War Flag of Spain (1938-1945).svg Nationalist

Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg  Italy
Flag of Germany (1935-1945).svg  Germany
Flag of Portugal (official).svg Portugal
Foreign volunteers

Flag of Spain 1931 1939.svg Republican

Flag of the International Brigades.svg Foreign volunteers
Flag of the Soviet Union (1936 - 1955).svg Soviet Union (1936–1938)
Flag of Mexico (1934-1968).svg Mexico

Italian Allied Victory
19391939 Invasion of Albania Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg  Italy Flag of Albania.svg Albania Italian Victory, Italian occupation of Albania.
19391945 World War II Axis Powers

Flag of Germany (1935-1945).svg  Germany
Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg  Japan
Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg  Italy (until 1943)
Flag of Italy.svg Italian Social Republic
(from 23 Sep. 1943)
Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946).svg  Hungary
Flag of Romania.svg  Romania (until 1944)
Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria (until 1944)
Nedic's Serbia.jpg Serbia (until 1944)
Flag of First Slovak Republic 1939-1945.svg Slovakia
Flag of Independent State of Croatia.svg Croatia
Flag of Finland.svg Finland (until 1944)
Flag of Philippe Petain, Chief of State of Vichy France.svg Vichy France
Flag of Thailand.svg Thailand
Flag of Manchukuo.svg Manchukuo
Flag of the Mengjiang.svg Mengjiang

Allied Powers

Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg United States
Flag of the Soviet Union (1936 - 1955).svg Soviet Union
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom
Flag of the Republic of China.svg China
Flag of France.svg France
Flag of Poland (1928-1980).svg Poland
Canadian Red Ensign (1921-1957).svg Canada
Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia
Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand
British Raj Red Ensign.svg India
Flag of South Africa (1928-1982).svg  South Africa
Yugoslav Partisans flag 1945.svg Yugoslavia
Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg  Greece
Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark
Flag of Norway.svg Norway
Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium
Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czechoslovakia
Flag of Brazil (1889-1960).svg Brazil
Flag of Mexico (1934-1968).svg Mexico
Flag of Ethiopia (1897-1936; 1941-1974).svg Ethiopia
Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg  Italy (from 1943)
Flag of Romania.svg  Romania (from 1944)
Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria (from 1944)
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland (from 1944)

'United Nations' Allied victory:

Italian Republic (1946–present)

StartFinishName of ConflictBelligerentsOutcome
Combatant 1Combatant 2
19601964 ONUC Flag of the United Nations.svg United Nations Various armed groupsItalian Allied Victory
  • Stabilization of Congo's security
19821984 Multinational Force in Lebanon Flag of Italy.svg Italy

Flag of the United States.svg United States
Flag of France.svg France
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom

Islamic Jihad Organization
Flag of Iran.svg Iran
Flag of Syria (2025-).svg Syria
Flag of the Progressive Socialist Party.svg Progressive Socialist Party
Flag of the Amal Movement.svg Amal Movement
Syrian Allied Victory
19911991 Gulf War Flag of Kuwait.svg Kuwait

Flag of the United States.svg United States
Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Arabia
Flag of France.svg France
Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt
Flag of Syria (2025-).svg Syria
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom
Flag of Italy.svg Italy
Other Allies

Flag of Iraq (1963-1991).svg Iraq Italian Allied Victory
  • Kuwait regains its independence
19921995 Bosnian War Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-1998).svg Bosnia and Herzegovina
Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada
Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark
Flag of France.svg France
Flag of Germany.svg Germany
Flag of Italy.svg Italy
Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg
Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands
Flag of Norway.svg Norway
Flag of Portugal (official).svg Portugal
Flag of Spain.svg Spain
Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom
Flag of the United States.svg United States
Flag of the Republika Srpska.svg Republika Srpska Italian Allied Victory
  • Dayton Accords
  • Internal partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina according to the Dayton Accords
  • Deployment of NATO-led IFOR to oversee the peace agreement
  • Massive civilian casualties for the Bosniak ethnic group
19921995 Somali Civil War Flag of the United States.svg United States
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom
Flag of Italy.svg Italy
Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Arabia
Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia
Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan
Flag of Spain.svg Spain
Flag of India.svg India
Flag of Greece.svg Greece
Flag of Germany.svg Germany
Flag of France.svg France
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada
Flag of Botswana.svg Botswana
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium
Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia
Flag of Somalia.svg Various Somali factionsUN withdrawal
  • UN withdrawal.
  • About 100,000 lives were saved by outside resistance.
  • Civil war is ongoing.
19971997 1997 Albanian civil unrest
(Operation Alba)
Flag of Albania.svg Government of Sali Berisha

(Operation Alba)

(Operation Libelle)

(Operation Silver Wake)

Flag of Albania.svg RebelsItalian Allied Victory

New Parliamentary Elections.

19981999 Kosovo War Flag of the United States.svg United States

Flag of France.svg France
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada
Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark
Flag of Germany.svg Germany
Flag of Italy.svg Italy
UCK KLA.svg Kosovo Liberation Army

Flag of Serbia and Montenegro (1992-2006).svg  Yugoslavia Italian Allied Victory
  • Kosovo occupied by Nato forces
  • Kosovo administered by UNMIK
20012001 2001 insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia Uck Nla logo.svg National Liberation Army
Flag of NATO.svg NATO
Flag of North Macedonia.svg Republic of Macedonia

Supported by:
Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine [13] [14] [15] (main arms supply)
Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria (arms supply)
Flag of Yugoslavia (1992-2003); Flag of Serbia and Montenegro (2003-2006).svg FR Yugoslavia (arms supply)
Flag of Russia.svg Russia (arm supply and Contractors)

Inconclusive/Other Outcome
  • Ohrid Agreement
  • Macedonian offensive stopped by NATO involvement
  • Ceasefire established
  • The majority of Albanian insurgents agree to disarm in exchange for greater ethnic rights
  • Low intensity resurgence since November 2001
20012021 Afghanistan War Flag of Afghanistan (2013-2021).svg Afghanistan
Flag of the United States.svg United States
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom
Flag of Italy.svg Italy
Flag of Germany.svg Germany
Flag of France.svg France
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada
Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia
Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand
Flag of Georgia.svg Georgia
Flag of Poland.svg Poland
Flag of Romania.svg Romania
Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey

Flag of Afghanistan (1992-2001).svg Northern Alliance

Flag of the Taliban.svg Taliban
Flag of al-Qaeda.svg al-Qaeda
Flag of Jihad.svg Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
Flag of Jihad.svg HI-Gulbuddin
Flag of Jihad.svg Hezb-e Islami Khalis
Flag of Jihad.svg Haqqani network
Flag of Jihad.svg Lashkar-e-Taiba
Jaishi-e-Mohammed.svg Jaish-e-Mohammed
Flag of Jihad.svg East Turkestan Islamic Movement
Flag of the Taliban.svg Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan
Flag of Waziristan resistance (1930s).svg Islamic Emirate of Waziristan
Flag of the Taliban.svg Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi
Flag of Jihad.svg Islamic Jihad Union

Flag of the Taliban.svg Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan

Defeat
20032006 Iraq War Flag of Iraq.svg Iraq
Flag of Kurdistan.svg Iraqi Kurdistan

Flag of Multi-National Force - Iraq.png Multi-National Force – Iraq:
Flag of the United States.svg United States
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom
Flag of Italy.svg Italy
Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia
Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand
Flag of Spain.svg Spain
Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands
Flag of Poland.svg Poland
Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea
Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine
Flag of Georgia.svg Georgia
Other Allies

Flag of the Islamic State in Iraq.svg Islamic State of Iraq
Flag of al-Qaeda in Iraq.svg al-Qaeda
Various insurgents

Flag of Iraq (1963-1991).svg Ba'athist Iraq

Italian Allied Victory
20112011 First Libyan Civil War Many NATO Flag of NATO.svg members acting under Flag of the United Nations.svg UN mandate, including:

Flag of the United States.svg United States
Flag of France.svg France
Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark
Flag of Italy.svg Italy
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada
and
Flag of Libya (1951-1969).svg Anti-Gaddafi forces
Flag of the Arab League.svg several Arab League states
Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden

Flag of Libya (1977-2011).svg Libya Italian Allied Victory
2023Ongoing Operation Prosperity Guardian Flag of the United States.svg United States

Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada
Flag of France.svg France
Flag of Greece.svg Greece
Flag of Italy.svg Italy
Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands
Flag of Norway.svg Norway
Flag of Spain.svg Spain
Flag of Bahrain.svg Bahrain
Flag of Seychelles.svg Seychelles
Flag of Sri Lanka.svg Sri Lanka
Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand

Flag of Yemen.svg Supreme Political Council Ongoing conflict
2024Ongoing Operation Aspides

Flag of Europe.svg European Union

Flag of Yemen.svg Yemen (SPC)

Ongoing

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 From 1854
  2. From 1855
  3. Until 1854

References

  1. Indro Montanelli, Storia d'Italia, vol. 6 1861 - 1919, RCS Libri S.p.A., 2006
  2. "Egypt and the Sudan | National Army Museum". www.nam.ac.uk.
  3. "Nile Expedition". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca.
  4. International, Radio Canada (26 January 2015). "Canada's first military mission overseas".
  5. "Sudan (New South Wales Contingent) March-June 1885". 28 July 2021.
  6. Meredith Reid Sarkees, Frank Whelon Wayman (2010). Resort to war: a data guide to inter-state, extra-state, intra-state, and non-state wars, 1816–2007. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
  7. Mukhtar, M. H. (2003). Historical Dictionary of Somalia. Stati Uniti: Scarecrow Press.
  8. Mehmed'in kanı ile kazandığını, değişmez kaderimiz !-barış masasında yine kaybetmiştik..., Cemal Kutay, Etniki Eterya'dan Günümüze Ege'nin Türk Kalma Savaşı, Boğaziçi Yayınları, 1980, p. 141. (in Turkish)
  9. Yunanistan'ın savaş meydanındaki yenilgisi ise Büyük Devletler sayesinde barış masasında zafere dönüşmüş, ilk defa Lozan müzakerelerinde aksi yaşanacak olan, Yunanistan'ın mağlubiyetlerle gelişme ve büyümesi bu savaş sonunda bir kez daha görülmüştür., M. Metin Hülagü, "1897 Osmanlı-Yunan Savaşı'nın Sosyal Siyasal ve Kültürel Sonuçları", in Güler Eren, Kemal Çiçek, Halil İnalcık, Cem Oğuz (ed.), Osmanlı, Cilt 2, Yeni Türkiye Yayınları, 1999, ISBN   975-6782-05-6, pp. 315–316. (in Turkish)
  10. Italy, who had occupied Constantinople and a part of southwestern Anatolia, protected Turkish civilians from Greek and Allied troops and accepted Turkish refugees who had to flee from the regions invaded by the Greek army. The Place of the Turkish Independence War in the American Press (1918-1923) by Bülent Bilmez
  11. "Statement by Deputy Press Secretary Larry Speakes". 23 September 1982.
  12. "The Collapse of Lebanon's Army: U.S. Said to Ignore Factionalism". The New York Times . 11 March 1984.
  13. Zerkalo Nedeli (28 February 2002). "Paper critical of Western call on Ukraine to stop selling arms to Macedonia". Free Republic. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
  14. Carlotta Gall (23 July 2001). "Rebels Secure a Base in Macedonian Town". New York Times . Retrieved 5 May 2015.
  15. Taras Kuzio (31 October 2001). "UKRAINE FORGES MILITARY ALLIANCE WITH MACEDONIA". The Jamestown . Retrieved 5 May 2015.
  16. "Sectarian divisions change Baghdad's image". NBC News. 3 July 2006. Retrieved 18 February 2007.
  17. "The JRTN Movement and Iraq's Next Insurgency | Combating Terrorism Center at West Point". Ctc.usma.edu. Archived from the original on 26 August 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
  18. "Al-Qaeda's Resurgence in Iraq: A Threat to U.S. Interests". U.S. Department of State. 5 February 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2010.