This is a list of wars involving the Italian Republic and its predecessor states since the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy on 17 March 1861, but does not include wars fought by the historic states of Italy. The result of these conflicts follows this legend:
*e.g. result unknown or indecisive/inconclusive, result of internal conflict inside Italy, status quo ante bellum , or a treaty or peace without a clear result.
The Risorgimento movement emerged to unite Italy in the 19th century. Piedmont-Sardinia took the lead in a series of wars to liberate Italy from foreign control. Following three Wars of Italian Independence against the Habsburg Austrians in the north, the Expedition of the Thousand against the Spanish Bourbons in the south, and the Capture of Rome, the unification of the country was completed in 1871 when Rome was declared capital of Italy.
| Start | Finish | Name of conflict | Belligerents | Outcome | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | ||||
| 1885 | 1895 | Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887–1889 [2] |  Italy |  Ethiopia  Mahdist Sudan | Italian Victory, establishment of Italian Eritrea. |
| 1889 | 1920 | Pacification of Somalia [3] | Italy | Various rebels Dervish State | Italian Victory, consolidation of Italian Somaliland. |
| 1890 | 1894 | Mahdist War | Italy | Mahdist Sudan | Italian Victory All Sudanese invasions repulsed Italians take Kassala |
| 1895 | 1896 | First Italo-Ethiopian War | Italy |  Ethiopia | Ethiopian Victory
|
| 1896 | 1925 | Bīmāl revolt | Italy | Bimaal Rebels | Italian Victory
|
| 1897 | 1897 | Greco-Turkish War (1897) |  Greece |  Ottoman Empire | Turkish Victory
|
| 1897 | 1898 | Cretan Revolt (1897–1898) (International Squadron (Cretan intervention, 1897–1898)) |  Cretan revolutionaries  Kingdom of Greece  British Empire  France Italy  Russian Empire  Austria-Hungary (until April 12, 1898) German Empire (until March 16th, 1898) | Ottoman Empire | Italian Victory
|
| 1899 | 1901 | Boxer Rebellion | United Kingdom
|  Righteous Harmony Society | Italian Allied Victory, Boxer Protocol:
|
| 1900 | 1920 | Somaliland Campaign | Italy United Kingdom |  Dervish movement Ethiopian Empire | Italian-British Victory
|
| 1902 | 1903 | Venezuelan naval blockade | United Kingdom Germany  Italy |  Venezuela | Inconclusive/Other Outcome
|
| 1911 | 1912 | Italo-Turkish War | Italy | Ottoman Empire | Italian Victory:
|
| 1911 | 1917 | Italo-Senussi War | Italy |  Senussi Order Ottoman Empire | Italian Victory:
|
| 1912 | 1913 | First Balkan War | Balkan League : Bulgaria  Serbia Greece  Montenegro Italian volunteers Russia | Ottoman Empire Austria-Hungary | Balkan League Victory: |
| 1914 | 1918 | World War I | Allied Powers
| Central Powers | Italian Allied Victory:
Russia pulls out in 1917
Creation of League of Nations |
| 1918 | 1920 | Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War |
|
| Bolshevik Victory:
|
| 1918 | 1923 | Occupation of Constantinople | United Kingdom France Italy | Ottoman Empire | Temporary occupation
|
| 1919 | 1923 | Turkish War of Independence | Ottoman Empire  Soviet Russia Italy [8] | United Kingdom France  Greece  Armenia  Georgia | Italian Allied Victory |
| 1920 | 1920 | Vlora War | Italy |  Principality of Albania | Compromise agreement
|
| 1920 | 1920 | Bloody Christmas | Italy |  Italian Regency of Carnaro | Italian Victory:
|
| 1921 | 1921 | Anti-fascist uprising in Albona | Italy |  Labin Republic | Italian Victory:
|
| 1923 | 1932 | Pacification of Libya | Italy | Senussi Order | Italian Victory:
|
| 1924 | 1927 | Pacification of Italian Somaliland | Italy | Somali rebels | Italian Victory:
|
| 1924 | 1940 | Italian conquest of the Horn of Africa | Italy |  Sultanate of Hobyo | Italian Victory:
|
| 1935 | 1937 | Second Italo-Abyssinian War | Italy | Ethiopian Empire | Italian Victory:
|
| 1936 | 1939 | Spanish Civil War |  Nationalist |  Republican
| Italian Allied Victory
|
| 1939 | 1939 | Invasion of Albania | Italy |  Albania | Italian Victory, Italian occupation of Albania. |
| 1939 | 1945 | World War II | Axis Powers
| Allied Powers
| 'United Nations' Allied victory:
|
The Treaty of Lausanne is a peace treaty negotiated during the Lausanne Conference of 1922–23 and signed in the Palais de Rumine in Lausanne, Switzerland, on 24 July 1923. The treaty officially resolved the conflict that had initially arisen between the Ottoman Empire and the Allied French Republic, British Empire, Kingdom of Italy, Empire of Japan, Kingdom of Greece, Kingdom of Serbia, and the Kingdom of Romania since the outset of World War I. The original text of the treaty is in English and French. It emerged as a second attempt at peace after the failed and unratified Treaty of Sèvres, which had sought to partition Ottoman territories. The earlier treaty, signed in 1920, was later rejected by the Turkish National Movement which actively opposed its terms. As a result of Greek defeat in the Greco-Turkish War, Turkish forces recaptured İzmir, and the Armistice of Mudanya was signed in October 1922. This armistice provided for the exchange of Greek-Turkish populations and allowed unrestricted civilian, non-military passage through the Turkish Straits.
The Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922 was fought between Greece and the Turkish National Movement during the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I, between 15 May 1919 and 14 October 1922.
The Turkish War of Independence was a series of military campaigns and a revolution waged by the Turkish National Movement, after the Ottoman Empire was occupied and partitioned following its defeat in World War I. The conflict was between the Turkish Nationalists against Allied and separatist forces over the application of Wilsonian principles, especially self-determination, in post-World War I Anatolia and eastern Thrace. The revolution concluded the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, ending the Ottoman sultanate and the Ottoman caliphate, and establishing the Republic of Turkey. This resulted in the transfer of sovereignty from the sultan-caliph to the nation, setting the stage for nationalist revolutionary reform in Republican Turkey.
Revanchism is the political manifestation of the will to reverse the territorial losses which are incurred by a country, frequently after a war or after a social movement. As a term, revanchism originated in 1870s France in the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War among nationalists who wanted to avenge the French defeat and reclaim the lost territories of Alsace-Lorraine.
The Greco-Turkish War of 1897 or the Ottoman-Greek War of 1897, also called the Thirty Days' War and known in Greece as the Black '97 or the Unfortunate War, was a war fought between the Kingdom of Greece and the Ottoman Empire. Its immediate cause involved the status of the Ottoman province of Crete, whose Greek-majority population had long desired union with Greece. Despite the Ottoman victory on the field, an autonomous Cretan State under Ottoman suzerainty was established the following year, with Prince George of Greece and Denmark as its first High Commissioner.
Nureddin Ibrahim Pasha, known as Nureddin İbrahim Konyar from 1934, was a Turkish military officer who served in the Ottoman Army during World War I and in the Turkish Army during the Western Front of the Turkish War of Independence. He was called Bearded Nureddin because being the only high-ranking Turkish officer during the Turkish War of Independence sporting a beard. He is known as one of the most important commanders of the war. He ordered several murders and massacres.
Musa Kâzım Karabekir was a Turkish general and politician. He was the commander of the Eastern Army of the Ottoman Empire during the Turkish War of Independence, and fought a successful military campaign against the Armenian Democratic Republic. He was the a founder and leader of the Progressive Republican Party, the Turkish Republic's first opposition party to Atatürk, though he and his party would be purged following the Sheikh Said revolt. He was rehabilitated with İsmet İnönü's ascension to the presidency in 1938 and served as Speaker of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey before his death.
Ali Fuat Cebesoy was a Turkish military officer who served in the Ottoman Army and then in the Turkish army and politician.
The Turkish–Armenian War, known in Turkey as the Eastern Front of the Turkish War of Independence, was a conflict between the First Republic of Armenia and the Turkish National Movement following the collapse of the Treaty of Sèvres in 1920. After the provisional government of Ahmet Tevfik Pasha failed to win support for ratification of the treaty, remnants of the Ottoman Army's XV Corps under the command of Kâzım Karabekir attacked Armenian forces controlling the area surrounding Kars, eventually recapturing most of the territory in the South Caucasus that had been part of the Ottoman Empire prior to the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) and was subsequently ceded by Soviet Russia as part of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Pax Europaea is the period of relative peace experienced by Europe following World War II, in which there were notably few international conflicts or wars between European states. This peace had often been associated with the creation of NATO, the European Union (EU), and the predecessor institutions of the EU including the European Economic Community. This era of relative peace has been broadly maintained following the end of the Cold War and the Dissolution of the Soviet Union, with the major exceptions of the Yugoslav Wars, The Troubles in Northern Ireland, and various tensions and wars involving or within Russia.
The occupation of Istanbul or occupation of Constantinople, the capital of the Ottoman Empire, by British, French, Italian, and Greek forces, took place in accordance with the Armistice of Mudros, which ended Ottoman participation in the First World War. The first French troops entered the city on 12 November 1918, followed by British troops the next day. The Italian troops landed in Galata on 7 February 1919.
Halil İnalcık was a Turkish historian. His highly influential research centered on social and economic approaches to the Ottoman Empire. His academic career started at Ankara University, where he completed his PhD and worked between 1940 and 1972. Between 1972 and 1986 he taught Ottoman history at the University of Chicago. From 1994 on he taught at Bilkent University, where he founded the history department. He was a founding member of the Eurasian Academy.
The Turkish communities in the former Ottoman Empire refers to ethnic Turks, who are the descendants of Ottoman-Turkish settlers from Anatolia and Eastern Thrace, living outside of the modern borders of the Republic of Turkey and in the independent states which were formerly part of the Ottoman Empire. Thus, they are not considered part of Turkey's modern diaspora, rather, due to living for centuries in their respective regions, they are now considered "natives" or "locals" as they have been living in these countries prior to the independence and establishment of the modern-nation states.
Hasan FehmiAtaç was a Turkish politician and a member of both the Grand National Assembly of the Republic of Turkey and the earlier Chamber of Deputies of the Ottoman Empire. As a member of both parliaments, Hasan Fehmi was a deputy representing Gümüşhane, the place of his birth.
The Great Eastern Crisis of 1875–1878 began in the Ottoman Empire's territories on the Balkan peninsula in 1875, with the outbreak of several uprisings and wars that resulted in the intervention of international powers, and was ended with the Treaty of Berlin in July 1878.
Seferyan Efendi was an Ottoman physician, diplomat and translator. He worked as a military surgeon during the Crimean War and the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78. In 1879, he was assigned to an envoy to Russia and worked to solve the disputes over the status of Armenians in Caucasus. In 1882, he worked as a scholar at the Imperial School of Medicine. His field of research included infectious diseases, military psychiatry and anatomy. He contributed to Turkish language by offering equivalents for Western medical terms. He was rewarded the Crimea Medal in 1855 and the Order of the Medjidie in 1856.
During the Turkish War of Independence the United Kingdom sought to undermine and contain the Turkish National Movement. London hoped the defeated Ottoman Empire would play a subservient role in its new Middle Eastern order drawn up over several diplomatic agreements during World War I, culminating with the Treaty of Sèvres. Another goal of the British was to prosecute Ottoman war criminals, which they thought Constantinople/Istanbul was not taking seriously.
