Operation Prosperity Guardian

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Operation Prosperity Guardian
Part of the Red Sea crisis and the Yemeni civil war
Gulf of Aden map.png
Date18 December 2023 – present
(1 year, 1 month, 1 week and 3 days)
Location
Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Yemen
Status Ongoing
U.S. declares Red Sea conflict with Houthis as largest naval battle since World War II [1] [2]
Belligerents

Flag of Yemen.svg  Yemen (SPC)

Flag of the United States.svg  United States Navy [3]
Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg  Royal Navy
Naval Ensign of Australia.svg  Royal Australian Navy
Flag of Bahrain.svg  Royal Bahrain Naval Force
Naval ensign of Canada.svg  Royal Canadian Navy
Naval Ensign of Denmark.svg  Royal Danish Navy
Military Flag of Finland.svg  Finnish Navy
Flag of Greece.svg  Hellenic Navy
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Royal Netherlands Navy
Naval Ensign of New Zealand.svg  Royal New Zealand Navy [4]
Flag of Norway, state.svg  Royal Norwegian Navy
Naval Ensign of Singapore.svg  Republic of Singapore Navy
Naval Ensign of Sri Lanka.svg  Sri Lanka Navy [5]
Supported by:
Flag of Seychelles.svg  Seychelles Coast Guard
Commanders and leaders
Strength
Flag of Yemen.svg Unclear (see Houthi armed strength) Unknown
Casualties and losses
10 deaths, 2 injured [8] 3 deaths (non-combat) [9]
1 F-18 aircraft [10]

Bab-el-Mandeb transits by cargo vessels
over 10,000 deadweight tonnage (approx.) [11]

         Before attacks

         After first Houthi ship seizure/attack (19 November 2023)

         After naval protection operation started (18 December 2023)

         After US/UK attack on Yemen mainland (12 January 2024)

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45 Week in 2023
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1 Week in 2024
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Operation Prosperity Guardian is a United States-led military operation by a multinational coalition formed in December 2023 to respond to Houthi-led attacks on shipping in the Red Sea. [12]

Following the breakout of the ongoing Israel–Hamas war in October 2023, the Houthi movement in Yemen launched a series of attacks against commercial vessels in the Red Sea, including but not limited to [13] [14] those heading or related to Israel, with the stated purpose of preventing the bombing of Gaza and forcing Israel to let food and medicine into the strip. [15] [16] [17] On 18 December 2023, U.S. Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin announced the formation of an international maritime security force aimed at ending the blockade [18] and countering threats by Houthi forces against international maritime commerce in the region. [19]

The coalition currently has more than 20 members, of which ten are anonymously involved. [20] [21] Egypt and Saudi Arabia, both economically reliant on unhindered commercial shipping in the area, are absent from the listed participants. [22] France, Italy and Spain have also declined to participate. [23] The chairman of the Suez Canal Authority, Usama Rabia, claimed that "navigation traffic in the Suez Canal was not affected by what is happening in the Red Sea". [24] Nevertheless, on 10 January, the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) adopted a resolution demanding a cessation of Houthi attacks on merchant vessels. [25]

The day of the UNSC resolution, the Houthis launched their largest-ever barrage of 18–24 attack drones and missiles at international ships and warships in the Red Sea. [26] [27] In response, on 12 January, the coalition launched its first airstrikes against Houthi targets in Yemen, to which the Houthis have pledged to retaliate. [28]

On 7 August 2024, the head of United States naval efforts in the Middle East, Vice Admiral George Wikoff stated that the American and British approach to combat the Houthis in the Red sea crisis had failed to dissuade the Houthis and stop attacks on shipping through the region, arguing that strikes and defensive efforts had done little to change the Houthis' behaviour. [29]

Background

The operation aims to ensure both the freedom of navigation and the safety of maritime traffic in the Red Sea, Bab al-Mandeb and Gulf of Aden. [3] Following the start of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, multiple civilian container and freight ships were attacked and hijacked in the Gulf of Aden by Houthi forces. [30] Houthi forces stated that only vessels with links to Israel are targeted, though vessels without links to Israel have been targeted, possibly due to misidentification from many vessels turning off their automatic identification system signal during transit. [31] [32] The Houthis claim the attacks will end if Israel allows humanitarian supplies to enter Gaza; the attempted blockade is seen as a way to pressure Israel's Western allies to work to restrain Israeli operations in the war. [33] As of 1 January 2024, at least seventeen civilian vessels have been attacked.

The waterways to and from the Red Sea are shipping chokepoints for the global economy which connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Indian Ocean and the Suez Canal with the Horn of Africa. [34] This had led to the 2023 situation being dubbed "a new Suez Crisis" by The Economist . [35]

A considerable number of freighters have continued to transit, with mostly large container ships diverting away rather than other shipping, with the strait continuing to be heavily used by bulk carriers and tankers which are under different contract arrangements and often from countries supportive of Gaza's situation so perceiving a minimal risk from ongoing Houthi attacks. [36] In the first week of January 2024 the average number of freighters active each day in the Red Sea included 105 bulk carriers and 58 tankers, down from 115 bulk carriers and 70 tankers the week before. [32] In contrast, six of the ten largest container shipping companies were largely avoiding the Red Sea, [37] with relatively few container ships transiting the Bab al-Mandeb strait from 18 December 2023. [38]

Forces

Combined Task Force 153, under control of the U.S. Combined Maritime Forces, [3] will control the vessels of the operation, which currently include the United States Navy's Carrier Strike Group 2. [39] This strike group consists of the aircraft carrier USS Dwight D. Eisenhower and her escorting Arleigh Burke-class destroyers, USS Gravely, USS Laboon and USS Mason. [40] [41] Other countries' vessels involved include the British destroyer HMS Diamond and frigate HMS Richmond, with Greece also announcing plans to send one frigate to the region. [7] [42] [43] Denmark would initially announce they would be sending one officer to aid the operation but made an additional announcement on 29 December 2023 that a frigate would also be sent. [12] [44] [45]

Australia announced that it will send 11 military personnel but rejected a US request to send a warship. [46] [47] The Canadian Armed Forces will deploy an unspecified number of land, air and sea support vehicles. [48] Canada is sending three staff officers by way of Operation Artemis. [49] The Netherlands plans to send two staff officers. Norway plans on dispatching up to ten staff officers, but as of 21 December is not sending any vessels. [50] Singapore will be deploying a team from the Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN)'s Information Fusion Centre to support information sharing and engagement outreach to the commercial shipping community, as well as a senior national representative to the Combined Maritime Forces (CMF). [51] [52]

Seychelles is not deploying any vessels or personnel, and limits its participation to "providing and receiving information" as a member of Combined Maritime Forces (CMF) (which is based in Bahrain). [53] On 23 January 2024, New Zealand sent six New Zealand Defence Force personnel to help provide maritime security in the Red Sea including "precision targeting". [54]

On 24 February 2024, Sri Lanka Navy confirmed that one of its ships had completed its maiden patrol in the Bab el-Mandeb Strait and was returning to the island but did not clarify the dates, name of the ship or plans for further patrols. [55] It was later revealed to be SLNS Gajabahu and the Sri Lankan government confirmed that patrols would continue. [56] [57]

Finland announced on 8 March 2024 that the country would send up to two soldiers to support Operation Prosperity Guardian, in addition to supporting the European Union-led Operation Aspides. [58]

Prosperity Guardian

Joint Operations (Prosperity Guardian + Aspides)

Attacks on shipping

List of attacks after the announcement of Operation Prosperity Guardian
DateVessel attackedAgentResultRef
Name Flag
18 December 2023MSCClaraFlag of Panama.svg  Panama Houthi dronesUnknown [79]
18 December 2023Swan AtlanticFlag of Norway.svg  Norway Houthi dronesMinor damage [79]
26 December 2023MSC United VIIIFlag of Liberia.svg  Liberia Houthi naval missileUnknown [80]
30 December 2023Maersk HangzhouCivil Ensign of Singapore.svg  Singapore Houthi land-based missileMinor damage [81]
31 December 2023Maersk HangzhouCivil Ensign of Singapore.svg  Singapore Houthi crewUnharmed [82]
12 January 2024KhalissaFlag of Panama.svg  Panama Houthi projectileUnknown [83]
15 January 2024Gibraltar EagleFlag of the Marshall Islands.svg  Marshall Islands Houthi anti-ship missileMinor damage [84]
16 January 2024ZografiaCivil Ensign of Malta.svg  Malta Ballistic missileMinor damage [85]
17 January 2024Genco PicardyFlag of the Marshall Islands.svg  Marshall Islands Houthi droneMinor damage [86]
18 January 2024Chem RangerFlag of the Marshall Islands.svg  Marshall Islands Houthi anti-ship ballistic missileUnharmed [87]
22 January 2024Ocean JazzFlag of the United States.svg  United States HouthisUnknown [88]
24 January 2024Maersk DetroitFlag of the United States.svg  United States Houthi missileUnharmed [89]
24 January 2024Maersk ChesapeakeFlag of the United States.svg  United States Houthi missileUnharmed [89]
26 January 2024 Marlin Luanda Flag of the Marshall Islands.svg  Marshall Islands Houthi missileSet afire [90]
30 January 2024KoiFlag of Liberia.svg  Liberia Houthi naval missilesUnknown [91]
6 February 2024Morning TideFlag of Barbados.svg  Barbados HouthisMinor damage [92]
6 February 2024Star NasiaFlag of the Marshall Islands.svg  Marshall Islands HouthisMinor damage [92] [93]
12 February 2024Star IrisFlag of the Marshall Islands.svg  Marshall Islands Houthi missilesMinor damage [94]
16 February 2024PolluxFlag of Panama.svg  Panama Houthi missileMinor damage [95]
18 February 2024 Rubymar Flag of Belize.svg  Belize Houthi anti-ship missileSunk [96]
19 February 2024Sea ChampionFlag of Greece.svg  Greece Houthi naval missilesMinor damage [97]
19 February 2024Navis FortunaFlag of the Marshall Islands.svg  Marshall Islands Houthi naval missileMinor damage [97]
22 February 2024IslanderFlag of Palau.svg  Palau Houthi missileDamaged [98]
6 March 2024 True Confidence Flag of Barbados.svg  Barbados Houthi anti-ship missileSet afire [99]
8 March 2024Propel FortuneCivil Ensign of Singapore.svg  Singapore Houthi anti-ship missilesUnknown [100]
24 March 2024Huang PuFlag of Panama.svg  Panama Houthi anti-ship ballistic missileUnknown [101]
7 April 2024Hope IslandFlag of the Marshall Islands.svg  Marshall Islands HouthisUnknown [102] [103] [104]
7 April 2024MSC GraceFlag of Panama.svg  Panama HouthisUnknown
7 April 2024MSC GinaFlag of Panama.svg  Panama HouthisUnknown
9 April 2024Maersk YorktownFlag of the United States.svg  United States Houthi anti-ship missileUnharmed [105]
9 April 2024MSC GinaFlag of Panama.svg  Panama HouthisUnknown [106]
9 April 2024MSC Darwin VIFlag of Liberia.svg  Liberia HouthisUnknown [106]
24 April 2024Maersk YorktownFlag of the United States.svg  United States Houthi missileUnharmed [105]
24 April 2024MSC VeracruzFlag Portugal sea (1830).svg  Portugal Houthi anti-ship ballistic missileUnknown [107]
26 April 2024Andromeda StarFlag of Panama.svg  Panama Houthi missilesMinor damage [107]
26 April 2024MaishaFlag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg  Antigua and Barbuda Houthi missileUnharmed [106]
29 April 2024CycladesCivil Ensign of Malta.svg  Malta Houthi missiles and UAVsMinor damage [108]
29 April 2024MSC OrionFlag Portugal sea (1830).svg  Portugal Houthi dronesMinor damage [109]
18 May 2024WindFlag of Panama.svg  Panama Houthi missilesMinor damage [110]
23 May 2024YannisCivil Ensign of Malta.svg  Malta Houthi missilesUnharmed [111] [112]
23 May 2024EssexFlag of Liberia.svg  Liberia Houthi missilesUnharmed [112]
28 May 2024LaaxFlag of the Marshall Islands.svg  Marshall Islands Houthi missilesDamaged [113]
1 June 2024AblianiCivil Ensign of Malta.svg  Malta Houthi drones and rocketsUnharmed [114] [115]
1 June 2024MainaCivil Ensign of Malta.svg  Malta Houthi anti-ballistic missiles and armed dronesUnharmed [115] [116]
1 June 2024Al OraiqFlag of the Marshall Islands.svg  Marshall Islands Houthi anti-ballistic missiles and armed dronesUnharmed [115] [116]
8–9 June 2024NorderneyFlag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg  Antigua and Barbuda Houthi missilesSet afire [117]
8 June 2024MSC TavivshiFlag of Liberia.svg  Liberia Houthi ballistic missileSet afire [117] [118]
9 June 2024UnknownUnknownHouthi ballistic missileDamaged [119]
12 June 2024 TutorFlag of Liberia.svg  Liberia Houthi Toufan-1 USV, [120] ballistic missiles, dronesSunk [121] [122] [123]
13 June 2024VerbenaFlag of Palau.svg  Palau Houthi cruise missilesSet afire [124]
13 June 2024UnknownUnknownUnknown Houthi weaponsUnharmed [125]
16 June 2024UnknownUnknownUnknownUnharmed [126]
21 June 2024Transworld NavigatorFlag of Liberia.svg  Liberia Houthi ballistic missilesUnharmed [127] [128]
23 June 2024Transworld NavigatorFlag of Liberia.svg  Liberia Houthi USVDamaged [129] [130]
24 June 2024MSC Sarah VFlag of Liberia.svg  Liberia Houthi Hatem 2 hypersonic missileUnharmed [131] [132]
26 June 2024UnknownUnknownHouthi missileUnharmed [133]
27 June 2024UnknownUnknownLikely Houthi USVUnharmed [134]
28 June 2024DelonixFlag of Liberia.svg  Liberia Houthi ballistic missilesUnharmed [135]
9 July 2024Maersk SentosaFlag of the United States.svg  United States Houthi missilesUnharmed [136]
10 July 2024Mount FujiFlag of Liberia.svg  Liberia Likely Houthi weaponsUnharmed [137]
11 July 2024UnknownUnknownLikely Houthi missilesUnharmed [138] [139]
15 July 2024Bentley IFlag of Panama.svg  Panama Houthi USV, patrol boats, ballistic missilesHit [140] [139]
15 July 2024Chios LionFlag of Liberia.svg  Liberia Houthi USVDamaged [140] [139]
19 July 2024LobiviaCivil Ensign of Singapore.svg  Singapore Houthi ballistic missiles, UAVsSet afire [141]
20 July 2024PumbaFlag of Liberia.svg  Liberia Houthi UAVs, USVDamaged [142] [143]
3 August 2024GrotonFlag of Liberia.svg  Liberia Houthi ballistic missilesHit [144] [145]
8–9 August 2024Delta BlueFlag of Liberia.svg  Liberia Houthi RPG, USV, missilesUnharmed [146]
13 August 2024Delta AtlanticaFlag of Liberia.svg  Liberia Likely Houthi USV, other weaponsHit [147]
13 August 2024On PhoenixFlag of Panama.svg  Panama Likely Houthi weaponsUnharmed [147]
21–22 August 2024SounionFlag of Greece.svg  Greece Houthi boats, USV, other weaponsSet afire [148] [149] [150]
21–22 August 2024SW North Wind IFlag of Panama.svg  Panama Houthi USV, other weaponsDamaged [148] [151] [149]
30 August 2024GrotonFlag of Liberia.svg  Liberia Houthi missilesUnharmed [152]
2 September 2024Blue Lagoon IFlag of Panama.svg  Panama Houthi ballistic missilesDamaged [153] [154]

Reactions

The Houthis stated: "We have capabilities to sink your fleet, your submarines, your warships", adding "the Red Sea will be your graveyard". [155] In a public statement, Commander-in-Chief of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Hossein Salami reassured the Iranian public that there is nothing to fear from the coalition. [156] [157] (The Iranian government has long had purported direct ties to the Houthi movement.) IRGC senior officer Mohammad Reza Naqdi was cited as threatening to close "the Mediterranean Sea, (the Strait of) Gibraltar and other waterways" without explaining how. [158]

While named by the United States as part of the coalition, the French Defense Ministry stated that its warships, including the frigate Languedoc , would remain under French command. [12] Italian Defense Ministry, which has deployed the frigate Virginio Fasan in the Red Sea, also stated that the warship was not part of Prosperity Guardian. [12] Spanish Defense Ministry stated that it would only take part in operations under NATO or EU coordination. [12] Spain also vetoed any potential EU contribution to Operation Prosperity Guardian through the resources of EU-conducted Operation Atalanta. [159] At the time, Spain was the commanding nation of Operation Atalanta and had the frigate Victoria deployed in the area. [160]

The Maersk Line announced on 24 December 2023 that with Operation Prosperity Guardian now in place, it would resume using the Suez Canal. [161] On 2 January 2024, both Maersk and Happag-Lloyd announced that the route would once again be avoided until further notice. [162] [163]

On 3 January 2024, President of Sri Lanka Ranil Wickremesinghe indicated that Sri Lanka will be deploying a warship to the Red Sea and the Sri Lanka Navy stated that it is ready to deploy one of its five Advanced Offshore Patrol Vessels as part of Operation Prosperity Guardian. [164]

On 13 January 2024, pro-Palestinian protesters in central London expressed support for the Houthi movement, chanting slogans hours after the RAF and US launched a missile and airstrike on ground targets in Yemen. Some demonstrators shouted, "Yemen, Yemen make us proud, turn another ship around," and displayed signs reading "Hands off Yemen", "Thanks Yemen" and "UK+US wants war. Yemen supports Palestine. Gaza Wants to live". [165]

Houthi attacks on merchant ships in the Red Sea escalated, in response to "American-British aggression against our country", as stated by a Houthi spokesman in January 2024. US Central Command then stated that the Houthi attacks "have nothing to do with the conflict in Gaza" and that Houthis had "fired indiscriminately into the Red Sea", to target vessels, affecting more than 40 nations. [166]

In March 2024, ahead of the 9th anniversary of the Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war, Mohammed al-Houthi warned Saudi Arabia that it will resume attacking the country should it allow the US-led coalition to use its territory or airspace "in their aggression on Yemen". al-Houthi also called the US-UK strikes inside Yemen as "arrogant" and "unjustified actions", saying the Houthi rebels will not remain silent and will respond in kind. [167] [168]

See also

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References

  1. ↑ "US Navy faces its most intense combat since World War II against Yemen's Iran-backed Houthi rebels". Associated Press. 14 June 2024. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
  2. ↑ "Navy faces most intense running sea battle since WWII with Houthis". Navy Times. 16 June 2024. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
  3. 1 2 3 "Statement from Secretary of Defense Lloyd J. Austin III on Ensuring Freedom of Navigation in the Red Sea". U.S. Department of Defense. Archived from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
  4. ↑ "NZ to deploy six NZDF staff to Red Sea, PM announces". 1 News. 23 January 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
  5. ↑ Mallawarachi, Bharatha (9 January 2024). "Sri Lanka to join US-led naval operations against Houthi rebels in Red Sea". ABC News. Archived from the original on 10 January 2024. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
  6. ↑ Wickham, Alex; McBride, Courtney (11 January 2024). "UK's Sunak Authorizes Joint Military Strikes Against Houthis" . Bloomberg. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  7. 1 2 "HMS Diamond joins new international task force to protect shipping in the Red Sea" (press release). UK Ministry of Defence. 19 December 2023. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  8. ↑ "US sinks 3 ships, kills 10 after Houthi Red Sea attack". Reuters. 31 December 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
  9. ↑ "US Navy sailor dies after falling overboard in Red Sea". 25 March 2024. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
  10. ↑ Liebermann, Oren (22 December 2024). "Two US Navy pilots eject safely over Red Sea after fighter jet shot down in apparent friendly fire incident | CNN Politics". CNN. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
  11. ↑ Diakun, Bridget; Meade, Richard (19 January 2024). "Red Sea shipping is now divided down lines of risk appetite and national security". Lloyd's List Intelligence. Archived from the original on 30 August 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Zhdannikov, Dmitry; Armstrong, Rachel (22 December 2023). "What is U.S.-led Red Sea coalition and which countries are backing it?". Reuters. Archived from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  13. ↑ "Who are the Houthis and why are they attacking Red Sea ships?". BBC. 22 December 2023. Retrieved 19 January 2025.
  14. ↑ "Yemen: Houthis Attack Civilian Ships | Human Rights Watch". 13 December 2023. Retrieved 19 January 2025.
  15. ↑ Chen, Heather; Michaelis, Tamar (10 December 2023). "Israel ready to act against Houthi rebels if international community fails to, official says". CNN. Archived from the original on 22 December 2023.
  16. ↑ Copp, Tara; Baldor, Lolita C. (19 December 2023). "Pentagon announces new international mission to counter attacks on commercial vessels in Red Sea". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  17. ↑ Michael Callahan; Haley Britzkey (18 December 2023). "Austin announces US-led security operation focusing on Red Sea, Gulf of Aden after Houthi attacks on commercial shipping". CNN . Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  18. ↑ Johnson, Jake (23 December 2023). "Biden Urged Not to Attack Yemen Over Houthi Blockade of Israel in Red Sea". Truthout. Archived from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
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