2024 Israeli military operation in the West Bank

Last updated

Operation Summer Camps
Part of the Israeli incursions in the West Bank during the Israel–Hamas war and the Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present)
West Bank full borders.png
The West Bank in 2024, with the Palestinian enclaves in green and the Israeli settlements in light blue
Date28 August – early October 2024 [a]
Location
Israeli-occupied West Bank, Palestine
Result

Inconclusive

  • The IDF fails to dismantle militant forces and infrastructure [8] [9]
  • Regular IDF raids in the West Bank continue
Belligerents
Flag of Israel.svg  Israel
Flag of Palestine.svg Palestinian Authority

Flag of Palestine.svg Palestinian militant groups

Units involved

Flag of the Israel Defense Forces.svg  Israel Defense Forces

Flag of the Israel Border Police.svg Israeli Border Police
Coat of arms of Palestine (alternative).svg Palestinian Security Services

Flag of Palestine.svg Palestinian Joint Operations Room

Casualties and losses
2 IDF soldiers killed, [17] [18] [14] 4 wounded [14] [15]
3 settlers killed, [19] 3 wounded [20]
2+ armoured vehicles damaged [21]

At least 25 insurgents killed [22] [23] [24] [25]
Per Israel: [26] [27] [28]
23+ insurgents killed

30+ suspected insurgents arrested

Contents

At least 59 Palestinians killed, (including a woman, a disabled person, a UNRWA staff member, two elderly people and several children) [b] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34]
1 foreign activist killed
At least 150 wounded [35]

On 28 August 2024, Israel launched a large-scale military operation in the occupied West Bank. [36] [37] [38]

It was Israel's largest military operation in the West Bank in more than 20 years since its Operation Defensive Shield in 2002, [39] and marked a significant escalation of the continual Israeli incursions into the region against Palestinian militants during the ongoing Israel–Hamas war. Israel called it "OperationSummer Camps" (Hebrew : מבצע מחנות קיץ), [40] [41] [42] while Palestinian militants labeled their response as the "Horror of the Camps" (Arabic : رعب المخيمات) operation. [43] [44] [45]

Israel said its goal was to stop Palestinian militant activity in the West Bank, whereas Palestinians felt that the operation could be an expansion of the war aimed at their displacement. [46] Israel also said the raids were aimed to thwart Palestinian suicide bombings, following a failed attempt in Tel Aviv. [47]

Background

Israel's military operation occurred as Israeli settler violence targeting Palestinian infrastructure and civilians in the West Bank has surged. [37] More than 650 Palestinians in the West Bank, including both gunmen and civilians, were killed since the Hamas-led October 7 attacks, which began the ongoing war, while 27 Israelis, including both civilians and security forces, were killed in Palestinian attacks within Israel and the West Bank. [47] [48] [49]

Timeline

28 August

Israel Defense Forces (IDF) Arabic spokesman Avichay Adraee announced a counterterrorism operation called "Summer Camps" in a joint statement with the Shin Bet. [50] [51] Israeli foreign minister Israel Katz stated that the operation was a "full-fledged war" focused on stamping out "terrorist infrastructures", accusing Iran of trying to establish an "eastern terrorist front" against Israel in the West Bank by funding and arming local militants. [39] [52] The Israeli operation came about following a failed suicide bombing in Tel Aviv by a Hamas operative, and calls by Hamas for the renewal of suicide attacks. [47] [ improper synthesis? ]

Hundreds of troops from the IDF, [50] [53] as well as bulldozers and air support, began operating in Tulkarm and Jenin. [38] Operations were also reported in al-Fara'a refugee camp, near Tubas. Entry points into Tulkarm and Jenin were blocked off by the IDF, which also encircled two hospitals in Tulkarm. [38]

29 August

The IDF killed Muhammad Jabber, known as Abu Shujaa, who led the Tulkarm Brigade, based in Nur Shams. He was wanted by Israel for his involvement in planning and executing multiple attacks against Israeli targets, including the June 2024 shooting of an Israeli civilian. [54] [37]

Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) in Tulkarm and Jenin targeted IDF troops operating in these cities with ambushes and explosives.

The IDF withdrew from the al-Fara'a refugee camp, claiming they completed "the objective of foiling terror, exposing terrorist infrastructure and eliminating armed terrorists". [55]

30 August

Israeli Border Police forces killed Wassem Hazem, the head of Hamas in Jenin, near the town of Zababdeh. [55] [56] [57] The Jenin Brigades reported "fierce clashes" with Israeli soldiers inside Jenin. [58]

The al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades [59] used two car bombs to attack Israeli settlements near Hebron. [60]

31 August

Aftermath of the first raid on Jenin from August to September 2024

The IDF announced that a squad commander of the Bislamach Brigade's 906th Battalion was killed and three others were injured during a shootout with two Hamas fighters in Jenin. Both militants were also killed. [14]

The family of a 10-year-old girl accused the IDF of using her as a human shield. [61]

1 September

The Khalil al-Rahman Brigade, a minor Palestinian militant group, killed three Israeli police officers who were driving near Hebron. [62] [63] [64]

3 September

A Palestinian girl, Lujain Musleh, aged 16, was reportedly shot dead by the Israeli military in Kafr Dan when she looked out of her home's window; the Israeli military responded that "terrorists opened fire at IDF soldiers in the area, and in response the soldiers fired back at a suspect who observed the forces in the area, in order to remove a threat". [65]

6 September

The IDF withdrew from Jenin, Tulkarm, and their refugee camps. [66] [67] [68] Following the Israeli withdrawal from Jenin, militants were seen parading through the city. [69]

There was speculation that the withdrawals signified the operation had concluded, but Israel clarified that it was not over and that its forces would continue military actions "in order to achieve the objectives of the counterterrorism operation". [67] [70] [71]

9 September

It was reported that the Palestinian Authority (PA) agreed to a new security deal with Israel that would see its National Security Forces working alongside the IDF in the West Bank to counter militancy when the Israeli operation concludes. [72] [73]

Clashes broke out between militants and PA security forces in the Jenin refugee camp after the latter dismantled an explosive intended to target IDF vehicles near the camp entrance. [73] [74]

10 September

Soldiers of the Kfir Brigade raiding a house in the West Bank Operation Summer Camps 2024 IDF 05.jpg
Soldiers of the Kfir Brigade raiding a house in the West Bank

The IDF returned to operate inside Tulkarm and its surrounding refugee camps. [75] [76] [77]

11 September

An Israeli airstrike near Tubas killed five people. [78]

A Palestinian militant carried out a ramming attack near the Givat Asaf settlement, killing one IDF soldier. [79]

12 September

The IDF withdrew from Tulkarm. [80]

The IDF killed 10 people during a raid into al-Fara'a camp, including a UNRWA worker whom Israel accused of participating in Palestinian militancy. [81]

19 September

The IDF battled Palestinian militias in Qabatiya, where it also conducted an airstrike that killed four militants, including Shadi Zakarneh, a local commander. [82] [83] Soldiers were seen kicking and throwing the corpses of dead militants off a rooftop in the city. [84]

The al-Quds Brigades of PIJ targeted the Shaked settlement with gunfire. [83]

The al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades targeted an IDF checkpoint at Mount Ebal with gunfire. [85]

21 September

The al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades targeted an IDF checkpoint at Mount Gerzim with gunfire. [85]

25 September

The IDF resumed operations inside Jenin. [86]

26 September

The IDF conducted a situational assessment in the West Bank to review how to prevent attacks from Palestinian militants ahead of upcoming Jewish holidays. [87]

30 September

In Balata Camp outside Nablus, four IDF soldiers, including one from the elite Duvdevan Unit, were wounded during an exchange of fire with militants. [88] [89]

3 October

An Israeli airstrike on a café in the Tulkarm refugee camp killed at least 20 people, including Zahi Yaser Abd al-Razeq Oufi and Ayyth Radwan, the heads of the local Hamas and PIJ branches, respectively. It was the first Israeli strike on Tulkarm since 2002 during Operation Defensive Shield. [90] Several civilians including elderly and children were killed in the airstrike, which was the deadliest since the Second Intifada of 2000–2005. [91] [92] Laith Jaar, an Al Jazeera journalist who was covering the bombing was assaulted by a PA security officer, who threatened to shoot him. Jaar was subsequently arrested and detained by the PA security forces, [93] [94] but was released the next day. [95]

4 October

An Israeli airstrike on a building in the Tulkarm refugee camp killed 12 Hamas and PIJ members who had gathered to plan an attack against Israel. [96]

Responses

UN secretary general António Guterres, called for Israel to end its operations in the West Bank. [47] UN secretary general spokesman said Israel should "exercise maximum restraint and use lethal force only when it is strictly unavoidable to protect life." [47] In a social media post, the UN Human Rights Office stated it was "appalled" by reports that Israel had "shot and unlawfully killed" three children in Jenin. [97]

The Israeli ambassador to the UN responded by saying that Israel will not wait for suicide bombings, adding that bombs were being smuggled in by Iran. [47] The United States called for Israel to protect civilians in the West Bank during its operations, and recognized Israeli security reasoning for the operation. [47]

Hamas called for Palestinians in the West Bank to rise up and blamed the escalation on United States support for Israel. It also called on the Palestinian Authority's security forces to join the fighting against Israel.

The Palestinian Authority condemned the operation despite its own cooperation with Israel, and called on the United States to intervene. [98]

In late-September 2024, the International Rescue Committee warned that intensifying violence in the West Bank could obstruct the healthcare system. [99]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ No official IDF announcement about the conclusion of Operation Summer Camps has been documented. However, the first days of October 2024 were the last time period in which sources referred to the operation as ongoing. [1] [2] [3] [4] Furthermore, sources from 11 October and 5 November 2024 referred to the operation as having concluded, [5] [6] and in January 2025, the operation was referred to as having ended in October 2024. [7]
  2. ↑ 21 in Jenin, 13 in Tubas, 12 in Tulkarm, 3 in Hebron, 1 in Nablus, 7 in Qabatiya. [22] [23] [29]

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On 3 October 2024, the Israeli Defence Forces (IDF) conducted an airstrike on the Tulkarm Camp – a Palestinian refugee camp – in the West Bank. At least 20 people were killed, including 12 militants. It was the first Israeli strike in the area since 2002 during Operation Defensive Shield. Nour Odeh called it "the largest and deadliest air strike that we’ve seen in the occupied West Bank for over 20 years". The airstrike was a joint operation between the IDF and Shin Bet against Hamas.

In the Israeli-occupied West Bank, various local Palestinian militias have been engaged in armed clashes with the Palestinian Authority (PA), the self-governing administration of the region's Palestinian enclaves. The conflict is a result of the widespread unpopularity of the PA among Palestinians and the common perception that it is a collaborationist body subservient to Israel, the occupying power. In turn, the PA accuses militants of being "bandits" and agents of instability.

A variety of local Palestinian militias have been formed in the West Bank to fight against Israel, which has occupied the region since 1967. These militias have taken on primarily defensive roles, engaging the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) during its raids into the West Bank's Palestinian enclaves, while also occasionally conducting offensive operations against Israeli military outposts, checkpoints, and settlers.

On 5 December 2024, the Palestinian Authority (PA) began a large-scale operation in the West Bank city of Jenin against the Jenin Brigades, a local Palestinian militia. The PA has called it "Operation Protect the Homeland" and says it was launched in order to "eradicate sedition and chaos" in the West Bank, portraying militants as agents of instability that are indirectly aiding the Israeli far-right, which has sought to weaken the PA.

References

  1. ↑ Spraragen, Avraham (1 October 2024). "ISSUE BRIEF: OPERATION SUMMER CAMPS ON THE WEST BANK FRONT OF THE WIDENING REGIONAL WAR" (PDF). J Street. ... the Israeli military is undertaking the largest counter-terrorism operation in the West Bank since the Second Intifada, dubbed Operation Summer Camps.
  2. ↑ "Israel kills 18 Palestinians in airstrike on Tulkarm". Peoples Dispatch. 2024-10-04. The aerial attack is part of 'Operation Summer Camps', which Israel launched last August to crush on armed resistance groups and brigades in the occupied West Bank.
  3. ↑ חלבי, עינב; קימון, אלישע בן (2024-10-02). "כתר על העיר שממנה הגיעו המחבלים ביפו, והיערכות צה"ל מחשש ההסלמה בחגים". Ynet (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2025-01-18.
  4. ↑ קימון, אלישע בן; זיתון, יואב (2024-10-05). "בזמן שתיכננו פיגוע: המחבלים חוסלו מהאוויר". Ynet (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2025-01-18.
  5. ↑ "חוסל ראש התארגנות הטרור של הג'יהאד האסלאמי בנור א-שמס | עכשיו 14". www.now14.co.il (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2025-01-18.
  6. ↑ "Iran Update, November 5, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. ... the operation does not appear as large as the late-August 2024 Operation Summer Camps in the northern West Bank that targeted Palestinian militia infrastructure across several governorates.
  7. ↑ "The Palestinian Authority's Assault on the West Bank Resistance". Drop Site. 2025-01-13. ... 'Operation Summer Camps', Israel's large-scale military operation between August and October.
  8. ↑ "PA Chairman Abbas's "Operation for the Defense of the Homeland" in Northern Samaria". Jerusalem Center for Security and Foreign Affairs. 20 December 2024. The IDF's previous operation in August, dubbed 'Summer Camps', failed to dismantle the terror infrastructure in northern Samaria, as most militants fled to rural areas. This has led to calls for a more comprehensive military campaign, involving two divisions, to eradicate the entrenched terrorist threat in the region.
  9. ↑ רט, משה. "גורמים ביטחוניים: אין מנוס ממבצע לפירוק תשתיות הטרור בכל צפון השומרון". אפוק - מגזין מרחיב דעת, מעורר מחשבה (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2025-01-18.
  10. ↑ Mohammed, Majdi; Lidman, Melanie (29 August 2024). "Israel kills a top militant in its deadliest West Bank raids since the Gaza war began". AP. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  11. ↑ Angel, Maytaal; Sawafta, Ali (29 August 2024). "Israel says it killed Islamic Jihad commander in gunbattle at West Bank mosque". Reuters. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  12. ↑ "Israeli Military Says It Killed More West Bank Militants, Including Islamic Jihad Commander". Time. 29 August 2024.
  13. ↑ "US largely silent on Israel's West Bank assault as ally Jordan gets rattled". Middle East Eye. 28 August 2024.
  14. 1 2 3 4 "Soldier killed, 3 injured in shootout with Hamas gunmen in West Bank's Jenin". The Times of Israel. 31 August 2024. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
  15. 1 2 "IDF soldier seriously wounded in Jenin". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 2024-09-21. Retrieved 2024-09-22.
  16. ↑ "3 cops killed in southern West Bank shooting attack; IDF pursuing gunmen". Times of Israel. Retrieved 2024-09-01.
  17. ↑ "Indian-origin Israeli soldier killed amid escalating tensions in West Bank". The Hindu. 12 September 2024.
  18. ↑ "Israeli Soldier Killed in Jenin Ambush - Army Claims Hamas Leader Eliminated in Strike". August 30, 2024.
  19. ↑ "Gunman crossing from Jordan kills three Israelis at border, Israeli army says". Reuters . September 8, 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  20. ↑ "Three Israeli cops killed in drive-by shooting attack near Hebron". Ynet. 1 September 2024. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  21. ↑ "Israel's war on Gaza updates: Polio vaccinators prevented from entry | Israel-Palestine conflict News | Al Jazeera".
  22. 1 2 Mccready, Lyndal Rowlands,Alastair (2024-09-25). "One killed, 3 wounded during Israeli raid on Fawwar camp". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2024-09-25. The Israeli military fired live bullets during clashes with Palestinian resistance groups, wounding four men and killing one of them, according to Wafa.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. 1 2 Siddiqui, Usaid (2024-09-21). "Al-Quds Brigades names five fighters killed in West Bank's Qabatiya". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2024-09-21. We reported yesterday that Israeli forces killed at least seven Palestinians in a raid on the town of Qabatiya in the occupied West Bank, with video footage showing soldiers pushing what appeared to be dead bodies off a rooftop. The armed wing of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) says five of its fighters were among the dead: Ahmed Maher Zakarneh, 28, Mustafa Faisal Zakarneh, 23, Omar Hamza Abu Al-Rub, 24, Muhammad Khaled Abu Al-Rub, 28, Fadi Jawdat Hanaysha, 27.
  24. ↑ Adler, Nils; Siddiqui, Usaid. "Man injured in occupied West Bank town during raid". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2024-09-01. Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad say at least 14 of the dead were members of their armed wings.
  25. ↑ Gostoli, Federica Marsi,Ylenia (13 September 2024). "Al-Quds Brigades mourn 5 fighters killed by Israel in Tubas". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 13 September 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. ↑ Mohamed, Edna (5 September 2024). "Israeli drone kills at least six Palestinians in occupied West Bank". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 5 September 2024. Israel says the military aircraft targeted Palestinian fighters who "posed a threat" to their forces in Tubas.
  27. ↑ "IDF carries out aerial strike during West Bank operation". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 2024-09-11. Retrieved 2024-09-13.
  28. ↑ Marsi, Federica; Quillen, Stephen (6 September 2024). "Israeli army says 14 killed during Jenin siege". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 6 September 2024. The Israeli army has released a statement saying it killed 14 "terrorists" and arrested more than 30 "suspects" in Jenin, during a siege that lasted 10 days.
  29. ↑ "50 killed in Israel's militarised raids on West Bank". Al Jazeera. 12 September 2024. One woman killed in Nablus
  30. ↑ "Death toll from Israeli attack on Tulkarem rises". Al Jazeera. 2024-09-12. Retrieved 2024-09-05.
  31. ↑ "Palestinian succumbs to wounds from Israeli gunfire in Tubas". Wafa . 16 September 2024. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
  32. ↑ Motamedi, Usaid Siddiqui,Maziar (16 September 2024). "Palestinian dies month after being shot in Israeli attack: Ministry". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 16 September 2024. Ahmed Omar Azqili, 43, has died due to critical wounds he sustained from Israeli gunfire in the occupied West Bank city of Jenin about a month ago, the Palestinian Ministry of Health says.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  33. ↑ "Israel says Hamas leader killed as West Bank operation continues". BBC News. 2024-08-30. Retrieved 2024-08-30. At least 19 Palestinians have been killed since the start of the Israeli operation, which is one of the biggest in the West Bank in two decades, according to the Palestinian health ministry. But the UN agency for Palestinian refugees (Unrwa) said children and one person with disabilities were reportedly among the dead.
  34. ↑ Gostoli, Federica Marsi,Ylenia (13 September 2024). "UNRWA confirms its worker killed in occupied West Bank". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 13 September 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  35. ↑ Mohamed, Edna; Najjar, Farah (2024-09-05). "Death toll in occupied West Bank rises to 39 after Israeli raids". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2024-09-05. At least 150 people have been wounded, it said.
  36. ↑ Pope, Felix (2024-08-28). "Israel launches largest West Bank raid in decades". The Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved 2024-08-29.
  37. 1 2 3 Fox, Kara (2024-08-29). "As the world focuses on Gaza, the West Bank has reached boiling point. Here's what to know". CNN. Retrieved 2024-08-29.
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  39. 1 2 Hamamdjian, Daniele; Da Silva, Chantal; Arkin, Daniel (2024-08-28). "Israeli operation in occupied West Bank leaves at least 10 dead in largest raid in decades". NBC News. Retrieved 2024-08-28.
  40. ↑ "'All the streets were destroyed:' Palestinians count the cost as Israel pulls back from Jenin". CNN. 2024-09-06. Retrieved 2024-09-10.
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  46. ↑ "Israel launches a big military operation in the West Bank and kills at least 10 Hamas militants". AP News. August 28, 2024.
  47. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Magid, Jacob (29 August 2024). "UN calls for end to IDF's West Bank raid; Israel: We have to thwart suicide bombings". The Times of Israel.
  48. ↑ "Israel kills prominent militant as it wages its deadliest West Bank raids since the Gaza war began". AP News. 2024-08-29. Retrieved 2024-08-29. The Palestinian Health Ministry says over 650 Palestinians have been killed in the West Bank since the start of the war. Most appear to have been militants killed in gunbattles during Israeli operations like the one this week, but civilian bystanders and rock-throwing protesters have also been killed, and the territory saw a surge of Jewish settler violence.
  49. ↑ Borger, Julian; Taha, Sufian (2024-08-28). "Israeli forces kill at least 10 Palestinians in West Bank raids and strikes". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2024-08-29. In the first three weeks of August, according to UN figures, 128 Palestinians, including 26 children, were killed by airstrikes in the West Bank. A spokesperson for the UN Human Rights Office, Ravina Shamdasani, said that the IDF operations risked "seriously deepening the already catastrophic situation", and that two of the dead were reportedly children, bringing the overall death toll in the West Bank since 7 October to 637.
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  80. ↑ "Iran Update, September 12, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 2024-09-21.
  81. ↑ Tawfeeq, Mohammed (2024-09-13). "UN staffer among ten killed during Israel military operation in West Bank". CNN. Retrieved 2024-09-21.
  82. ↑ "IDF eliminates West Bank terror leader Shadi Zakarneh". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 2024-09-20. Retrieved 2024-09-21.
  83. 1 2 "Iran Update, September 19, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 2024-09-21.
  84. ↑ "Videos show Israeli soldiers pushing bodies off a rooftop in the West Bank". NBC News. 2024-09-20. Retrieved 2024-09-21.
  85. 1 2 "Iran Update, September 23, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 2024-09-24.
  86. ↑ "Iran Update, September 25, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
  87. ↑ "Iran Update, September 26, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  88. ↑ "Four IDF soldiers wounded in Samaria counter-terror ops". JNS. 1 October 2024.
  89. ↑ "Four soldiers injured, one seriously in Nablus firefight". The Times of Israel. 1 October 2024.
  90. ↑ "IDF jets conduct strike in Tulkarm, eliminate Hamas commander responsible for West Bank car bombing". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 2024-10-03. Retrieved 2024-10-03.
  91. ↑ "Israeli air strike kills 18 people in occupied West Bank". BBC. 4 October 2024.
  92. ↑ "Israel bombards Beirut after deadliest West Bank strike in decades". France24. 4 October 2024.
  93. ↑ "Al Jazeera condemns the assault on its journalist Laith Jaar by Palestinian Security". Al Jazeera Media Network. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
  94. ↑ "Journalist groups condemn Palestinian Authority's attack on Al Jazeera journalist". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
  95. ↑ "أمن السلطة الفلسطينية يفرج عن الزميل ليث جعار". الجزيرة نت (in Arabic). Retrieved 2024-10-11.
  96. ↑ "Iran Update, October 5, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 2024-10-06.
  97. ↑ @OHCHR_Palestine (September 2, 2024). "Appalled at reports that Israeli Forces shot and unlawfully killed 3 Palestinian children in Jenin, including 12 and 17-year-old boys on a motorbike carrying bread west of Jenin city, and a 16-year-old" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  98. ↑ "Israeli forces launch a big operation in the West Bank and kill at least 10 militants". AP News. 2024-08-28. Retrieved 2024-08-28.
  99. ↑ "The IRC warns escalating violence in the West Bank threatens to collapse the health system". International Rescue Committee. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
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