The different protests' varying demands include severing financial ties with Israel, transparency over financial ties, an end to partnerships with Israeli institutions,[28] and amnesty for protesters.[29] Universities have suspended and expelled student protesters, in some cases evicting them from campus housing.[1][30][31] Some universities have relied on police to forcibly disband encampments and end occupations of buildings,[32] others made agreements with protesters for encampments to be dismantled,[33] and a number of universities have cut ties with Israeli institutions, or companies involved with Israel and its occupied territories.[a] The occupations have also resulted in the closure of Columbia University,[40]Cal Poly Humboldt,[41] and the University of Amsterdam;[42]rolling strikes by academic workers on campuses in California;[43] and the cancellation of a few university graduation ceremonies in the U.S., with protests occurring at various ceremonies.[44][45][46]
Supporters of Israel and some Jewish students have raised concerns about antisemitic incidents at or around the protests,[65] prompting condemnations of the protests from leaders including President Joe Biden,[29] Prime Minister of the Netherlands Mark Rutte,[66] and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu;[67] as well as concern from Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese[68] and UK Prime Minister Rishi Sunak.[69] Students and faculty members who have participated in the protests, many of whom are Jewish, have said the protests are not antisemitic.[70][71][72][73]
Students occupying administrative buildings were arrested at the request of college administrators at Brown University in November[76] and December 2023,[77] and at Pomona College on April 5, 2024.[78] In March 2024,[79] after protesters occupied the president's office at Vanderbilt University, the university suspended students and expelled three. These were "believed to be the first student expulsions over protests related to the Israel-Hamas conflict", according to The New York Times.[80]
The first encampment was dismantled when university president Minouche Shafik authorized the New York City Police Department (NYPD) to enter the campus on April 18 and conduct mass arrests.[91][92] A new encampment was built the next day. The administration then entered into negotiations with protesters, which failed on April 29 and resulted in the suspension of student protesters.[93] The next day, protesters broke into and occupied Hamilton Hall,[94] leading to a second NYPD raid, the arrest of more than 100 protesters, and the full dismantling of the camp.[95] The arrests marked the first time Columbia allowed police to suppress campus protests since the 1968 demonstrations against the Vietnam War.[96] On May 31, a third campus encampment was briefly established in response to an alumni reunion.[97]
As a result of the protests, Columbia University switched to hybrid learning (incorporating more online learning) for the rest of the semester.[98] The protests encouraged other actions at multiple universities. Several antisemitic incidents took place near the protests.[99] Organizers have said they were the work of outside agitators and non-students.[100] Pro-Palestinian Jewish protesters have said that incidents of antisemitism by protesters are not representative of the protest movement.[99] On May 6, the school administration canceled the university-wide graduation ceremony scheduled for May 15.[101] Shafik announced her resignation from the presidency on August 14.[102]
Spread in the United States
Universities in the United States with Israel–Hamas war protests since April 2024. Columbia University is marked in red. Other colleges that had encampments are marked in green, and non-encampment protests are marked in blue.
Many of the protests involve student demands that their schools sever financial ties to Israel and companies involved in the conflict, as well as an end to U.S. military support for Israel,[119][120] as part of the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) movement.[28] Some protests have also demanded that the universities sever academic ties with Israel, support a ceasefire in Gaza, and disclose investments.[121] Student demands have varied among the different occupations, including for universities to stop accepting research money from Israel that supports the military, and an end to college endowments investing with managers who profit from Israeli entities.[28]
Student protesters called on Columbia University to financially divest from any company with business ties to the Israeli government, including Microsoft, Google, and Amazon.[122] NYU Alumni for Palestine called on New York University to "terminate all vendor contracts with companies playing active roles in the military occupation in Palestine and ongoing genocide in Gaza, namely Cisco, Lockheed Martin, Caterpillar and General Electric".[123] Pro-Palestinian protesters demanded that the University of Washington cut ties with Boeing.[124] Students at the University of Vermont demanded the cancellation of a planned commencement speech by Linda Thomas-Greenfield.[125]
After several mass arrests, the demands have also included amnesty for students and faculty who were disciplined or fired for protesting. The protests on many campuses are created by coalitions of student groups, and are largely independent, but some have said that they were inspired by other campus protests. All have disavowed violence.[126][29]
On April 28, Portland State University (PSU) announced it was pausing its financial ties with Boeing, including gifts and grants, over its ties to Israel. PSU President Ann Cudd wrote in a campus-wide letter, "the passion with which these demands are being repeatedly expressed by some in our community motivates".[34] On May 6, Trinity College Dublin in Ireland agreed to end its investments in Israeli companies that are listed on the United Nations Human Rights Council "blacklist" after an encampment on Fellows' Square was erected.[132] This included three of the 13 Israeli companies the university's endowment fund had invested in.[35][133]
The University of Helsinki in Finland suspended student exchanges with Israeli universities on May 21 after two weeks of campus protests.[36] On May 28, the University of Copenhagen in Denmark announced it would cease investing in companies that operate in the occupied West Bank, divesting US$145,810 worth of holdings from Airbnb, Booking.com, and EDreams the next day.[37] On May 31, after an investigation was conducted, Ghent University in Belgium cut ties with Israeli universities and research institutions, referencing "concerns regarding connections between Israeli academic institutions and the Israeli government, military, or security services".[38] The university had severed ties with three Israeli institutions two weeks earlier, citing incompatibility with Israel's human rights policy.[134] On June 11, the University of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada, agreed to protesters' demands to factor human rights into its investment decisions.[39]
In late August 2024, San Francisco State University began the divestment process from four weapons manufacturers involved with the war.[135] The next month, the MIT Coalition for Palestine announced that MIT would discontinue its MIT-Lockheed Martin Seed Fund, a program that financed collaboration between MIT and Israeli universities. The Coalition said this was "the first known American-Israeli weapons manufacturer partnership to end at an American university since the war on Gaza began".[136] In November 2024, the Institut d'études politiques de Strasbourg said it would break ties with Reichman University in Israel due to its "warmongering" stance on Gaza.[137]
On May 15, the protest encampment at Harvard University ended after the administration agreed to discuss the protesters' demands and to rescind the suspension of 20 students.[141] At California State University, Sonoma State campus president Mike Lee was placed on leave after he agreed to pursue divestment from Israel "without the appropriate approvals".[142] On May 23, the University of Sydney became the first Australian university to accept certain demands. The university agreed to further disclose research grants, subject to confidentiality requirements, in order to increase transparency.[143]
Students at The New School attempted a unique strategy that combined escalations at their encampment and negotiations with administrators. Rather than accepting that negotiations could continue only if escalation ceased, organizers escalated their protests and then offered to cease that escalation in exchange for other concessions during negotiations, improving their bargaining position. Though their encampment was ultimately swept by police, the sweep led to backlash and condemnation by faculty and deans and required a day-long shutdown of the campus. Students at The New School secured the formation of an advisory investment committee and a subsequent trustee vote on investment in the fall.[144]
On May 15, members of United Auto Workers Local 4811, the union representing 48,000 graduate students on 10 campuses in the University of California system, voted to authorize a strike because the university unfairly changed policies and discriminated against students who were exercising their right to free speech and created an unsafe work environment by allowing attacks on protesters. The authorization did not guarantee a strike, but allowed the executive board to call one at any time.[145]
Strike action began at UC Santa Cruz on May 20. Union members and leaders said they were not teaching or grading, were withholding data, and would continue to do so until they reached a deal with university officials. The strike was in part a protest against arrests of pro-Palestinian protesters at UCLA, UC Irvine, and UC San Diego.[146][147] The UC system responded by seeking an injunction against the union, declaring the walkout illegal. On May 23, the California Public Employment Relations Board denied the injunction. The walkout extended to UCLA and UC Davis on May 28,[148] with the intention of expanding to UC Santa Barbara, UC San Diego, and UC Irvine starting the week of June 3.[149][43]
Participants include students, faculty, and unaffiliated people of various backgrounds,[163] including both Jews and Muslims.[29] Pro-Palestinian activists at Columbia have said that their movement is anti-Zionist,[49] and several campus protests have been organized by anti-Zionist groups.[20] According to The Jerusalem Post, protesters at Harvard in a press conference called the campus occupation movement a "student intifada",[c] a term echoed by protesters at George Washington University, Stanford University, Indiana University Bloomington,[167] as well as Palestinians in Gaza, while calling for an escalation in protests.[168] Protesters have identified a wide range of other ideologies motivating them, such as antiracism, intersectionality, anti-colonialism, anti-imperialism, policing, the impact of climate change, and Indigenous rights.[169] At Columbia, protesters who breached Hamilton Hall wrote Maoist revolutionary slogans ("Political power comes from the barrel of a gun") on blackboards.[170] One group involved in the protest movement, Columbia University Apartheid Divest, has grown more supportive of Hamas and the October 7 attacks over the course of 2024, retracting its apology for a student leader's statement that "Zionists don't deserve to live".[171]Within Our Lifetime leader Nerdeen Kiswani, who arrived at the Columbia encampment in April, has called for Palestine liberation "'by any means necessary', including armed resistance".[172] Her group was formed from CUNYSJP. The group targeted the Brooklyn Museum in May 2024, and one of its representatives shouted for Zionists to leave a subway train in June 2024.[172]
Protesters have criticized Joe Biden and his administration's support for Israel.[173] The protests have hosted teach-ins, interfaith prayer, and musical performances.[29] Some protests invited people to tour or speak, such as Palestinian photojournalist Motaz Azaiza, who was invited to and visited Columbia's protest.[174][175] The Palestinian activist Linda Sarsour said, "These young people are reaffirming and demonstrating that the tide is shifting on Palestine, that the Palestinian people have solidarity not just across the United States of America, but across the world".[176]
Counter-protesters, outside groups, and infiltration
Pro-Palestinian protesters march past pro-Israel counter-protesters at San Diego State University, April 30
Far-right agitators and white nationalists have been seen at some protests seeking to sow chaos and violence,[177] and at the UCLA campus occupation, where they were among pro-Israeli counter-protesters who attacked the encampment. A white supremacist affiliated with Proud Boys has been among the counter-protesters supported by far-right activists across the country.[178] Experts have raised concern about far-right groups attempting to infiltrate protests to cause harm, and subsequent reactions from militant far-left activists aligned with the anti-fascist movement.[179]
Concern has been raised over the presence of outside groups at protests.[163] During arrests in New York on May 2, police announced that nearly half of those arrested at Columbia and CCNY were unaffiliated with either school. Mayor Eric Adams said that they had seen evidence that outside agitators and "professionals" such as Lisa Fithian and the wife of Sami Al-Arian had given students tactical knowledge and training to escalate their protests.[180] James Carlson, a 40-year old lawyer, was indicted in September 2024 on charges of burning an Israeli flag outside the Columbia campus.[172]
Many protesters have donned masks and keffiyehs, which has increased concerns from provosts and deans that outsiders have infiltrated protests. Some Jewish students fear that the anonymity gives greater license for evading consequences. Protesters have expressed fears of having reputational and professional harm from identification.[181]
Several protests have been criticized for alleged antisemitism.[65] Some students have called some of the incidents reported at protests and on campus "threatening" and said they make them feel unsafe. Jewish students were targeted for their faith, for wearing Jewish symbols, or were accused of being Zionists and subsequently targeted.[182] Some Jewish students have also said the protests created a climate of fear and hate on campus.[183] According The Jewish Post, a survey by Hillel of Jewish students at universities with encampments found that most of them felt unsafe due to encampments. 72% of respondents wanted them dismantled and 61% considered language used at the protests antisemitic.[184] The U.S. Department of Education concluded that University of Michigan and CUNY failed to assess whether the protests made the environment hostile.[185]
Supporters of Israel and some students have said that the word "intifada", the phrase "from the river to the sea", and chants comparing Israel and Zionism to Nazism are antisemitic.[186] Others, including Jewish students, have argued against conflating antisemitism with anti-Zionism, saying the charge is used to chill debate.[183] Pro-Palestinian and Jewish student protesters have said that the protests are not antisemitic.[70][49]The Guardian noted that incidents of antisemitism appear to be "relatively isolated" and likelier to occur when non-students are in a parallel protest.[186] Pro-Palestinian student groups at the protests have been quick to condemn inflammatory remarks.[183]
Some pro-Palestinian Jewish students have said they have faced antisemitism from pro-Israel activists.[186][183] Some commentators and politicians, including Mayor Eric Adams, U.S. Representative Virginia Foxx, and NYPD deputy commissioner of operations Kaz Daughtry, promoted a conspiracy theory that George Soros or some other anonymous figure was funding the protest encampments by buying the same brand of tents for many protesters. In fact, the similar appearance of many encampment tents was due to online retailers' discounts and promotions of particular products.[187]
In fall 2024, chants such as "Divest!" and "Ceasefire now!" reportedly evolved in a direction more explicitly endorsing Hamas, Hezbollah, and Houthis. Some protesters used slogans such as "Glory to the resistance!", called the October 7 attacks "Al-Aqsa flood", celebrated Yahya Sinwar, and used the Hamas inverted red triangle. Aidan Herzlinger, vice president of Baruch College's Hillel chapter, said students attending a Hillel banquet at the college were called "baby killers" and "terrorists".[188] Columbia University Apartheid Divest withdrew the apology it made in spring 2024 for a member who said "Zionists don’t deserve to live."[189]
In November 2024, hundreds of posters depicting faculty members as "wanted" were spread across the University of Rochester campus. Some of the posters accused a Jewish faculty member of ethnic cleansing and contributing to the displacement of Palestinians; others accused a faculty member of racism, hate speech, and intimidation. University President Sarah Mangelsdorf called the incident an act of antisemitism.[190]
Allegations of anti-Palestinianism and Islamophobia
Pro-Palestinian protesters and their allies have criticized the disposition of many university administrations as perpetuating a "Palestine exception" to academic freedom.[191][192] Pro-Palestinian students and their allies have raised concerns about anti-Palestinianism and Islamophobia. Investigations by the U.S. Department of Education have been opened at Columbia, Emory University, the University of North Carolina, and at Umass Amherst over their administrations' response to student protests and advocacy since the start of the war.[193][194][195][196]
Violence
A study by the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED) found that 97% of protests were nonviolent and nearly half of those that became violent involved protesters fighting with law enforcement during police interventions.[60][197]
According to officials at Vanderbilt University, a security guard was injured when protesters broke into an administrative building, resulting in the expulsion of the three students leading the charge; video footage showed students forcibly entering the building and pushing past a guard into a door frame, injuring them. The guard was out of work for two weeks as a result of injuries. The students denied using violence, calling their protest peaceful.[198][199][200][201]
Vandalism and property damage
At Portland State, protesters damaged computers and furniture during their occupation of the campus library. At Columbia, protesters shattered windows during their occupation of Hamilton Hall.[60] Police and city workers destroyed students' tents, flags and other encampment supplies while disbanding the encampment at the University of Pennsylvania.[202] At George Washington University, protesters defaced a statue of its namesake, President George Washington. The statue was wrapped with Palestinian scarves and flags, with the words "Genocidal Warmonger University" spray-painted on its base.[203][204]
Students replaced U.S. flags with Palestinian flags on flagpoles at several universities.[205] In Harvard Yard, student demonstrators affixed three Palestinian flags atop the John Harvard statue on April 27.[206][207] The replacement of U.S. flags sparked outrage from some officials, such as New York Mayor Eric Adams.[205] In response, university administrations and law enforcement agencies have intervened to take down the Palestinian flags and reinstate U.S. flags to their original positions.[205]
Responses
Administrative response
Most universities facing encampment protests in the spring attempted to negotiate a settlement and disbandment of the encampments with student leaders, often threatening police sweeps to force an agreement. In some cases, the end of the school year allowed administrators to reverse course on agreements they had negotiated, such as at the University of Oregon, Northwestern, and Rutgers New Brunswick.[144] Many universities initially initiated disciplinary proceedings against protesters, accusing them of breaking student codes of conduct.[208]
Students at NYU were required to write "coerced confessions of wrongdoing" in order to have disciplinary charges against them dropped.[209] Graduate student Dan Zeno was among more than 20 students MIT suspended for participating in pro-Palestinian protests. He was evicted from campus housing along with his wife and daughter. Some students who faced suspensions were banned from campus and therefore unable to take their final exams.[30]UC Santa Cruz officials issued two-week campus bans to many of the 110 protesters arrested during a campus demonstration in May, leaving them without housing and access to campus resources.[210] The City College of New York shut down its community food pantry in response to protests.[211][212] In Greece, nine protesters from European countries who were arrested at the Athens University Law School are facing deportation as of May 27.[213]
A map of UCLA campus showing updated restrictions on free expression
As students returned to campus in fall 2024 after a wave of protests in the spring, many universities strengthened their restrictions on student protests and political activities, including limits on where and when protests could occur, and prohibitions on student encampments.[214] More than 100 colleges and university systems tightened their rules about protests on their property.[144] Several schools have banned camping on their grounds, required protesters to register with the administration in advance of any demonstrations, and banned the wearing of masks.[215]
Cornell professor Risa Lieberwitz called the nationwide trend toward increased restrictions on campus protests "a resurgence of repression on campuses that we haven't seen since the late 1960s".[216]Case Western Reserve University limited permitted demonstrations to two hours during the daytime in a single location.[217] The Middle East Studies Association said that although it was not compelled by a subpoena to do so, the University of Pennsylvania had turned over the CVs and syllabi of two professors to the House Committee on Education and the Workforce and may also have given the committee access to their email and course communications.[218]
Harvard updated its policy to prohibit overnight camping, chalk, and unapproved signs or displays.[219] Indiana University updated its policies on August 1, prohibiting all "expressive activity" between 11 p.m. and 6 a.m. The ACLU sued IU over this policy, calling it "overly broad".[220] NYU updated its nondiscrimination policy to prohibit criticism of Zionism, classifying it as a protected category.[221] Columbia classified the use of the term "Zionist" to refer to Israelis or Jews as a form of harassment.[222] At Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania, students who used bullhorns during their protest faced expulsion from the university due to a new policy against "loud chanting".[223]
In August 2024, Carnegie Mellon University updated its policy to require protests, rallies, and other expressive events of more than 25 people to register the participants' names with the university in advance.[224] Columbia suspended its due-process procedures for student discipline, notifying several dozen students charged with disciplinary infractions that scheduled interviews related to their cases were being skipped and they would be fast-tracked into conduct hearings. This came after renewed congressional pressure and a subpoena on university records related to the protests.[225] UCLA introduced new regulations on campus protests that restrict "public expression activities" to areas around Bruinwalk and outside Murphy Hall. The new restrictions also ban tents and camping equipment, food distribution, amplified sound, and chalk, and require people on campus to identify themselves when asked to do so by a university official.[226] Ahead of the fall semester, the University of California and California State University systems instituted broad new policies prohibiting encampments, barricades, overnight encampments, disguises, disruptions and restrictions on free movement.[227]
In September 2024, the University of Vermont's chapter of Students for Justice in Palestine sued the school after an interim suspension of the group continued into its fifth month.[228] At Cornell, a graduate student with U.K. citizenship was suspended without due process and threatened with deportation for participating in a demonstration outside Statler Hotel where a job fair that included recruiters from weapons manufacturing companies was being held.[229] At Muhlenberg College, Maura Finkelstein became the first tenured professor, there, to be fired over pro-Palestinian speech (tenured professor Sami Al-Arian had been fired in 2003, and scholar Steven Salaita in 2014). Finkelstein, who is Jewish, shared an Instagram post by Palestinian poet Remi Kanazi calling for the shunning of Zionist ideology and its supporters with "Do not cower to Zionists. Shame them. .. Don’t normalize Zionism. Don’t normalize Zionists taking up space." (the college determined that she had violated its equal opportunity and nondiscrimination policies).[230][231]
In October 2024, The University of Michigan's governing board coordinated with Michigan Attorney General Dana Nessel to file charges against pro-Palestinian protesters after local prosecutors proved unwilling to crack down. Campaign contributions and business relationships between Nessel and University of Michigan regents raised concerns over conflicts of interest in the prosecutions, as did contributions by pro-Israel lobbyists to Nessel's election campaigns.[232]
The Hillel Foundation announced a partnership at over 50 campuses with the Secure Community Network called Operation Secure our Campuses, offering "full-time intelligence analysts [to] monitor campus developments and provide information and real-time support."[219] At the University of Toronto, patrol teams with Magen Herut Canada monitored a pro-Palestinian protest.[233] At Yale College, the Women's Center was notified that it would be required to adopt a policy of "broad neutrality" after the Center was forced to indefinitely postpone an event titled "Pinkwashing and Feminism(s) in Gaza" due to fear of administrative disciplinary action.[234] At UC Berkeley, law school dean Erwin Chemerinsky wrote an opinion piece comparing antiwar protesters to the KKK. The board of the Berkeley Journal of Black Law & Policy condemned Chemerinsky's comparison, calling it "careless and intentionally inflammatory".[235]
Police departments employed a range of tactics, including dispersing crowds using horses and police in riot gear, deploying pepper balls,[31] using tasers,[237][238] mass arrests,[239] tear gas,[238] clearing unauthorized encampments,[237] and beating both students and professors.[240] According to student newspaper The Lantern, state troopers with "long-range firearms" were deployed at Ohio State University.[241] Police "assaulted, arrested and barred access" for some journalists while they were covering the protests.[242] Police used force when arresting faculty who were taking part in or observing the protests, including the former chair of Dartmouth College's Jewish studies department, who was slammed to the ground while "in a line of women faculty in their 60s to 80s trying to protect our students", and two members of the faculty at Emory University, one of whom was charged with battery after being "violently arrested" on video.[243][244] On June 10, UCLA police severely wounded a student with a non-lethal projectile, giving him a heart contusion and a bruised lung. In September, UCLA police sought approval to double their stockpile of pepper balls and sponge rounds and obtain eight new projectile launchers and three drones.[245] In October, Penn Police raided the off-campus home of pro-Palestinian student protesters, saying they were executing a search warrant related to vandalism. Student organizers said rifles and handguns were pointed at them during the raid, and that police refused to tell them their badge numbers or show their warrant.[246]
According to Erik Baker, the most severe crackdowns on campus protests took place at "wealthy schools ... that have been in long-running and occasionally violent conflict with the working-class communities of color that border them", such as the University of Chicago, Washington University in St. Louis, The University of Southern California, and Columbia.[211]
A report by Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project found that police interventions at U.S. student protests linked to conflict issues surged fourfold in April. Authorities notably increased arrests and forcible dispersals, especially at protests where there were counter-demonstrators. Nonetheless, at events where student protesters were unchallenged, the police were more likely to act against pro-Palestine rallies, doing so over four times more often than against pro-Israel ones.[197][60] Police repression of protesters, particularly in the U.S., has been characterized as unusually harsh.[247][248]
The New York Times reported that though more than 3,000 student protesters had been arrested across the U.S., most charges were dropped.[249] The vast majority of the charges had been misdemeanors or lower offenses.[250] Prosecutors usually either decided to prioritize other cases or calculated that jurors would be receptive to First Amendment arguments.[249][250] Students who had charges dropped often still face significant academic consequences, such as suspension or withheld diplomas.[249] Some Jewish groups have criticized dropping charges.[249][250] Schools with hundreds of arrests still often had students still waiting for cases to resolve.[250]
Violence and incitement against protesters
Students and student journalists also faced violence at the hands of counter-protesters.[251][252] One protester at Columbia was arrested and hospitalized after a counter-protester rammed his car into a group of picketers.[253][254] Counter-protesters at the University of Pennsylvania approached the encampment with knives, and in a separate incident sprayed a chemical mixture on protesters' tents, food and belongings.[255]
On May 1, around 10:50 PM, a pro-Israeli group attacked the pro-Palestinian protesters' camp for nearly four hours, attempting to breach the barricades surrounding the encampment.[259][260][261] The attackers, reported to have come from outside campus,[262] carried Israeli flags and assaulted students with sticks, stones, poles, metal fencing, and pepper spray.[263][264] They played loud audio of a child crying, threw wood and a metal barrier into the camp, and threw at least six fireworks into the encampment, including one directly at a group of protesters carrying injured people.[261][265][266]
A video investigation suggested pro-Palestinian protesters did not initiate any confrontation but acted in defense.[261] The counter-protesters called for a "Second Nakba", referring to the ethnic cleansing of Palestinians in 1948, and played the Israeli national anthem and Harbu Darbu on loudspeakers during the attack.[267][261] According to The Guardian, counter-protesters included several far-right activists involved in anti-LGBTQ+ and anti-vaccine campaigning.[268] The Boston Review reported that Zionist counter-protestors joined forces with white supremacists and Neo-Nazis, and that "One neo-Nazi was heard shouting, 'we’re here to finish what Hitler started,' without any apparent protest from the self-identified Zionists."[269]
Opinion polls and referendums
In a November 2023 referendum, 78% of McGill students voted to adopt a divestment policy titled Policy Against Genocide in Palestine.[270] A May 2024 divestment referendum at DePaul University returned a 91% vote in favor of divestment.[271] In April 2024, Columbia College voted on three divestment questions. The first asked whether Columbia should divest from Israel, the second asked whether it should cancel the Tel Aviv Global Center program, and the third asked whether Columbia should end its dual degree program with Tel Aviv University. The motions passed by 76%, 68%, and 65%, respectively, with 40% voter participation.[272] Students at the University of Pennsylvania voted 73% in favor of disclosing all investments in the school's endowment and 63% in favor of ending the university's relationship with Ghost Robotics, with 22% voter participation.[273]
According to a YouGov poll released on May 3, 2024, 47% of Americans oppose the campus protests and 28% support them. American Muslims support the protests by 75% to 14% while Jewish Americans oppose them by 72% to 18%. Adults under 45 are more likely to support them than older adults. 33% believed the response to the protests was not harsh enough, 16% believed it was too harsh, and 20% believed the response was about right. 48% of Americans over 45 believed the response was not harsh enough, compared to only 16% under 45.[61]
According to an Axios poll released on May 7, 2024, 8% of college students have participated in the protests. 34% blame Hamas, 19% blame Netanyahu, 12% blame the Israeli people, and 12% blame Biden for the destruction in Gaza. 81% of students supported holding protesters accountable for destroyed property and illegally occupied buildings, 67% considered occupying campus buildings unacceptable, 58% considered refusal to disperse unacceptable, and 90% opposed blocking pro-Israel students. Students were more likely to support the pro-Palestinian encampments, with 45% supporting them strongly or moderately, 30% neutral, and 24% strongly or mildly opposed. Among those who participated in anti-Israeli protests, 58% said they would not be friends with someone who had marched for Israel, while 64% of students who marched in favor of Israel said they would still be friends with anti-Israeli protesters.[59]
In a Data for Progress poll in collaboration with Zeteo released on May 8, 2024, 55% of Democrats, 36% of Republicans, and 46% of all likely voters said they disapprove of colleges limiting students' rights and ability to protest Israel's military operations, whereas 32% of Democrats, 49% of Republicans, and 40% of all likely voters approved of doing so.[274][275][276][277][62]
In Canada, 19% of respondents supported the protesters and 48% of respondents opposed the protests.[278]
The Group of Eight, of which the universities of Adelaide, Melbourne, Sydney, Queensland, Monash and ANU are part, has sought legal advice on using terms such as "intifada" and "from the river to the sea", and has said it would ban those phrases if given definitive legal advice that they are unlawful. It said such phrases are "deeply offensive to many in the Jewish community". It sent a letter to Attorney-GeneralMark Dreyfus asking for legal advice on whether these phrases violate Commonwealth law.[279] Dreyfus wrote back that he does not give legal advice, noting the universities were taking external legal advice. He added that Section 18C of the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 "makes it a civil offence to do a public act that is reasonably likely to offend, insult, humiliate or intimidate people because of their race, colour or national or ethnic origins. A person aggrieved by an alleged act of racial discrimination can make a complaint to the Australian Human Rights Commission". Sydney and Monash urged students not to use the phrases, but stopped short of banning them.[280]
Victoria Police Chief Commissioner Shane Patton has raised concerns that protests could become violent, like they have in the US. He said he is meeting with university security. He said the police do not want the "existing tension" and that universities must consider "how much more risk they're accepting by allowing these encampments to continue".[281] Deputy Commissioner Neil Paterson wrote to the vice chancellors of the University of Melbourne, Monash, RMIT, Deakin and La Trobe, asking them to "carefully consider the risks" of allowing the encampments to continue. Organizers downplayed the risk of violence or escalation, saying the campuses are safe and that the encampments are a peaceful protest for the Palestinian people.[282] Universities have resisted the calls for the police to end to the protests, with the Group of Eight saying the encampments are held on public land and that police are free to enter at any time, with the universities having acted appropriately to breaches of the law, saying they are "in the business of de-escalation" and not wanting to see violence erupt, as it has in the US.[282] Police are being called "daily" to protests, with incidents of harassment and violence being investigated at Monash and Deakin.[283]
Prime Minister Anthony Albanese has taken a neutral stance on the protests, saying he is worried about social cohesion. Albanese has criticized usage of the phrase "from the river to the sea", calling it "provocative" and agreeing when asked whether it is a "very violent statement".[284][68] Education Minister Jason Clare has expressed concern about students feeling unsafe, saying, "I want more people to go to university, not less". He said that whilst there will always be protests in a democracy, there is no place for bigotry, including antisemitism and Islamophobia.[285]
The Greens have expressed support for the protests. On May 2, The Greens NSW issued a statement expressing solidarity with the encampment at the University of Sydney calling for the government to increase pressure on Israel to achieve a permanent ceasefire and calling for universities to cut ties with Israeli universities and weapons manufacturers supplying Israel.[286] After the first attack on the Monash camp, the Victorian Greens issued a statement that universities and police must better protect protesters.[287] Greens MPs have attended pro-Palestine protests since the start of the war.[288]
Liberal/NationalCoalition leader Peter Dutton has been sharply critical of the protests, calling universities that are allowing them to continue "weak". He said Prime Minister Albanese "needs to stand up and show some backbone here and call for an end to these nonsense protests".[289] Other Coalition members have been similarly critical, with education spokesperson Sarah Henderson and senior frontbencher Michael Sukkar saying the protests should be forcibly broken up. Henderson said universities should be fined if they do not do so. She has called for a Senate enquiry into antisemitism at universities.[290][291] On May 9, Dutton compared the protesters chants of "from the river to the sea" to "what Hitler chanted in the '30s", in response to Education Minister Jason Clare saying the chants of "from the river to the sea" and "intifada" mean "different things to different people". A Jewish group formed after the start of the war, the Jewish Council of Australia, set up in opposition to other peak Jewish bodies in Australia such as the Executive Council of Australian Jewry with regards to support of Israel and the weaponization of antisemitism, said Dutton's interpretations were "a very bad-faith reading" of the chants.[292][293]
The protests were condemned by Prime MinisterMark Rutte,[294] as well as by various other high-ranking Dutch politicians.[295]Mariëlle Paul, the Dutch Minister for Primary and Secondary Education, suggested several times that it is "very questionable" whether the "rioters are actually students".[296]
An "emergency debate" was called on 10 May by the Government of Amsterdam in response to the police intervention earlier during the first protest on 6 May. Despite criticism, mayor Femke Halsema stood by her decision to let police intervene during the demonstration.[297] Around 250 protestors demonstrated during the meeting outside the Stopera, where the meeting was held, dubbing this the "fifth day of student protests".[298]
On 11 May, the "sixth day of protests",[299] a pro-Palestine protest in Amsterdam attracted over 10,000 people. Many demonstrators denounced the police action earlier that week. Some protesters also called for Halsema to resign.[300] On May 30, Halsema participated in a Room for Discussion[nl] event, where she spoke with students of the University of Amsterdam, and where she again stood by her decisions. The response from participating students was predominantly negative.[301]
The Dutch Student Union declared its solidarity with the student movement, and was critical regarding the treatment of student protesters by police. The union also pointed out the lack of student democracy and student representation in universities, which they deemed an underlying problem and a cause of the protests.[302] The Dutch Student Union also published a joint statement with the Amsterdam Student Union (ASVA Studentenvakbond[nl]) specifically condemning police intervention during the protests in Amsterdam.[303]
Amnesty International was also critical of the police intervention during the first protests at the University of Amsterdam. According to the organisation, police failed to take opportunities for de-escalation at a number of crucial moments. Insufficient distinction was made between peaceful demonstrators and people who used violence. Amnesty International was also critical of the attitudes towards protests in the current political climate.[304] The student branch of Amnesty International Utrecht held a solidarity event on May 10.[305]
The police interventions during the protests at Utrecht University, which included moving protesters to different locations on behalf of the Public Prosecution Service, were called unlawful by experts in the field of criminal law, including professors and lawyers.[306]
With encampments taking place at institutions and concern over what the president of the Union of Jewish Students described as rising antisemitism on campuses, UK Prime Minister Rishi Sunak held a meeting with vice chancellors of higher education institutions.[69] In response, academics accused Sunak of "scaremongering". According to The Guardian, "Vice-chancellors insist they have no desire to quell challenge or stop difficult discussions on their campuses, arguing that this is part of the core purpose of a university". Vice-chancellor of the University of the West of EnglandSteve West said there "was no evidence" that UK protests were "getting out of hand" and called on the government to avoid inflaming the situation.[307] The president of advocacy group Universities UK, Dame Sally Mapstone, said universities "may need to take action" but that there "should be no presumption universities would clear protest encampments".[308]The New York Times reported that authorities took a more "permissive approach" to protests on campuses, with an emphasis on facilitating free speech, and that British polling indicates that a majority supports a ceasefire.[51]
Many academics have supported students' demands and expressed solidarity with the protests. Hundreds of university employees, including 300 at Cambridge University[51] and staff at Oxford and Edinburgh universities, signed open letters in support of the encampments and accusing their institutions of complicity in the Israeli attacks.[307] At Durham University, over 200 university staff signed an open letter in support of the protest there on Palace Green and called on the university to negotiate with the protestors.[52] At Leeds University, members of the Universities and Colleges Union that represents academic and professional staff called for "teach outs" to be held at the encampment.[307] Twelve Jewish staff members at Oxford wrote an open letter disputing the university's claim that the encampment was intimidating to Jewish staff and students and saying that the university had ignored Jewish people who supported the encampment.[309]
Durham University was accused of failing to support free speech after a debate at the Durham Union on the topic "This house believes that the Palestinian leadership is the biggest barrier to peace" was postponed on police advice of a threat to public safety, with pro-Palestinian protesters blocking the entrance to the building. One of the scheduled speakers in favor of the motion said the university had refused to give police permission to take action against the protesters, while another said the university had "cav[ed] in to a fascist mob".[310] The Durham student paper Palatinate noted that "even this protest remained remarkably peaceful".[311]
After protesters set up an encampment at Birmingham University, the university ordered them to leave the premises on May 14, describing the occupation as trespassing.[312] According to The Telegraph, this was the first time one of the 20 student encampments in the UK had been ordered to disperse.[25] Protesters said they were "threatened with police action".[312] Birmingham University began legal action to remove the encampment on June 11.[313] The encampment within the Marshall Building at the London School of Economics was evicted on June 17 following a court order on June 14, making it the first UK encampment to be removed following legal action.[314][315]Queen Mary University of London also began court action against its encampment.[316] Elsewhere, encampments disbanded voluntarily at Swansea in early June, citing "significant wins" including divestment from Barclays Bank,[316] at Imperial College on June 20,[317] and at Durham on June 21.[318] On June 23, Oxford University erected a fence around the encampment outside the Pitt Rivers Museum (one of two camps at the university), leading the protesters to abandon the camp on June 25, with some saying they had been denied access to toilets and bathrooms. The university dismantled the camp shortly afterwards.[319]
On July 7, The Guardian reported that "Of the 36 encampments in England, Wales and Scotland at the end of May, around a dozen are still active", with the others having dispersed due to hostility from their institutions and waning enthusiasm following the end of the academic year. Those remaining included encampments at Birmingham, Bristol, QMUL and SOAS in London, Nottingham, Newcastle, Oxford, and Reading, with many of these facing legal action or the threat of legal action.[320] On July 8, Oxford Action for Palestine announced that the second encampment, outside the Radcliffe Camera, had been disbanded following threats of legal action from the university.[321] On July 10, the universities of Birmingham and Nottingham won separate legal cases resulting in summary possession orders against the encampments established on their campuses.[322] The camp at QMUL was also removed following a court order on July 10.[323] The Reading encampment closed voluntarily on May 31 after being asked to leave by the university but without legal action being taken.[324] The Bristol encampment ended in mid-July after winning the first stage of a legal case brought by the university but unable to afford the legal fees necessary to continue their defense.[325]University College London was awarded a summary possession order on August 6 against the campus established in the quad of the UCL Main Building on May 2.[326]
Rebecca Karl, a professor at NYU, stated that historically, "there have been a number of confrontations that have been dealt with by universities in ways that stress that we are not a violent institution... I'm personally very concerned".[327] Wadie Said, a professor at the University of Colorado, stated, "The First Amendment is the hallmark of freedom.. You see that being curtailed based on viewpoint discrimination, which is something not supposed to be allowed under the First Amendment".[328]Jeremi Suri, a UT Austin professor, stated, "I witnessed the police – the state police, the campus police, the city police – an army of police... stormed into the student crowd and started arresting students".[329]
Jody Armour, a professor at USC, stated, "We need to stop allowing people to weaponise anti-Semitism against real, valid protests."[330] In reference to protesters, John McWhorter, a Columbia professor, said, "I find it very hard to imagine that they are antisemitic", adding that there is "a fine line between questioning Israel's right to exist and questioning Jewish people's right to exist" but that "some of the rhetoric amid the protests crosses it."[331] Randall Kuhn, a UCLA professor, stated, "I find it repugnant to sit by while Palestinian professors are being killed, while academic buildings are being bombed relentlessly."[332]
In September 2024, the Council of UC Faculty Associations filed an official complaint against the University of California system, saying faculty were being targeted if they spoke out against the war in Gaza.[333] In October 2024, 25 professors at Harvard University held a silent "study-in" protest at Widener Library, leading to a two-week suspension from the library.[334]
Organizations
The Council on American-Islamic Relations executive director Afaf Nasher criticized the use of police force to break up the protests, stating it undermined academic freedom. Civil rights advocates such as the American Civil Liberties Union have raised free speech concerns over the mass arrests that were seen during the protests.[335][57] The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Volker Türk, described some of the responses from law enforcement as "disproportionate in their impacts"[58] and was "troubled" by how they were being dealt with.[336] The UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres stated that while "hate speech is unacceptable," it is "essential in all circumstances to guarantee the freedom of expression and the freedom of peaceful demonstration."[337]Farida Shaheed, the U.N. special rapporteur on the right to education, said the increase in attacks on student protests represented "a concerning erosion of intellectual freedom and democratic principles within educational settings".[338]Sarah Leah Whitson, executive director of Democracy for the Arab World Now, called the "violent dismantling of pro-Palestine encampments and arrests of student protesters a dangerous assault on our democracy".[339]
Several labor unions that previously supported a ceasefire in the Israel–Hamas war have expressed support for the protests, including the Service Employees International Union (SEIU). The SEIU said it "proudly stands in solidarity with the students, faculty and staff exercising their right to speak up".[50] In contrast, Jonathan Greenblatt of the ADL said that protesters concealing their identities were dressed like "bank robbers" and had the effect of "intimidating their opponents, of menacing the other side."[181] He also accused pro-Palestinian groups, including Jewish Voice for Peace and Students for Justice in Palestine, of being "Iranian proxies".[340]
In October 2024, the ACLU, Amnesty International, and Human Rights Watch wrote a joint statement warning that law enforcement on 20 U.S. college campuses had used potentially excessive force against pro-Palestinian protesters in violation of international law and calling for greater protections.[341]
A coalition of over 200 organizations published an open letter expressing support for the protests.[342] Signatories include:[343][344]
JewBelong, a political advocacy group known for celebrating Zionism, posted billboards near San Diego State University that read, "Remember when college was for losing your virginity, not your mind?" and "Dear colleges, American kids are afraid. Do your job!"[345][346]
On April 22, President Joe Biden criticized and condemned the protests, calling them antisemitic and criticizing those who "don't understand what's going on with the Palestinians".[29] Former President Donald Trump said that the 2017 white supremacist rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, was "peanuts" compared to the ongoing protests.[347] Speaking at Columbia on April 24, House Speaker Mike Johnson said, "Congress will not be silent as Jewish students are expected to run for their lives and stay home from their classes hiding in fear."[348] Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer condemned "lawlessness" during the protests at Columbia, calling it "unacceptable when Jewish students are targeted for being Jewish, when protests exhibit verbal abuse, systematic intimidation or glorification of the murderous and hateful Hamas or the violence of Oct. 7."[349]
Florida Governor Ron DeSantis described the situation at Columbia and other campuses as "inmates run[ning] the asylum."[350] Texas Governor Greg Abbott said that the protesters "belonged in jail" and continued to claim that the protests were "hate-filled, antisemitic protests" and that anyone engaging in them should be expelled.[120] Pennsylvania Governor Josh Shapiro criticized colleges and universities that did not do enough to protect its students, which could lead to antisemitic incidents.[348] Senate Republican leader Mitch McConnell called the protests "a dangerous situation" and said, "there's also antisemitism, which is completely unacceptable".[127] He accused the "student radicals" of supporting Hamas.[349] Multiple conservative politicians and commentators, including Mike Johnson, Ted Cruz, Ira Stoll, Isabel Vincent, and Kari Lake spread the antisemitic conspiracy theory that George Soros funded the protest movement.[351][352]
After the mass arrests at UT on April 24, many voiced their disapproval over Abbott's handling of the decision and the police tactics. Texas Democrats said that Abbott's Department of Public Safety had "more courage to arrest peaceful student protesters than when an active shooter entered an elementary school in Uvalde."[54] U.S. representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez also criticized the deployment of police against the Columbia University protest, calling it an "escalatory, reckless, and dangerous act".[353]Irvine, California Mayor Farrah Khan said: “I am asking our law enforcement to stand down. I will not tolerate any violations to our students' rights to peacefully assemble and protest."[354]
The Fairfax County branch of the Democratic Party issued a statement denouncing the arrests of students at Virginia schools.[55] Virginia representatives Rozia Henson, Joshua Cole, Adele McClure, Nadarius Clark, and Saddam Salim released a joint statement condemning the arrests of student protesters in Virginia.[355][356] After visiting the encampment at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia District AttorneyLarry Krasner said: “The First Amendment comes from here. This is Philadelphia. We don't have to do stupid like they did at Columbia.”[357] California representative Sara Jacobs wrote on X: "I'm deeply concerned that the response to peaceful protests at UCSD is to call in riot police. A militarized response further escalates the situation and doesn't help keep students safe."[358]
Addressing students at the City University of New York on April 26, imprisoned Black political activist Mumia Abu-Jamal praised the protests, saying, "It is a wonderful thing that you have decided not to be silent and decided to speak out against the repression that you see with your own eyes", calling protesters "on the right side of history".[359]College Democrats of America, the student wing of the Democratic Party, endorsed the protests and criticized Biden's response to them.[56][55] Massachusetts State Representative Mike Connolly said: "I'm here really in solidarity with these protesters, and I'm hoping that the MIT administration will honor free speech and will honor the tradition of dissents in this country, in particular dissents to war, which is what really calls us here today."[360]
On May 12, Trump said, "[Biden] is surrendering our college campuses to anarchists, jihadist freaks and anti-American extremists who are trying to tear down our American flag. ... If you come here from another country and try to bring jihadism or anti-Americanism or antisemitism to our campuses, we will immediately deport you. You'll be out of that school."[361] On May 14, Trump told a room full of donors he would deport foreign student demonstrators. According to anonymous Trump donors, Trump said that protests were part of a "revolutionary movement" and that "if you get me reelected, we're going to set that movement back 25 or 30 years."[362]
On April 23, the California State Senate Judiciary Committee passed 2024 SB-1287 on a 10–0 vote, advancing it to the Senate Appropriations Committee.[363] The bill would require the California State University system and California Community Colleges system to enact policies that would prohibit violence, harassment, intimidation, and discrimination if they are "intended to and reasonably understood by the victims or hearers" to either "interfere with the free exercise of rights under the First Amendment or Section 2 of Article I of the California Constitution" or to "call for or support genocide". The bill would also restrict the right to assemble on campuses with "reasonable time, place, and manner restrictions, including advance authorization provisions, for public protests and demonstrations at institutions." The bill has received support exclusively from Jewish and Zionist organizations. It is opposed by the ACLU and the University of California, Davis School of Law, which called the bill unconstitutional.[364]
The "Antisemitism Awareness Act", spearheaded by the Republicans but also backed by many Democrats, passed the United States House of Representatives in a 320–91 vote on May 1, 2024, and proceeded to the Senate.[365][366] The bill is intended to address the recent perceived rise in antisemitism on campuses[367] and uses the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance's approved working definition of antisemitism to Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits "exclusion from participation in, denial of benefits of, and discrimination under federally assisted programs on ground of race, color, or national origin."[368] Democratic Representative Sara Jacobs, who is Jewish, said she opposed the bill because "it fails to effectively address the very real rise of antisemitism, all while defunding colleges and universities across the country and punishing many, if not all, of the nonviolent protesters speaking out against the Israeli military's conduct."[369]
The proposed legislation would broaden the legal definition of antisemitism to include anti-Zionism, criticism of the policies of the state of Israel, and concerns about Palestinian human rights, by categorizing all of that as hate speech, and it has been criticized for conflating "Judaism with Zionism in assuming that all Jews are Zionists" and automatic citizens of Israel rather than the U.S., thereby severely undermining genuine safety for Jewish citizens. It faces strong opposition from several Democratic lawmakers, Jewish organizations, and free speech advocates, including more than 800 Jewish U.S. academics, who signed a letter calling on Biden not to sign the bill.
Jeremy Ben-Ami, president of the centrist pro-Israel group J Street, said that his organization opposes the bill because it is an "unserious" effort led by Republicans "to continually force votes that divide the Democratic caucus on an issue that shouldn't be turned into a political football."
The ACLU sees the bill as an attack on First Amendment rights and argues that its "overbroad" definition of antisemitism "could result in colleges and universities suppressing a wide variety of speech critical of Israel or in support of Palestinian rights in an effort to avoid investigations by the Department [of Education] and the potential loss of funding."
Three Republican members of the U.S. House introduced a bill that would require anyone convicted of unlawful activity on a college campus to perform community service in Gaza for six months. The bill was widely derided as a political stunt and is exceedingly unlikely to pass.[374][375][376]
Legislators in the Virginia House of Delegates and Virginia Senate formed select committees to investigate how state colleges responded to the protests after over 125 people were arrested in the state.[377][378]
Lawsuits
On May 15, United Auto Workers (UAW)'s Harvard Graduate Student Union sued Harvard University, accusing it of surveillance and retaliation against workplace-related collective action, denying employees union representation in disciplinary hearings, and unfairly changing policies regarding access to campus to discourage protesters.[379] In October 2024, a federal judge found that Texas Governor Greg Abbott's executive order on preventing antisemitism on campuses likely violated free speech protections.[380]
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said the protests were "horrific" and antisemitic and must be quelled.[67] Jewish U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders responded vehemently, accusing Netanyahu of distracting the American people from the Israel–Hamas war[381] and expressing support for the protests.[48] Many Israeli academics and civilians, alongside columnists in Israeli media such as The Jerusalem Post and Haaretz, expressed disdain for the protests, with one describing the general reaction as "seeing them as an attack on the country and not just its government".[382][383][384]
After being invited to visit the Columbia protest, Palestinian photojournalist Motaz Azaiza said his experience was great, that he appreciated students wanting to know more and educate themselves, and that it was an honor to raise awareness about the Gaza Strip.[174]Bisan Owda said the protests made the Gazan populace feel "heard".[387][388] Displaced people in Gaza expressed gratitude to the student protesters, holding signs such as "Thank you, American universities".[389]
In response to the protests at Columbia, the spokesperson for India's Ministry of External Affairs said, "In every democracy, there has to be the right balance between freedom of expression, sense of responsibility and public safety and order... After all, we are all judged by what we do at home and not what we say abroad."[390] Chinese state media expressed support for the protests: the People's Daily wrote that American students are protesting because they "can no longer stand the double standards of the United States" and former editor-in-chief of the Global TimesHu Xijin said that the protests show that "Jewish political and business alliance's control over American public opinion has declined."[391] According to Microsoft, Chinese Communist Party-linked influence operations online such as Spamouflage have used the protests to stoke outrage.[392][393] In Iran, former foreign minister Mohammad Javad Zarif criticized Saudi Arabia's and Jordan's reported consideration of normalizing relations with Israel, saying, "American student protesters being brutalised by US security forces have a much greater claim to protecting Palestinians than the Custodians of Holy Mosques".[394] In Tunisia, the General Union of Students released a statement expressing "gratitude and admiration for the student movements at American universities, drawing inspiration from their remarkable history of war rejection, as witnessed during the Vietnam War".[395]
After the three-day occupation at Sciences Po in Paris, Prime Minister of France Gabriel Attal said he would "not tolerate the actions of a dangerously acting minority", calling the protests "an ideology coming from North America".[396] The Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem Cardinal Pierbattista Pizzaballa criticized the protesters' actions, saying, "universities are places where cultural engagement, even heated, even harsh, must be open 360 degrees, where engagement with strong ideas that are completely different, must be expressed not with violence, not with boycotts, but knowing how to engage".[397] After arrests at the Athens Law School, Greek Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis said that "authorities would not allow universities to become sites for protest over Israel's war on Gaza as has been seen in countries around the world".[213] In support of students' right to protest, European University Institute president Patrizia Nanz accused universities of demanding a "safe space" in order to "justify the repression of students' Gaza protests" and restrict their freedom of speech.[398]
Sana'a University in Yemen offered education to students suspended due to protests.[399] Mohammad Moazzeni, the head of Shiraz University in Iran, has offered scholarships to U.S. students expelled for participating in pro-Palestinian protests. This offer, reported by Press TV, extends to students and professors affected by the protests. Moazzeni suggested that other universities in Shiraz and Fars Province may also be prepared to support these students.[400][bettersourceneeded] At the same time, the Israeli Ministry of Diaspora Affairs launched a program aimed at helping Jewish students who feel unsafe at U.S. universities continue their education at Israeli universities.[401]
Iranian leader Ayatollah Ali Khameini has praised the protests on Twitter, praising American students and suggesting they were "on the right side of history". He further described the protesting students as part of the "resistance front" against Israel and encouraged them to "become familiar with the Quran."[53][402][403] Iran-based influence networks provided financial assistance, and posed as students, "to stoke student-organized protests", according to American intelligence assessments.[189]
Analysis
Demonstrations against the Vietnam War in Amsterdam, 1968
Comparisons
The Guardian called the protests "perhaps the most significant student movement since the anti-Vietnam campus protests of the late 1960s".[63] Protests at Columbia were compared to the 1968 protests due to their scale and tactics,[404] and as echoing the 1968 movement.[405][406] According to The Independent, protesters studied the 1968 movement. A Columbia undergraduate said that student organizers learned from the experiences of older generations, calling the movement "completely built" on the legacy of the 1968 protests.[407]Mark Rudd, who led protests against the Vietnam War at Columbia in the 1960s, said, "For me, it's the most normal thing in the world to look at the murder of 34,000 people and the displacement of close to 2 million in Gaza and say, ‘Hey, stop!"[64] Laurel Krause, the sister of Kent State shooting victim Allison Krause stated that she not only supported the protests and asked university leaders to listen to their demands, but condemned the militarized response by campus authorities to disperse protests stating that it endangered students' lives and rights to free expression.[408][409]
Former Columbia student leaders from the era of protests against apartheid in the 1980s, including BDS co-founder Omar Barghouti and historian Barbara Ransby, said the "intersecting issues of war, racism and colonialism" were focal points in the movements of 1968, the 1980s, and 2024—and that the similarities are clear among the periods.[410]The New York Times reported that some scholars consider the current protests starkly different from those against the Vietnam War or apartheid South Africa. According to Timothy Naftali, protests against Vietnam in the 1960s did not result in a constituency that felt attacked as an ethnicity, and the "demonstrations now are creating a feeling of insecurity in a much bigger way than the antiwar demonstrations during Vietnam did".[169]New England Patriots owner Robert Kraft said phrases like "Go back to Poland" and "stop killing children", which Columbia University's Chabad chapter said had been yelled at Jewish students, were "further echoes of the forces that helped give rise to the Nazis".[411]
Political criticism
Far-right influencers and some Republicans have portrayed the protests as violent, a "Marxist takeover," and "terrorism".[179]The New York Times opined that the protests have come during a presidential election year in which Democrats have "harnessed promises of stability and normalcy to win critical recent elections" and that the protests are a messaging opportunity for Republicans to divide Democrats.[412] The newspaper also published an article citing NewsGuard, the Institute for Strategic Dialogue, the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, the Australian Strategic Policy Institute, and Recorded Future on how the media of Russia, China, and Iran have covered the events. It concluded that those countries have made overt and covert efforts to capitalize on the protests to denigrate democracy, inflame partisan tensions, criticize Biden ahead of the 2024 presidential election, support Trump, and express support for Hamas and Palestinians generally.[413]
Both Columbia Professor of Journalism Helen Benedict and Johns Hopkins political science professor Daniel Schlozman remarked that Republican fixation on criticizing universities as bastions of leftist ideology has resulted in portrayals of the protests as examples of radicalism on race and gender issues as a way to divide Democrats.[414][415] A Jewish Currents editor described the movement as providing "cover for the right to expand its attack on protest" in reference to the "draconian" crackdown on protests, saying the "attacks on academic freedom and free speech on campus" were led by right-wingers.[416] Republicans have used antisemitic tropes when denouncing protests as antisemitic, including allusions to conspiracies around George Soros and invoking globalists.[417]
Spread of protests
On April 28, The New York Times wrote that protests outside the U.S. were "sporadic and smaller, and none [started] a wider student movement". The "partisan political context" was given as a reason for the intensity of protests in the U.S.[414] Columbia's status as an Ivy League school, its proximity to New York City and national news media, and its large population of Jewish students were described as fueling increased media attention and political scrutiny that helped spread the protests.[414] According to a Washington Monthly study, pro-Palestinian demonstrations and encampments were more prevalent at elite U.S. universities. The magazine wrote, "in the vast majority of cases, campuses that educate students mostly from working-class backgrounds have not had any protest activity."[418]
Protest camp at the University of Exeter, United kingdom. By May 7, student encampments had spread to twenty universities in the UK.
On May 3, NPR called the protests abroad "a growing global student movement", with student protests in the United Kingdom focusing on "an increasingly high-profile nationwide campaign to end British arms exports to Israel".[419] According to NBC News, the protests abroad, inspired by protests in the U.S., did not have the intensity of U.S. protests.[420] By May 7, protests had escalated in Europe after mass arrests at the University of Amsterdam, with occupations of campus buildings in Germany, France, and Belgium, and encampments on several European campuses.[23] The Associated Press described protests at Sciences Po in Paris as "echoing similar encampments and solidarity demonstrations across the United States".[421] By May 9, protests were widespread at universities in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, while smaller ones were held at Japanese and South Korean universities.[422]
Media coverage of the protests has been criticized as sensationalized and failing to focus on the protesters' demands and grievances.[423]Dana Bash was criticized for likening college protests to the rise of antisemitism in the 1930s in Europe.[186] The lack of student protesters' voices in most national media coverage has also been criticized.[423] Student reporters, in particular, have been praised for their work covering the protests.[424][425]
Students for Justice in Palestine is a pro-Palestinian college student activism organization in the United States, Canada and New Zealand. Founded at the University of California in 2001, it has campaigned for boycott and divestment against corporations that deal with Israel and organized events about Israel's human rights violations. In 2011, The New York Times called it "the leading pro-Palestinian voice on campus". As of 2024, National SJP has over 350 chapters in North America.
The Israel–Hamas war has sparked protests, demonstrations, and vigils around the world. These events focused on a variety of issues related to the conflict, including demands for a ceasefire, an end to the Israeli blockade and occupation, return of Israeli hostages, protesting war crimes, and providing humanitarian aid to Gaza. Since the war began on 7 October 2023, the death toll has exceeded 40,000.
Protests, including rallies, demonstrations, campaigns, and vigils, relating to the Israel–Hamas war have occurred nationwide across the United States since the conflict's start on October 7, 2023, occurring as part of a broader phenomenon of the Israel–Hamas war protests around the world.
As a result of the Israel–Hamas war, nationwide protests occurred across the UK. These demonstrations occurred as part of a broader movement of war-related protests occurring around the world.
Within Our Lifetime - United For Palestine (WOL), is a pro-Palestinian and anti-Zionist activist organization primarily active in New York City. The group has been one of the key organizers in the city's ongoing Israel-Hamas war protests.
A series of occupation protests by pro-Palestinian students occurred at Columbia University in New York City from April to June 2024, in the context of the broader Israel–Hamas war protests in the United States. The protests began on April 17, 2024, when pro-Palestinian students established an encampment of approximately 50 tents on the university campus, calling it the Gaza Solidarity Encampment, and demanded the university divest from Israel.
On April 25, 2024, a student protest began at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to protest the administration's investments in Israel. The occupation, self-titled as the 'Palestine Solidarity Encampment', was a part of pro-Palestine protests on university campuses campaigning for divestment from Israel. The encampment was attacked multiple times by counter protestors, leading to clashes. On May 2, the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) raided and dismantled the encampment, arresting the protestors and ending the occupation.
On April 29, 2024, approximately 100 University of Oregon students established a camp on the Eugene campus to support Palestinians in Gaza and demanding action from administrators. As part of the 2024 pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses, demonstrators requested for the university to divest from “the state of Israel, Israeli companies, and any weapons or surveillance manufacturing.”
In May 2024, peaceful pro-Palestinian student protesters at the University of Virginia (UVa) demonstrated on the campus. The protesters organized an anti-war occupation on university grounds in support of Palestinian nationalism in the context of the mass death and displacement of tens of thousands of Palestinian civilians during the Israel–Hamas war.
The McGill University pro-Palestinian encampment was an occupation protest which took place on the downtown campus of McGill University, in Montreal, from 27 April to 10 July 2024. It was the first notable Canadian demonstration in the 2024 movement of pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses, which call for universities to cut ties with Israel amid the country's assault on Gaza in the Israel–Hamas war. Like many of its predecessors, the protest at McGill took the form of an encampment, a group of tents occupied day and night by protesters.
On May 6, 2024 University of Amsterdam (UvA) students established a pro-Palestinian protest occupation on the Roeterseiland campus to support Palestinians in Gaza and demand action from administrators. This became the first in a series of pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses throughout the Netherlands. On May 7, 169 people were detained when the police used a bulldozer to break down the barricades after the protesters refused to leave.
In 2024, an occupation protest was started by students on the University of Washington campus, in Seattle, Washington.
On April 25th, students at University of Pennsylvania began an encampment to protest the ongoing Israel–Hamas war and to call for divestment from Israel. The occupation, named the "Gaza Solidarity Encampment," was part of a series of 2024 pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses. On May 10th, the encampment was raided and protesters were arrested, ending the occupation.
The pro-Palestinian campus occupations at the University of Oxford are ongoing occupation protests in Oxford, England, organised by Oxford Action for Palestine (OA4P). The occupations started on 6 May 2024 on the Museum of Natural History's lawn, in front of the Pitt Rivers Museum. Escalating the protests, a second encampment was established on 19 May outside the Radcliffe Camera. Protests have taken elsewhere in the city, including on Wellington Square, where 17 students were arrested after occupying the Vice-Chancellor's office on 23 May. Protesters demands include disclosure of investments and divestment from Israeli companies, among others. The university refused to negotiate with protesters until responding to an email to arrange discussion on 5 June. The protests have been supported by over 500 members of staff, and criticised by the university as intimidating.
A series of protests at Ohio State University by pro-Palestinian demonstrators occurred on-campus in response to the Israel-Palestine conflict beginning on October 7, 2023. A solidarity encampment was constructed on OSU's South Oval on April 25, 2024, during which there were at least 36 arrests, making for the largest en masse arrests on campus since the 1969–1970 Vietnam War protests.
Pro-Palestinian protests at the University of Texas at Austin began on April 24, 2024, organized by the Palestinian Solidarity Committee in response to the ongoing Israel-Hamas War. The protests have included sit-ins, marches, and encampments on campus, calling for the university to divest from companies linked to Israel's actions in Gaza. The demonstrations escalated when university officials, with support from local and state law enforcement, intervened to disperse protestors, leading to multiple arrests and sparking criticism over the suppression of free speech on campus. Despite arrests and clashes with police, the protests have continued, drawing significant attention and raising debates about civil liberties and the role of university administration in managing campus protests.
The Palestine exception, otherwise known as the Palestine exception to free speech, is a term given to a described legal carve-out of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution and free speech laws in Canada and Europe that allows government establishments and other institutions to suppress pro-Palestine protests. The term has been used by pro-Palestinian activists especially during the Israel–Hamas war and associated protests calling for a ceasefire, criticizing US military and diplomatic support to Israel, and Israel's invasion of the Gaza Strip and its war conduct. The term has also regularly been used by academic freedom and freedom of speech advocates to criticize policies implemented by university institutions against pro-Palestine campus protesters calling for their disinvestment from Israel.
1 2 3 "US college protests: Who are the student groups and others involved". Reuters. April 30, 2024. Archived from the original on May 10, 2024. Retrieved April 30, 2024. Among the lead student groups in the coalition are the Columbia chapters of Jewish Voice for Peace and Students for Justice in Palestine. The two decades-old anti-Zionism advocacy groups that protest Israel's military occupation have chapters across the country that have been key to protests on other campuses.
↑ Treisman, Rachel (May 1, 2024). "How some faculty members are defending student protesters, in actions and in words". NPR. Archived from the original on May 2, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2024. It's one of several schools around the country where professors are getting arrested at demonstrations, circulating letters in support of arrested protesters and holding no-confidence votes in their administrations.
Multiple sources: Ferré-Sadurní, Luis; Edmonds, Colbi; Cruz, Liset (April 21, 2024). "Some Jewish Students Are Targeted as Protests Continue at Columbia". The New York Times. ISSN0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 22, 2024. Retrieved April 29, 2024. Those demonstrations took a dark turn on Saturday evening, as protesters targeted some Jewish students with antisemitic vitriol that was captured in video and pictures, both inside and outside the campus.
Perry, Nick; Collins, Dave; Price, Michelle L. (April 23, 2024). "Pro-Palestinian protests sweep US college campuses following mass arrests at Columbia". The Associated Press. Archived from the original on April 27, 2024. Retrieved April 29, 2024. Some Jewish students, meanwhile, say much of the criticism of Israel has veered into antisemitism and made them feel unsafe, and they point out that Hamas is still holding hostages taken during the group's Oct. 7 invasion ... He said some of the protesters shouting antisemitic slurs were not students.
"Efforts to tackle student protests in America have backfired badly". The Economist. April 23, 2024. Archived from the original on April 29, 2024. Retrieved April 29, 2024. He kept being told: "You're interpreting it wrong", but this week there was no misinterpreting, he says, the undercurrent of antisemitism on campus. "We're coming for you," other Jewish students say they were told: "Get off our campus."
Rosman, Katherine (April 26, 2024). "Columbia Bars Student Protester Who Said 'Zionists Don't Deserve to Live'". The New York Times. ISSN0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 27, 2024. Retrieved April 30, 2024. Video of the incendiary comments resurfaced online Thursday evening, forcing the school to again confront an issue at the core of the conflict rippling across campuses nationwide: the tension between pro-Palestinian activism and antisemitism.Diver, Tony (April 27, 2024). "Dispatch: Jewish students confront extreme anti-Semitism at Columbia protest camp". The Telegraph. ISSN0307-1235. Archived from the original on April 30, 2024. Retrieved April 30, 2024. At Boston's Northeastern University, Police in riot gear cleared an encampment after crowds were heard chanting antisemitic slurs including "kill the Jews".
↑ Myers, Steven Lee; Hsu, Tiffany; Fassihi, Farnaz (September 4, 2024). "Iran Emerges as a Top Disinformation Threat in U.S. Presidential Race". The New York Times. ISSN0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 4, 2024. Across the United States this spring, Iran also used social media to stoke student-organized protests against Israel's war in Gaza, with operatives providing financial assistance and posing as students, according to American intelligence assessments.
Makoii, Akhtar (May 8, 2024). "Pro-Palestinian protesters project 'student intifada' slogan onto university". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on May 9, 2024. Retrieved May 9, 2024. Police cleared a pro-Palestinian tent encampment at George Washington University on Wednesday after protesters projected a US flag in flames and slogans including "Long live the student intifada" onto a building overnight.
Alvarez, Maximillian (May 3, 2024). "Inside the 'Student Intifada': A roundtable with campus organizers". The Real News Network. Archived from the original on May 9, 2024. Retrieved May 9, 2024. It is being called the Student Intifada, a grassroots protest movement spreading to different college and university campuses around the country involving students at over a hundred campuses, setting up encampments, occupations and protests (...)
Starr, Michael (May 7, 2024). "'Student intifada here to stay': Harvard activists defy suspension threat". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on May 10, 2024. Retrieved May 9, 2024. Anti-Israel activists groups defied Harvard University warnings that their protest encampment must dissolve under threat of suspension, proclaiming the campus occupation movement a "student intifada" in a press conference on Monday.
↑ Bikowski, Brooke (April 29, 2024). "Protests, Counterprotests Over Israel's Actions in Gaza Roil Los Angeles Universities". Times of San Diego. Archived from the original on April 29, 2024. Retrieved April 29, 2024. It was unclear whether all of the participants were UCLA students, although known members of far right and white nationalist groups have been appearing at various campuses nationally in order to sow chaos and violence.
1 2 Carless, Will (April 26, 2024). "Far-right influencers claim student protests are violent. Experts have different worries". USA Today. Archived from the original on April 29, 2024. Retrieved April 29, 2024. Those counter-protesters might, in turn, be met with violence from militant far-left activists aligned with the anti-fascist movement, said Colin P. Clarke, director of research at the Soufan Group, a global intelligence and security consultancy. The far-left has become increasingly organized over the last few years, in response to growing violence from the far-right, Clarke said, and he's worried about possible violence that could spill out from the protests.
↑ Palestine-CBT, Faculty and Staff Supporting Justice in. "The Palestine Exception". Columbia Daily Spectator. Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved May 21, 2024.
↑ Barghouti, Omar; Jones, Tanaquil; Ransby, Barbara (May 3, 2024). "Let us remember the last time students occupied Columbia University". The Guardian. ISSN0261-3077. Archived from the original on May 3, 2024. Retrieved May 3, 2024. From 1968 to the 1980s to 2024, the often intersecting issues of war, racism and colonialism, took center stage in Columbia justice movements, reflecting larger campus and international struggles raging at the time. Each of these periods was unique, but parallels are clear.
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