Washington University in St. Louis

Last updated

Washington University in St. Louis
WashU St. Louis seal.svg
Former name
  • Eliot Seminary (1853–1854)
  • Washington Institute (1854–1856)
  • Washington University (1856–1976)
MottoPer veritatem vis (Latin)
Motto in English
"Strength through truth"
Type Private research university
EstablishedFebruary 22, 1853;172 years ago (1853-02-22)
Accreditation HLC
Academic affiliations
Endowment $12.0 billion (FY24)
Chancellor Andrew D. Martin
Provost Beverly Wendland
Academic staff
4,551 (2024)
Administrative staff
17,979 (2024)
Students16,399 (fall 2024)
Undergraduates 8,243 (fall 2024)
Postgraduates 7,289 (fall 2024)
Location
St. Louis
,
Missouri
,
United States

38°38′53″N90°18′18″W / 38.648°N 90.305°W / 38.648; -90.305
Campus Suburban [1] , 355 acres (1.44 km2)
Newspaper Student Life
Colors Red and green
Nickname Bears
Sporting affiliations
MascotBear
Website washu.edu
Washington University in St. Louis

Washington University in St. Louis (WashU) is a private research university in St. Louis, Missouri, United States. Founded in 1853 by a group of civic leaders and named for George Washington, the university spans 355 acres across its Danforth and Medical campuses. It comprises nine schools and offers more than 150 undergraduate, 80 master's and professional, and 50 doctoral degree programs. As of 2024, Washington University enrolled 16,399 students representing all 50 U.S. states and more than 110 countries.

Contents

Established due to a concern of a lack of institutions of higher learning in the Midwest, the university held its first classes in 1854 in downtown St. Louis. In 1905, Washington University relocated to a new campus northwest of Forest Park, allowing for expansion and new facilities to support its growing academic programs and student body. Construction of the first building, Busch Hall, began in 1900, followed by Brookings Hall, Ridgley, and Cupples. These buildings were not occupied until 1905 to accommodate the 1904 Summer Olympics and St. Louis World's Fair. By 1964, more than two-thirds of incoming students came from outside the St. Louis area. In 2021, the university adopted a need-blind undergraduate admissions policy.

Washington University joined the Association of American Universities in 1923. The university received over 32,750 applications for the Class of 2028 and admitted 12 percent. It supports more than 400 undergraduate student organizations. The university's athletic teams, the Washington University Bears, compete in NCAA Division III as founding members of the University Athletic Association and as a member of the College Conference of Illinois and Wisconsin. Its mascot is the Bear, and its official colors are red and green. The Bears have won 26 NCAA Division III championships.

Governance of the university is overseen by a Board of Trustees, which ensures its alignment with educational, financial, and social objectives. As of 2024, the university is led by Chancellor Andrew D. Martin and Provost Beverly Wendland. The university's endowment of $12.0 billion is among the fifteen largest in the United States. The university’s motto is Per veritatem vis, which translates to "Strength through truth". It is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission. Washington University has been the venue for four presidential debates and one vice-presidential debate.

As of 2024, 26 Nobel laureates, 11 Pulitzer Prize winners, 4 United States Poets Laureate, and 6 MacArthur Fellows have been affiliated with the university as faculty or alumni. A top producer of Fulbright scholars, Washington University alumni also include 17 university presidents, 21 members of the United States Congress, 30 Rhodes Scholars, 20 Truman Scholars, 7 Marshall Scholars and 2 Churchill Scholars.

History

19th Century

Founding and early years

William Greenleaf Eliot, first president of the board of trustees WGEliot.jpg
William Greenleaf Eliot, first president of the board of trustees

Washington University was founded in 1853 by 17 St. Louis business, religious, and political leaders concerned by the lack of institutions of higher learning in the Midwest. [2] State Senator Wayman Crow and Unitarian minister William Greenleaf Eliot led the effort. [3] [4] Crow secured the university charter, [5] and Eliot was named president of the board of trustees, with Crow serving as vice president. [2] Joseph Gibson Hoyt became the university's inaugural chancellor. [6]

Unlike most American institutions, Washington University initially lacked a financial endowment and did not have the backing of a religious organization, wealthy patron, or government support. [7]

Originally called Eliot Seminary, the name faced opposition from Eliot himself, who favored a nonsectarian identity for the institution. To address this, Eliot appointed a subcommittee consisting of himself and Samuel Treat to recommend a new name. [2] The subcommittee proposed Washington Institute, in honor of George Washington, the nation’s first president, as the charter had been granted on his birthday, February 22. The board unanimously approved the proposal. [8] In 1856, the board officially amended the name to Washington University. [9]

Growth and expansion

Chartered as a university, it initially functioned primarily as a night school and did not have buildings, faculty, or established course offerings. Classes began on October 22, 1854, in the Benton Schoolhouse, a facility loaned by the public school board, which also covered utility costs and installed gas lighting for evening instruction. Tuition was offered free of charge. By the end of the first year, 270 students had enrolled whose ages ranged from eight years old to forty-six years old. The university hired four teachers from the public school system; two of whom later became the university's first full-time faculty members. In 1856, the university's first building on its purchased three-acre site of Seventeenth Street and Washington Avenue was completed. [10] Washington University remained located in downtown St. Louis for its first fifty years. [11]

Smith Academy (1856) Washington University Academic Hall and Smith Academy.jpg
Smith Academy (1856)

In 1856, Eliot and other trustees established a preparatory academic department for boys. [12] Admission was granted to boys aged ten and older who passed an exam in reading, writing, geography, and basic arithmetic. [13] In 1859, a preparatory female department was established. In recognition of Eliot’s leadership, the University insisted on naming it the Mary Institute, in honor of his daughter. In 1879, the academic department for boys was named Smith Academy. [12]

Washington University's law school (originally known as The St. Louis Law School) was the first undergraduate division of the University to admit women. In 1869, Lemma Barkeloo and Phoebe Couzins enrolled. Barkeloo passed the Missouri bar exam in her first year and did not complete the program, while Couzins earned her LL.B. in 1871. However, it wasn’t until 1886 that women were regularly admitted again to the law school. [14]

In 1871, Eliot was named the third chancellor of Washington University. [15]

Washington University Manual Training School (1906) The manual training school, comprising a full statement of its aims, methods, and results, with figured drawings of shop exercises in woods and metals (1906) (14596307140).jpg
Washington University Manual Training School (1906)

In 1879, the St. Louis Manual Training School of Washington University [16] became the first manual training school established in the United States. [17] Student's time was divided equally between manual training and school work. [17]

Facing declining enrollment in the 1870s, the university sought to strengthen ties with local preparatory schools, and by 1880, graduates from select high schools could enter by certificate rather than examination. The College also introduced the Bachelor of Philosophy (Ph.B) degree as a more flexible alternative to the traditional Bachelor of Arts, with the Ph.B. placing greater emphasis on science, history, and English. Lectures and written exams replaced traditional oral recitations, and completing a senior thesis became a requirement for graduation for the Ph.B degree. [18] Admitting women had a greater impact on enrollment than any academic reforms. After a unanimous faculty vote, the first woman enrolled in the undergraduate college in 1870; by the 1890s, women were the main drivers of the college’s enrollment growth. [19]

During Eliot’s chancellorship, student organizations at Washington University rose and fell quickly due to a lack of institutional support. [20] Athletics were especially unstable, with clubs like baseball and rowing repeatedly forming and disbanding, though individual sports gained steadier traction with the building of gyms and hiring of instructors. A major shift occurred in 1890 when the Washington University Athletic Association (established in 1884) embraced intercollegiate football. [20]

In 1890, the amount of prescribed courses for the Bachelor of Arts degree was 40 of 45. By the end of 1892, Washington University had reduced the number of prescribed courses to 8 out of 38. This shift in policy also led to the abolition of alternative degrees like the Ph.B. and contributed to the creation of many new courses. [21]

Washington University’s decision to purchase a tract of land for a new campus was driven by the rapid growth of St. Louis and the decreasing availability of suitable locations. The land was acquired for $185,000(equivalent to $6,474,000 in 2024) in with financing arranged through a loan and the sale of University stock, backed by private guarantees. The University then enlisted Olmsted, Olmsted & Eliot to design the campus, beginning with two landscape plans in 1895 and marking the beginning of the architects' broader influence. [22] In 1897, the university formally announced plans in its catalog to move the Undergraduate Department to a new site northwest of Forest Park. [23] Olmsted's praise of the site led the board to agree to buy the land without conditions. Olmsted also recommended acquiring additional land along Skinker Boulevard, which was completed in 1899 with help from Robert Brookings, and advised that future construction emphasize aesthetics. Their proposals included holding an architectural competition and grouping buildings in quadrangles, with the main building facing east from the ridge. [24]

St. Louis Medical College affiliated with Washington University in 1891. "St. Louis Medical College, Medical Department of Kemper College." - DPLA - 0cd7dc45c4ad2d18ec8aff4c033953dc.jpg
St. Louis Medical College affiliated with Washington University in 1891.

Medical College affiliation

In 1890, the St. Louis Medical College proposed establishing a physiological laboratory in partnership with Washington University. Although the University initially declined, the medical college renewed its efforts to affiliate. A joint committee formed in early 1891, and by April, the college formally became the "Medical Department of Washington University". [25]

Missouri Medical College, established in 1840, affiliated with Washington University in 1899. The Missouri Medical College and adjoining St. John's Hospital. - DPLA - 8ad07d731d2f6194651247a00a424cae.jpg
Missouri Medical College, established in 1840, affiliated with Washington University in 1899.

In 1892, the Missouri Dental College, with a curriculum closely aligned with the St. Louis Medical College, also affiliated with Washington University. [26]

In 1899, the Missouri Medical College, established in 1840 as the oldest medical school west of the Mississippi in conjunction with Kemper College, merged with the St. Louis Medical College. Historian Historian Ralph E. Morrow later wrote that this affiliation completed the foundation of Washington University’s health programs. [27] The merger doubled medical school enrollment. It also provided greater access to hospital beds for clinical work and expanded physical facilities, including the conversion of a Missouri Medical College building into Washington University’s first hospital. [28]

Washington University seal bookplate Washington University bookplate.png
Washington University seal bookplate

University seal

In 1896, Holmes Smith, professor of Drawing and History of Art, designed what became the basis for the university seal. The seal is made up of elements from the Washington family coat of arms, an open book representing a university, and the symbol of Louis IX, whom the city is named after. [29] In 1915, The university’s adopted its motto is Per veritatem vis, which translates to "Strength through truth". [29]

Brookings Hall during the 1904 World's Fair 1904 World's Fair Administration Building (Brookings Hall, Washington University) seen from the southeast with the Italian Pavilion in the foreground.jpg
Brookings Hall during the 1904 World's Fair
Cupples Hall on the grounds of the 1904 World's Fair Department of Anthropology building (Cupples Hall -1, Washington University) on the grounds of the 1904 World's Fair.jpg
Cupples Hall on the grounds of the 1904 World's Fair
Ridgley Hall in 2006, built during the 1900s Washington University in St. Louis1.jpg
Ridgley Hall in 2006, built during the 1900s

20th century

Campus building and academic foundation

The cornerstone of the first building on its new Hilltop Campus, Busch Hall was laid on October 20, 1900. [30] Construction of additional buildings, including Brookings Hall, Ridgley, and Cupples began shortly thereafter. Washington University postponed occupying these buildings until 1905 to accommodate the 1904 World's Fair and the 1904 Summer Olympics. [31] Robert S. Brookings, president of the board, leased the first five University buildings to the Fair. The $750,000(equivalent to $26,200,000 in 2024) generated from the lease was then used to fund the construction of four additional buildings, which were also used by the Fair. [32]

By 1905, the number of course offerings in the College had tripled. [21]

In 1909, the College implemented curricular changes that included a distribution requirement and a limit on how much concentration was allowed in a single field of study. [33]

The School of Medicine formalized partnerships with Barnes Hospital in 1911 and St. Louis Children's Hospital in 1912. These agreements required hospital staffs to consist entirely of University faculty, while granting the University access to patients for clinical instruction and research. In return, Washington University pledged to construct and maintain modern medical facilities and laboratories adjacent to the hospitals. [34] In 1915, the university completed a new medical complex on Kingshighway Boulevard. Three years later, Aphrodite Jannopoulo, Carol Skinner Cole, and Faye Cashatt became the first women to enroll as medical students. [35]

In 1922, Arthur Holly Compton, head of the Department of Physics, conducted a series of experiments in the basement of Eads Hall that demonstrated the particle concept of electromagnetic radiation. [36] Compton's discovery, known as the "Compton Effect," earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1927. [37]

In 1923, Washington University became a member of the Association of American Universities. [38]

Desegregation and Social Change

Eads Hall in 2019, where Arthur Holly Compton conducted experiments in the 1920s WashU Danforth Campus.jpg
Eads Hall in 2019, where Arthur Holly Compton conducted experiments in the 1920s
Brookings Hall during sunset in 2021 Brookings Hall during sunset.jpg
Brookings Hall during sunset in 2021
South 40 Clocktower WashU Clocktower.jpg
South 40 Clocktower

In 1945, four African American students were denied admission to the university's summer school, prompting the NAACP and the city of St. Louis to file a lawsuit challenging the institution's tax-exempt status. The suit argued that the university's segregationist policies violated its obligations as a tax-exempt entity. Although the legal action did not succeed, it led the university's board of directors to publicly address the issue of segregation for the first time. [39]

Compton returned to Washington University in 1946 as the ninth chancellor after 22 years at the University of Chicago. [40] He reestablished the Washington University football team and emphasized a "strictly amateur" athletic policy with no athletic scholarships. Under Compton, the university saw enrollment growth, which was driven by World War II veterans using the G.I. Bill, which covered college costs for military personnel. [41] Enrollment increased by 39 percent in spring 1946 to 9,159 students. By fall 1947, enrollment had reached 13,204 students. [42]

Before the board fully responded, the initiative for desegregation was taken up by individual deans and departments. In June 1947, the medical school sought retroactive approval for admitting an African American student to a postgraduate course in ophthalmology, which the board granted. [43] That same year, President Harry S. Truman's Commission on Higher Education recommended repealing segregation laws in higher education. [44] Although the first African American student did not begin undergraduate medical studies until 1951, by then, the medical school had already appointed African Americans to its part-time clinical faculty and named Ernest S. Sims as the first African American to hold a full-time academic appointment in the university. [43]

Similarly, the School of Social Work began admitting African American students in December 1947. The graduate school followed suit a few months later. [43] In 1949, a group of students formed the Student Committee for the Admission of Negroes (SCAN). In May 1949, SCAN conducted a poll in which nearly one-third of the student body participated, with 77 percent expressing support for ending segregation. [44] By the winter of 1949, racial tests for admission were abolished in all postbaccalaureate programs on the Hilltop Campus. The dentistry school followed in early 1950. On May 9, 1952, racial tests for admissions to undergraduate programs were abolished. [43]

On March 5, 1958, the Board of Directors approved HOK’s plans for four residence halls and a food service building. [45] Work on the South 40, named for its location south of the Hilltop Campus and its size of 40 acres (16 ha), [46] site commenced before July 4, 1958. [45] The project was completed in four phases. Each wave of construction expanded residential capacity: the first group of dormitories accommodated nearly 600 students, the second added another 600, and subsequent phases continued to increase housing availability on campus. [45] With additional on-campus housing, the university, which had been predominantly attended by commuter students, began attracting a greater number of applicants from across the nation. [47] By 1964, over two-thirds of incoming students came from outside the St. Louis area. [48]

Activism and identity

In the late 1960s, Black students established the Association of Black Collegians (ABC). The group (later the Association of Black Students) supported Black students, addressed issues related to campus policing, and advocated for more inclusive representation in the academic curriculum. On December 5, 1968, Elbert Walton, an MBA student, had an incident with campus police. Around 10:30 a.m., officers stopped him, and he reportedly refused to show his ID. The police then took him to the ground, handcuffed him, and placed him in a police car. Walton was later taken to the police station, where he sat in a chair while still handcuffed. When ABC learned about Walton's arrest, the group organized a sit-in at the police office, later expanding their occupation to the basement of Brookings Hall. [49] After arrests and negotiations, the university expanded diversity efforts, including the establishment of the department of African and African-American Studies. [49] [44]

In May 1970, Washington University experienced student unrest in response to the U.S. invasion of Cambodia and the Kent State shooting. On the evening of May 4, a large meeting in Brookings Quadrangle led to a march of 1,200 to 1,500 students toward the AFROTC building. The building was subsequently damaged by a rock-throwing crowd and set on fire in the early hours of May 5. County firemen extinguished the fire after initial attempts by the Clayton Fire Department were hindered by protestors. [50]

In 1971, the board of trustees appointed Chancellor William Henry Danforth. [51] [52] According to The New York Times, under Chancellor Danforth, Washington University transformed from a commuter school into a world-renowned institution. [53] During his 24-year chancellorship, he established 70 new endowed professorships, constructed dozens of buildings, secured a $1.72 billion endowment, and tripled the amount of student scholarships. [54]

To better distinguish itself in national media, the university's board of trustees added the phrase "in St. Louis" in 1976. [55]

Institutional development and expansion

In 1995, Mark S. Wrighton, former provost at MIT, was elected the university's 14th chancellor. [56] During Chancellor Wrighton's tenure, undergraduate applications to Washington University more than doubled, the university has added more than 190 endowed professorships, and revamped its Arts & Sciences curriculum, and completed more than 30 new buildings. [57] The university has also built more than 50 new buildings and increased its endowment by more than $5,000,000,000. [58]

21st century

Danforth Campus banner Danforth Campus banner - Washington University in St. Louis.jpg
Danforth Campus banner

In 2005, Washington University established the "McDonnell International Scholars Academy", an international network of research universities build a global network to address challenges like disease and poverty, through academic collaboration, with an initial endowment gift of $10,000,000 (equivalent to $16,100,000in 2024) from John F. McDonnell. [59] [60] [61] Initially, it began with 15 partner institutions in Asia. [59] As of 2022, it has more than 30 partner institutions around the world. [62]

The Hilltop Campus was renamed the Danforth Campus in 2006 to honor former chancellor William H. Danforth. [63] [64]

In 2014, a study ranked Washington University first in the country for income inequality [65] with approximately 22 percent of its students coming from the top 1 percent of earners, and about 6 percent from the bottom 60 percent. [66] [67] [68] In response to criticism, the university committed to increase the percentage of Pell-eligible students on campus from 6 percent to 13 percent by 2020. [67] [69] [70] The university achieved that goal three years early, and as of 2022, 19.9 percent of undergraduate students were eligible for Pell Grants, representing a 300 percent increase since 2012. [71]

In June 2019, Andrew D. Martin, former dean of the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts at the University of Michigan, was elected the university's 15th chancellor. [72] At his inauguration, Martin announced the "WashU Pledge", a program that offers free tuition to full-time students from Missouri and southern Illinois whose families either earn $75,000 or less per year or qualify for Pell Grants (federal money that helps low-income students pay for college and doesn’t need to be repaid). [73] [74] In 2021, the university launched a $1 billion plan called Gateway to Success. [75] [76] $800 million for need-blind admission (meaning students are accepted without looking at their financial needs) and to cover all their financial need. [77] Another $200 million was set aside to help graduate and professional students pay for school. [78] Under Martin’s leadership, the School of Continuing & Professional Studies was redesigned to make college more accessible for more people. He also expanded the WashU Pledge and started the Heartland Initiative to help talented students from the region succeed and stay after graduation. [79]

In 2024, Washington University purchased the 16-acre campus of neighboring Fontbonne University, which is set to close in 2025, for $39 million. [80] [81]

2008 Vice Presidential Debate at the Washington University Field House Wustldebate08.JPG
2008 Vice Presidential Debate at the Washington University Field House

U.S. presidential and vice-presidential debates

As of 2024, Washington University has been the venue for four presidential debates and one vice-presidential debate: the inaugural 1992 presidential debate on October 11, 1992, the third 2000 Presidential debate on October 17, the second 2004 Presidential debate on October 8, [82] the sole 2008 Vice Presidential debate between Joe Biden and Sarah Palin on October 2, [83] and the second 2016 Presidential debate on October 9. [84] A 1996 debate was scheduled but canceled when the number of debates was reduced to two. [85]

Organization and administration

Danforth Campus buildings WUSTL Danforth Campus.jpg
Danforth Campus buildings

From its inception, Washington University has been governed by an independent board of trustees which, by charter, appoints its own members. [86] Trustees serve four-year terms and may be eligible for re-election upon the completion of a term. The Board is responsible for the university’s fiduciary oversight, strategic governance, and major institutional decisions, including setting policy and providing overall guidance. These include appointing the chancellor, reviewing and approving the annual budget, authorizing major capital expenditures, making final decisions on tenure and degree conferrals, and approving the creation of new academic programs. [87]

From 1983 to 1987, the "Alliance for Washington University" campaign raised more than $630,500,000(equivalent to $1,745,000,000 in 2024). [88] [89] From 1998 to 2004, the "Campaign for Washington University" raised more than $1,550,000,000(equivalent to $2,830,000,000 in 2024). [90]

On June 1, 2019, Andrew D. Martin was appointed the 15th chancellor of Washington University after Chancellor Mark S Wrighton announced his plans to retire. [91] The Chancellor is responsible for overseeing the university’s day-to-day operations, including managing staff, implementing the Board's policies and decisions, ensuring compliance, and leading strategic initiatives. The Chancellor also provides vision and leadership across academics, research, fundraising, and administration. [92]

In 2020, Beverly Wendland, former dean of the Krieger School of Arts and Sciences at Johns Hopkins University, was named Provost. [93]

Washington University is a member of the Association of American Universities, [38] American Association of Colleges and Universities, [94] Universities Research Association, [95] American Council of Learned Societies Research University Consortium, [96] and is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission. [97] [98]

Finances, costs, and financial aid

As of June 30, 2024, Washington University has an endowment of $12.0 billion, [99] [100] ranking it among the top 15 university endowments in the United States. [100] Its total assets (including its campus) are valued at $20.48 billion. [101] In Fiscal Year 2024, it had an operating budget of $5.23 billion of which 11 percent came from endowment spending. Of its $5.23 billion operating budget, it had expenses of $5.08 billion. Of the $5.08 billion, $3.026 billion went to instruction, $892.7 million to research, $489.8 million to academic support, $296.4 to institutional support, $165.1 million to auxiliary enterprises, $161.3 million to student services, and $51.6 million to other deductions. [102]

For the 2025–‍2026 academic year, Washington University charged a tuition fee of $68,240 per student, with a total estimated on-campus cost of attendance of $92,932. [103] Washington University practices need-blind admissions and meets 100 percent of admitted students' demonstrated needs. [78] [76] Of the 1,823 first-year students enrolled in 2023–2024, 929 applied for need-based financial aid, and 796 were determined to have financial need. Among those 796 students, 100 percent of demonstrated need was met on average (excluding any aid awarded beyond calculated need). It does not offer any athletic scholarships. [104]

Campuses

View of Danforth Campus in 2012 Gfp-missouri-st-louis-looking-at-danforth.jpg
View of Danforth Campus in 2012
View of Danforth Campus from top of the quad (2012) Gfp-missouri-st-louis-view-from-top-of-the-quad.jpg
View of Danforth Campus from top of the quad (2012)

Danforth

In 1899, the university held a national design competition for a new campus. [105] The Philadelphia firm Cope & Stewardson, known for their work at the University of Pennsylvania, Bryn Mawr College, and Princeton University, [106] won with a design based on Collegiate Gothic quadrangles inspired by Oxford and Cambridge Universities. [105]

The university's 169-acre Danforth Campus is bordered by the Forest Park section of St. Louis and Clayton and University City, Missouri. [107] A large portion of the Danforth Campus is recognized as the Washington University Hilltop Campus Historic District, which is a National Historic Landmark. [108]

Medical

The Washington University Medical Center as seen from Forest Park in 2009. JeffersonLake BJC.jpg
The Washington University Medical Center as seen from Forest Park in 2009.

Washington University Medical Center comprises 186 acres (75.3 ha) spread over 18 city blocks, located along the eastern edge of Forest Park within the Central West End neighborhood of St. Louis. [109] The campus is home to the Washington University School of Medicine and its partners, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and St. Louis Children's Hospital. [109]

In 2019, Washington University was awarded a $7.6 million grant from the National Cancer Institute to establish the Implementation Science Center for Cancer Control to address disparities in cancer care in parts of Missouri and Illinois. [110] In 2022, Washington University's Institute of Clinical and Translational Sciences was awarded a five-year $61 million grant from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health, to advance precision medicine, health equity, and diversity initiatives. [111]

Academics

In 2023, Washington University was one of 10 universities [112] picked to join the Kessler Scholars Collaborative, which provides support for selected first-generation and Pell-Grant eligible STEM students. [113] [114] The program aims to recruit 20 fully funded Kessler scholars per year and provide additional opportunities to close the wealth gap. [115]

Admissions

For the class of 2028 (entering fall 2024), Washington University in St. Louis received over 32,750 applications and admitted 12 percent of applicants. [116] Of those admitted, 86 percent who reported their rank were in the top 10 percent of their high school class. [117] Additionally, 25 percent of enrolled students were Pell Grant-eligible, and 18 percent were first-generation college students. [116]

The middle 50 percent of admitted students who submitted standardized test scores scored between 33 and 35 on the ACT (out of a maximum score of 36), and between 1500 and 1570 on the SAT (out of a maximum score of 1600). [117] National averages for these tests are approximately 19.4 for the ACT and 1050 for the SAT. [118] [119] For comparison, admitted students scored in the 98th to 99th national percentile, indicating that these students outperformed 98 to 99 percent of recent test takers. [120] [121]

The student-faculty ratio is 7:1. [122]

Libraries

Olin Library (2008) Olin Library wide.jpg
Olin Library (2008)

The Washington University library system comprises nine libraries, with Olin Library serving as the main library. [123] According to the American Library Association, it is the 44th largest library in the United States by volume count, holding over 5.3 million volumes. [124] It is a member of the Association of Research Libraries. [125] The remaining eight libraries in the system include Al and Ruth Kopolow (Business) Library, Bernard Becker Medical Library, Brown School Library, East Asian Library, Gaylord Music Library, Kenneth and Nancy Kranzberg Art & Architecture Library, Law Library and West Campus Library. [123]

East Asian Library EastAsianLibraryWUSTL.JPG
East Asian Library

The Department of Special Collections at Washington University Libraries encompasses four units: Rare Books, Manuscripts, University Archives, and the Film & Media Archive. These units collectively house a wide array of materials, ranging from ancient manuscripts to contemporary documentary film archives. [126]

Washington University holds a copy of the Southwick Broadside, one of the few surviving printed broadsides of the Declaration of Independence. Donated to the university in 2015, it is now part of the university's Special Collections. [127] [128]

Rankings and reputation

Academic rankings
National
Forbes [129] 30
U.S. News & World Report [130] 21 (tie)
Washington Monthly [131] 23
WSJ/College Pulse [132] 26
Global
ARWU [133] 23
QS [134] 167
THE [135] 69
U.S. News & World Report [136] 31

Washington University is ranked 21st in the nation in the 2025 U.S. News & World Report National Universities ranking [137] and 26th by The Wall Street Journal in their rankings. [138] In 2024, the university was ranked 23rd in the world by the Academic Ranking of World Universities . [139]

Graduate Rankings according to U.S. News & World Report
Audiology8 [140]
Biological Sciences15 [141]
Business24 [142]
Chemistry42 [143]
Computer Science45 [144]
Earth Sciences33 [145]
Economics29 [146]
Engineering43 [147]
English26 [148]
History36 [149]
Law14 [150]
Mathematics43 [151]
Medicine5 [152] [a]
Occupational Therapy3 [153]
Physical Therapy1 [154]
Political Science13 [155]
Psychology8 [156]
Public Health22 [157]
Social Work2 [158]

In its 2025 edition, Princeton Review ranked Washington University as number 1 for "Top Midwest Entrepreneurship: Ugrad" and as number 2 for "Top Entrepreneurship Under Ten Thousand Students: Ugrad". [159] QS World University Rankings ranked Washington University 19th in the world for anatomy and physiology in 2025. [160]

In 2025, Washington University in St. Louis was included in Forbes' 2025 New Ivies: 20 Great Colleges Employers Love, which highlights universities known for their academic rigor and producing graduates who are highly sought after by employers, with many graduates considered by employers to be outpacing their Ivy League peers. [161]

As of 2022, 19.9 percent of undergraduate students were eligible for Pell Grants, representing a 300 percent increase since 2012. [71]

In the 2016 edition of The Hidden Ivies: 63 of America's Top Liberal Arts Colleges and Universities, a guidebook by educational consultants Howard and Matthew Greene, included Washington University in St. Louis among the institutions they described as offering an Ivy League-level education in terms of academic rigor, intellectual atmosphere, and campus experience. [162]

Washington University is among the top institutions producing recipients of various competitive postgraduate fellowships, including the Fulbright program, Harry S. Truman Scholarship, and Rhodes Scholarship. [163] [164] [165]

Research

College/SchoolYear founded
College of Arts & Sciences 1853
James McKelvey School of Engineering 1854
School of Law 1867
College of Art1879
School of Medicine 1891
College of Architecture1910
Olin Business School 1917
Graduate School of Arts & Sciences 1922
George Warren Brown School of Social Work 1925
School of Continuing & Professional Studies1931
Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts 2005

Washington University is classified as an R1 university, denoting "Very High Research Spending and Doctorate Production" on the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. [166] The Carnegie Classification helps categorize colleges and universities based on data like research activity and degrees awarded. [167]

According to the National Science Foundation's Higher Education Research and Development Survey for fiscal year As of fiscal year2023, Washington University ranks 27th among U.S. institutions in total research and development (R&D) expenditures. In that year, Washington University reported $1.169 billion in R&D spending, reflecting an 11.7 percent increase from the previous year. [168] In 2022, Washington University developed a nasal vaccine aimed at addressing COVID-19; it was licensed for use in India to Indian vaccine maker Bharat Biotech and the technology was licensed to bio-tech company Ocugen. [169] [170] Bharat named their licensed version of the vaccine iNCOVACC. [171] In 2025, Washington University's' vaccine was approved for clinical trials in the United States. [170]

In 2019, Washington University School of Medicine took over Folding@Home, a distributed computing project, from Stanford University. [172] The project, which taps into the idle power of personal computers owned by volunteers to simulate protein folding, [173] reached a speed of 1.5 exaFLOPS in 2020—seven times faster than the world's top supercomputer, Summit, and more powerful than the top 100 supercomputers in the world, combined. [174] [175] This speed fuels research into diseases like Alzheimer's, cancer, COVID-19, and Ebola. [176] [177] [178] [179]

The university hosts NASA's Planetary Data System Geosciences Node, supporting unmanned Mars missions, with Professor Raymond Arvidson serving as deputy principal investigator for the Mars Exploration Rovers and co-investigator for the Phoenix lander's robotic arm. [180]

Beyond STEM, Washington University students have digitized the works of 16th-century poet Edmund Spenser. Led by English professor Joseph Loewenstein and supported by a $150,000 grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the project marks the first major update to Spenser’s collected works since Oxford University Press’s edition nearly a century ago. The new edition, produced in collaboration with scholars at four other universities, will include both a comprehensive print publication and a digital archive. [181] [182]

Colleges and schools

Across its schools, it offers more than 150 undergraduate, 80 master's and professional, and 50 doctoral degree programs. [183]

Campus life

Student body

Student body composition as of March 8, 2025
Race and ethnicity [202] Total
White 44%44
 
Asian 20%20
 
Hispanic 12%12
 
Black 9%9
 
Other [b] 8%8
 
Foreign national 7%7
 
Economic diversity
Low-income [c] 16%16
 

In 2024, Washington University enrolled 16,399 students who came from all 50 U.S. states and more than 110 countries. [102] This includes 8,243 undergraduate students and 7,289 graduate students. [102]

Of the 1,848 first year students enrolled in fall 2024, 37 percent were Caucasian, 26 percent were Asian, 12 percent were Latino/Hispanic, 8 percent were Black/African-American, 11 percent were International, and 5 percent did not identify; 53 percent were female and 47 percent were male. [203]

Student organizations

Washington University has over 400 undergraduate student organizations on campus. [204] Most receive funding by the Washington University Student Union, which, as of Fiscal Year 2024 has an annual budget of $4.2 million. [205] The Student Union sponsors major campus programs including WILD [206] and distributes free copies of The New York Times , USA Today , and the St. Louis Post-Dispatch through The Collegiate Readership Program. [207]

Washington University has 26 recognized chapters of fraternities and sororities. [208] In 2020, nearly half of Washington University's fraternity and sorority members canceled their memberships following student-led criticism that historically white fraternities and sororities contributed to racism and sexism on campus. Two sororities folded completely, and others lost more than 80 percent of their membership. The university has since faced ongoing calls from students to remove fraternities and sororities from campus. [209]

Residences

The South 40 in 2008. South40.jpg
The South 40 in 2008.

Comprising 10 residential colleges and 23 residence halls, the South 40 serves as the primary housing area for first- and second-year undergraduate students. It is named for its location south of the Danforth Campus and its size of 40 acres (16 ha). [46] It includes Bear's Den (the largest dining hall on campus), Bear Necessities (a gift shop), Paws and Go (a convenience store), the Student Health Center, student businesses, meeting rooms, and sports fields. [210]

The Village is a residential area on the Danforth Campus for undergraduate students in their third year or beyond. [211] It includes two suite-style buildings, Lopata House and Village House, which contain multiple four-person single suites, each with two shared bathrooms. [212]

Student media

Washington University is home to seven student-run media organizations: The Hatchet, Law Review, Washington University Political Review, Student Life , Spires, KWUR 90.3FM, and WUTV. [213] Student Life was founded in January 1878 [214] [215] and is published twice weekly by Washington University Student Media, Inc., an independent nonprofit incorporated in 1999. [216] KWUR (90.3 FM) serves as the students' official radio station. [217] In 2003, KWUR won the critic's choice from the Riverfront Times for the Best Radio Station in St. Louis. [218] WUTV is the university's closed-circuit television channel. It was founded in 1976. [219]

Transportation

Since 2006, the university began offering free MetroLink (St. Louis’s light rail commuter train system) passes to all full-time students, benefits-eligible faculty and staff, and full-time employees of qualified service providers. [220] [221] The Blue Line and the Red Line are on the Danforth Campus along Forest Park Parkway. [222] The Red Line provides access to the St. Louis Lambert International Airport, University of Missouri–St. Louis and the Delmar Loop. The Blue Line provides access to the suburbs of Clayton, Brentwood, and Richmond Heights. Both provide access to the Gateway Arch (U.S. National Historic Landmark in downtown St. Louis) and access to the village of Fairview, Illinois. [223]

The Washington University shuttle system includes a Campus Circulator (which provides free transportation around Danforth Campus for faculty, staff, students and guests) and seven neighborhood routes that go to locations outside of Danforth Campus. [224] [225] In 2025, the Shopper Shuttle was introduced as a pilot program. The Shopper Shuttle provides transportation to Saint Louis Galleria (a shopping mall), Target, and Walmart. [226]

Traditions

Every semester, Washington University hosts WILD, a concert in the Quad which brings in popular musical acts. [227] Other traditions include Thurtene Carnival (a student-run carnival), [228] Vertigo (a dance party put on by the Engineering School Council), [229] and Residential Community Olympics (an annual competition between residential colleges featuring different sports and activities). [230] Students also use the Underpass panels, a series of displays along the walls of the underpass connecting the South 40 to the main Danforth Campus, [231] to advertise events. [232]

A superstition among students warns that stepping on the university seal at Brookings Hall will prevent one from graduating on time. [233]

Athletics

Washington University was a founding member of the University Athletic Association of NCAA Division III [234] and previously was a founding member of the Missouri Valley Conference. [235] It is also a member of the College Conference of Illinois and Wisconsin. [236]

Francis Olympic Field during the 1904 St. Louis Olympics Francis Field 1904.jpg
Francis Olympic Field during the 1904 St. Louis Olympics

The Bears have won 26 NCAA Division III championships—ten in volleyball (1989, 1991–1996, 2003, 2007, 2009), five in women's basketball (1998–2001, 2010), two in men's basketball (2008, 2009), two in women's cross country (2011, 2018), two in women's outdoor track and field (2017, 2024), two in women's soccer (2016, 2024), one in men's tennis (2008), one in women's indoor track and field (2017), and one in men's indoor track and field (2022) – and 267 conference titles. [237] Its mascot is the Bear, and its official colors are red and green. [102] [238]

Gates at Francis Olympic Field 238038658 c62059dc1f b.jpg
Gates at Francis Olympic Field

Washington University hosts more than 40 club sports. [239]

Francis Olympic Field

Francis Olympic Field, formerly known as Francis Field, [240] [241] is home to Washington University’s football, soccer, and track and field teams. It served as a venue for the 1904 Summer Olympics, the first Games held outside of Europe. In 2019, the stadium was renamed Francis Olympic Field to commemorate its Olympic heritage and St. Louis’ role as host city. The Olympic flame has passed through the field three times, during torch relays for the 1984 Los Angeles, 1996 Atlanta, and 2004 Athens Summer Olympics. [242]

Notable people

Washington University has more than 166,000 living alumni and 22,530 employees as of Fiscal Year2024. [102] Of these 22,530 employees, 4,551 are faculty and 17,979 are administrative staff. [102]

As of 2024, 26 Nobel laureates, 11 Pulitzer Prize winners, 4 United States Poets Laureate, and 6 MacArthur Fellows have been affiliated with the university as faculty or alumni. [243] Its alumni and faculty have also received numerous prestigious awards and honors, including the Nobel Prize, National Book Award, National Book Critics Circle Award, National Medal of Science, National Medal of Arts, Guggenheim Fellowship, Fulbright Fellowship, Putnam Fellowship, MacArthur Fellowship, along with memberships in the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Royal Society of London, American Institute of Architects, American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering, American Academy of Arts and Letters, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Law Institute, American Philosophical Society, National Academy of Medicine, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. [243]

Washington University alumni also include 17 university presidents, 21 members of the United States Congress, 30 Rhodes Scholars, 20 Truman Scholars, 7 Marshall Scholars and 2 Churchill Scholars. [165] [164] [244] [245]

Alumni

In the sciences, alumni include Nobel laureates such as Earl Sutherland, [246] Edwin Krebs [247] and Daniel Nathans, all in physiology or medicine. [248] Other notable scientists include J. C. R. Licklider (pioneer in the development of computing and the Internet), [249] Julian W. Hill (discoverer of nylon), [250] Clyde Cowan (co-discoverer of the neutrino) [251] and Bob Behnken (NASA astronaut and former Chief of the Astronaut Office). [252] [253]

In politics and public service, alumni include William H. Webster (the only person to serve as director of both the FBI and CIA), [254] Rochelle Walensky (Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), [255] and Clark Clifford (political advisor to presidents Truman, Kennedy, Johnson, and Carter). [256] Others include Jim Talent (former U.S. senator from Missouri), [257] Alan J. Dixon (former U.S. senator from Illinois), [258] Alexander M. Dockery (Governor of Missouri), [259] Siniša Mali (finance minister of Serbia), [260] Jonathan Mann (first director of the World Health Organization's Global Program on AIDS), [261] and Phoebe Couzins (first female U.S. Marshal in the U.S.). [262]

In business and entrepreneurship, alumni include Avram Glazer (executive co-chairman of Manchester United), [263] Jim McKelvey (co-founder of Square Inc), [188] Arnold W. Donald (president and chief executive officer of Carnival Corporation), [264] and Charles Nagel (founder of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce). [265]

In the arts, media and performing arts, alumni include Harold Ramis ( Ghostbusters, Groundhog Day and Animal House ), [266] Peter Sarsgaard (award-winning actor), [267] [268] Robert Guillaume (Emmy-winning actor in Benson, first African American to play the title role in Phantom of the Opera, and voice of Rafiki in Disney’s The Lion King ), [269] Dave Garroway (founding host of NBC’s Today ), [270] [271] and Steven Sater (Tony Award, Grammy Award, and Laurence Olivier Award-winning American poet and playwright). [272] Literary and cultural figures include Fannie Hurst (prolific novelist), [273] Dan Simmons (Hugo Award winner), [274] and A.E. Hotchner (playwright and novelist). [275]

In architecture, George Hellmuth, Gyo Obata, and George Kassabaum founded HOK, one of the world’s largest architectural firms. [276]

Higher education leaders include Abram L. Sachar (founding president of Brandeis University) and Thomas Lamb Eliot (founder of Reed College). [277] [278] Alumni also include the former presidents of Johns Hopkins, [279] Clemson, [280] Wake Forest, [281] Morehouse, [282] Florida A&M University, [283] Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, [284] University of Louisville, [285] San Francisco State University, [284] and University of California. [286]

Notable individuals who attended but did not graduate include Tennessee Williams (a renowned playwright who left after a prize dispute), [287] [288] Robert Culp (I Spy, Everybody Loves Raymond), [289] and Marilyn vos Savant (IQ-record holder who pursued family business interests). [290]

Faculty

Notable faculty at Washington University have included Roger Nash Baldwin (American Civil Liberties Union cofounder [291] and Washington University's first instructor in sociology), [292] Gerty Cori (the first woman Nobel laureate in Physiology/Medicine), [293] Rita Levi-Montalcini (Nobel laureate, co-discover of nerve growth factor), [294] Peter Mutharika (President of Malawi), [295] William Inge (Playwright, Pulitzer Prize for drama in 1953), [296] [297] Arthur Oncken Lovejoy (founded the American Association of University Professors), [298] Mona Van Duyn (Pulitzer Prize winner, National Book Award winner and first woman U.S. Poet Laureate), [299] [300] Howard Nemorov (U.S. Poet Laureate, National Medal of Arts recipient, Bollingen Prize winner), [301] [302] Joseph W. Kennedy (co-discoverer of the element plutonium), [303] Barbara A. Schaal (first woman VP of National Academy of Sciences), [304] Henry Smith Pritchett (Head of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching), [305] Virginia E. Johnson (co-author of Human Sexual Response), [306] and Thomas Eagleton (United States senator from Missouri). [307] [308]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ In 2023, Washington University School of Medicine, along with other universities announced that they will no longer submit data to U.S. News & World Report to support their "best medical schools" survey and ranking.
  2. ↑ Other consists of Multiracial Americans & those who prefer to not say.
  3. ↑ The percentage of students who received an income-based federal Pell grant intended for low-income students.

References

  1. ↑ "IPEDS-Washington University in St Louis". Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 O'Connor 2003, pp. 6–7.
  3. ↑ WOF (February 13, 2025). "William Greenleaf Eliot". St. Louis Walk of Fame. Retrieved March 7, 2025.
  4. ↑ O'Connor 2003, pp. 4–5.
  5. ↑ Morrow 1996, p. 10.
  6. ↑ O'Connor 2003, p. 19.
  7. ↑ Morrow 1996, p. 6.
  8. ↑ O'Connor 2003, pp. 8–9.
  9. ↑ O'Connor 2003, p. 15.
  10. ↑ Morrow 1996, p. 21.
  11. ↑ "Campus History". Washington University in St. Louis. Archived from the original on January 24, 2025.
  12. 1 2 "Our History - MICDS". Mary Institute and Saint Louis Country Day School. Archived from the original on January 22, 2025.
  13. ↑ Morrow 1996, p. 33.
  14. ↑ Morrow 1996, p. 57.
  15. ↑ Morrow 1996, p. 70.
  16. ↑ "The Vocational Age Emerges, 1876-1926" (PDF). American Vocational Journal. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 21, 2025. Retrieved April 9, 2025.
  17. 1 2 "Manual Training School, Washington University". Northern Illinois University Digital Library. Retrieved March 8, 2025.
  18. ↑ Morrow 1996, p. 124.
  19. ↑ Morrow 1996, pp. 124–125.
  20. 1 2 Morrow 1996, pp. 111–113.
  21. 1 2 Morrow 1996, p. 143.
  22. ↑ Morrow 1996, p. 157.
  23. ↑ Morrow 1996, p. 162.
  24. ↑ Morrow 1996, p. 158.
  25. ↑ Morrow 1996, pp. 134–135.
  26. ↑ Morrow 1996, pp. 138–139.
  27. ↑ Morrow 1996, p. 139.
  28. ↑ Morrow 1996, p. 140.
  29. 1 2 "History and Traditions". Washington University in St. Louis. Archived from the original on April 8, 2020.
  30. ↑ O'Connor 2003, p. 88.
  31. ↑ "Washington University Hilltop Campus, 1899-1951". St. Louis County. Archived from the original on April 18, 2021.
  32. ↑ O'Connor, Candace. "A Glorious World's Fair Transforms a University Campus". Washington University in St. Louis Magazine. Archived from the original on June 3, 2010.
  33. ↑ Morrow 1996, p. 144.
  34. ↑ Morrow 1996, pp. 220–221.
  35. ↑ "Frederic Aldin Hall". Washington University in St. Louis. Retrieved March 6, 2025.
  36. ↑ "Compton Centennial Celebration". Washington University in St. Louis Arts & Sciences. August 18, 2022. Retrieved April 18, 2025.
  37. ↑ "Arthur Holly Compton". Washington University in St. Louis. Archived from the original on January 31, 2021.
  38. 1 2 "AAU Member Universities By Year of Entry | Association of American Universities (AAU)". Association of American Universities. November 20, 2024. Archived from the original on April 15, 2025.
  39. ↑ Morrow 1996, p. 464.
  40. ↑ Allison, Samuel K. (1965). "Arthur Holly Compton 1892–1962" (PDF). Biographical Memoirs. 38. National Academy of Sciences: 81–110. ISSN   0077-2933. OCLC   1759017. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 7, 2024.
  41. ↑ "Arthur Holly Compton". Washington University in St. Louis. Archived from the original on November 14, 2024. Retrieved March 7, 2025.
  42. ↑ O'Connor 2003, p. 182.
  43. 1 2 3 4 Morrow 1996, p. 467.
  44. 1 2 3 Sargeant, Davis (September 1, 2011). "Civil Rights and Washington University: a complex history". Student Life. Archived from the original on December 10, 2022.
  45. 1 2 3 Morrow 1996, pp. 514–515.
  46. 1 2 "Home, sweet home: Helpful facts about the South 40". Student Life. August 24, 2017. Archived from the original on February 27, 2021.
  47. ↑ "Ethan A.H. Shepley". Washington University in St. Louis. Archived from the original on November 14, 2024.
  48. ↑ O'Connor 2003, p. 207.
  49. 1 2 Early, Rosalind (August 6, 2018). "A tradition of activism: The 1968 Brookings occupation". The Source. Archived from the original on February 17, 2025.
  50. ↑ Morrow 1996, pp. 574–575.
  51. ↑ Ross, Gloria S. (September 17, 2020). "William Danforth Dies At 94. He Led Wash U To Financial Stability, Established St. Louis As Plant Science Hub". STLPR. Retrieved May 7, 2025.
  52. ↑ "William Danforth dies at 94; grew Washington University into world-class institution". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. September 17, 2020. Archived from the original on September 20, 2020.
  53. ↑ Seelye, Katharine Q. (October 6, 2020). "William Danforth, Who Led Washington University, Dies at 94". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 4, 2024.
  54. ↑ Seelye, Katherine (October 6, 2020). "William Danforth, Who Led Washington University, Dies at 94". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 4, 2024.
  55. ↑ "Origin of the 'Washington' Name". WashU Libraries. Archived from the original on February 10, 2009.
  56. ↑ "MIT Provost Mark Wrighton to head Washington University". MIT News. April 10, 1995.
  57. ↑ "Mark S. Wrighton". Washington University in St. Louis. Archived from the original on November 14, 2024.
  58. ↑ Hemphill, Evie; Lewis, Jon (April 2, 2019). "Mark Wrighton Talks Legacy As Wash U Chancellor, Future At Better Together". STLPR. Retrieved May 14, 2019.
  59. 1 2 "Leading US Education University Promotes New International Programs". Voice of America. October 29, 2009. Archived from the original on March 7, 2025.
  60. ↑ Lipka, Sara (November 4, 2005). "Washington U. Partners With 15 Asian Universities". The Chronicle of Higher Education.
  61. ↑ Epstein, David. "Coming to America". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved March 8, 2025.
  62. ↑ "Washington University in St. Louis: McDonnell International Scholars Academy names new partner". India Education Diary. March 21, 2022. Archived from the original on August 13, 2024. Retrieved May 13, 2025.
  63. ↑ Rim, Dennis (April 1, 2013). "The ever-so-changing campus". Student Life. Archived from the original on September 19, 2020.
  64. ↑ "Washington University Names Campus in Honor of Danforths". KOMU 8. February 23, 2006.
  65. ↑ "The Most Economically Diverse Top Colleges". The New York Times. September 8, 2014. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 24, 2019.
  66. ↑ Aisch, Gregor; Buchanan, Larry; Cox, Amanda; Quealy, Kevin (January 18, 2017). "Some Colleges Have More Students From the Top 1 Percent Than the Bottom 60. Find Yours". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 10, 2019.
  67. 1 2 Patel, Vimal (February 26, 2015). "A Distinction Washington U. Wants to Lose: Least Economically Diverse". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020.
  68. ↑ Zagier, Alan Scher (April 28, 2011). "At top colleges, diversity not just black-white". NBC News. Archived from the original on October 17, 2022.
  69. ↑ Schienvar, Emily (January 22, 2015). "University announces plan to increase Pell-eligible numbers". Student Life. Archived from the original on December 27, 2019.
  70. ↑ Leonhardt, David (January 15, 2015). "The Least Economically Diverse Top College, Seeking to Change". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 26, 2020.
  71. 1 2 "Our Progress | Equity, Diversity & Inclusion | Washington University in St. Louis". WashU Equity, Diversity & Inclusion. Archived from the original on January 21, 2025.
  72. ↑ Bernhard, Blythe (July 14, 2018). "From a student apartment to the chancellor's house, Wash U's new leader comes home". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Archived from the original on January 10, 2024.
  73. ↑ "Washington University unveils tuition-free aid program". Associated Press. October 4, 2019. Archived from the original on November 26, 2020.
  74. ↑ Hanshaw, Annelise (February 26, 2024). "Wash U. prioritizes need-based aid after years of low socioeconomic diversity". Missouri Independent.
  75. ↑ Burt, Chris (October 5, 2021). "Windfall at WashU! Endowment gains lead to $1 billion in financial aid to students". University Business. Archived from the original on January 10, 2024.
  76. 1 2 Jaschik, Scott (October 10, 2021). "WashU Goes Need Blind in Admissions". Inside Higher Ed. Archived from the original on October 4, 2022.
  77. ↑ Bernhard, Blythe (October 5, 2021). "Washington University to boost student financial aid by $1 billion". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Archived from the original on April 16, 2023.
  78. 1 2 Nietzel, Michael T. (October 5, 2021). "Washington University Is Going Need-Blind In Admissions". Forbes. Archived from the original on October 16, 2021.
  79. ↑ "Meet Andrew Martin Of Washington University | St. Louis Magazine". St. Louis Magazine. February 19, 2025. Retrieved May 4, 2025.
  80. ↑ Salter, Jim (March 11, 2024). "Fontbonne University in Missouri to close due to budget problems and declining enrollment". Associated Press. Archived from the original on March 11, 2024.
  81. ↑ Lloyd, Gloria (September 12, 2024). "What WashU paid for Fontbonne campus". St. Louis Business Journal. Archived from the original on September 13, 2024.
  82. ↑ McDermott, Kevin (September 24, 2015). "The 4 times Washington U. has hosted presidential or vice-presidential debates". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024.
  83. ↑ "Vice Presidential Candidates Debate". C-SPAN. October 2, 2008. Archived from the original on September 21, 2022.
  84. ↑ Rosenbaum, Jason (September 9, 2024). "How did a St. Louis school become a mainstay of the presidential debate circuit?". STLPR. Archived from the original on October 13, 2024.
  85. ↑ Camia, Catalina (April 1, 2015). "Ready for debates? 16 sites eager to be 2016 hosts". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 17, 2022.
  86. ↑ "Charter". WashU Board of Trustees. Archived from the original on December 9, 2024. Retrieved March 6, 2025.
  87. ↑ "Home". WashU Board of Trustees. Archived from the original on April 2, 2025. Retrieved May 3, 2025.
  88. ↑ Duenke, Ken (September 8, 2006). "Campus named for Danforths". The Source.
  89. ↑ Winter, Greg (December 22, 2003). "A Mighty Fund-Raising Effort Helps Lift a College's Ranking". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 1, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
  90. ↑ "Milestones of the Campaign" (PDF). Washington University Magazine: 4–5.
  91. ↑ Dwyer, Joe (July 14, 2018). "Andrew Martin named chancellor of Washington University". St. Louis Business Journal.
  92. ↑ "Chancellor Roles and Responsibilities". WashU Research. Retrieved May 11, 2025.
  93. ↑ "Krieger School dean Beverly Wendland named provost at Washington University". The Hub. January 14, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2025.
  94. ↑ "Current Member List". AAC&U. Retrieved May 3, 2025.
  95. ↑ "Member Universities". Universities Research Association. Retrieved May 3, 2025.
  96. ↑ "ACLS Research University Consortium". ACLS. Retrieved May 3, 2025.
  97. ↑ "Washington University in St. Louis". The Higher Learning Commission. Archived from the original on September 14, 2024. Retrieved April 21, 2025.
  98. ↑ "Database of Accredited Postsecondary Institutions and Programs". U.S. Department of Education. Archived from the original on December 4, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2025.
  99. ↑ "Endowment Facts". WashU IMC. Archived from the original on May 17, 2022. Retrieved May 3, 2025.
  100. 1 2 Cuccinello, Hayley (April 1, 2025). "Federal funding cuts are raising questions about university endowments. Here's what some are worth and how they work". CNBC. Archived from the original on April 28, 2025.
  101. ↑ "Washington University Consolidated Financial Statements" (PDF). Retrieved May 3, 2025.
  102. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "University Facts". Washington University in St. Louis. Archived from the original on April 5, 2025. Retrieved May 3, 2025.
  103. ↑ "Cost of Attendance - Undergraduate Admissions". Undergraduate Admissions. Archived from the original on April 20, 2025. Retrieved May 3, 2025.
  104. ↑ "Washington University in St. Louis Common Data Set 2023-2024" (PDF). Retrieved May 4, 2025.
  105. 1 2 O'Connor 2003, pp. 85–86.
  106. ↑ Tatman, Sandra L. "Cope & Stewardson (fl. 1885-1912)". Philadelphia Architects and Buildings. Archived from the original on November 8, 2022.
  107. ↑ Ihnen, Alex (October 31, 2014). "Washington University Set for Major Transformation of Danforth Campus". NextSTL. Archived from the original on November 7, 2024.
  108. ↑ "Washington University Hilltop Campus Historic District - National Historic Landmark". City of St. Louis. Archived from the original on August 25, 2022. Retrieved August 25, 2022.
  109. 1 2 "Washington University Medical Campus". WashU Medicine. Archived from the original on December 4, 2018.
  110. ↑ Weissman, Sara (October 20, 2019). "Washington University Receives $7.6 Million Grant from National Cancer Institute". Diverse: Issues In Higher Education. Archived from the original on July 31, 2022.
  111. ↑ Barr, Diana (May 13, 2022). "Washington University researchers receive $61M federal grant for biomedical research". St. Louis Business Journal.
  112. ↑ "Defying the odds: From a start amid the pandemic, more than 100 first-generation students this spring reach college graduation with comprehensive support from the Kessler Scholars Program". Kessler Scholars. Archived from the original on November 9, 2024.
  113. ↑ Donadel, Alcino (May 25, 2023). "This program dedicated to boosting first-gen success rates is tripling down". University Business. Archived from the original on January 10, 2024.
  114. ↑ Nietzel, Michael T. (April 12, 2022). "The Kessler Scholars Program Expands To Ten More Leading Colleges And Universities". Forbes. Archived from the original on May 20, 2022.
  115. ↑ Kelliher, Rebecca (April 13, 2022). "Washington University in St. Louis To Launch Scholars Program for First-Gen STEM Students". Diverse: Issues In Higher Education. Archived from the original on May 10, 2022.
  116. 1 2 Keaggy, Diane Toroian (August 28, 2024). "WashU enrolls more limited-income, first-generation students; share of Black students decreases". The Source. Archived from the original on January 27, 2025.
  117. 1 2 "Class of 2028 Profile". WashU Undergraduate Admissions. Archived from the original on February 14, 2025.
  118. ↑ "Average ACT Test Scores by State". ACT. Archived from the original on April 20, 2025. Retrieved May 12, 2025.
  119. ↑ "What is a Good Score?". College Board. Archived from the original on May 4, 2025. Retrieved May 12, 2025.
  120. ↑ "ACT National Ranks & Score Percentiles". ACT. Archived from the original on May 10, 2025. Retrieved May 11, 2025.
  121. ↑ "SAT User Percentiles - College Board Research". College Board. Retrieved May 11, 2025.
  122. ↑ "College Navigator - Washington University in St Louis". Institute of Education Sciences. Archived from the original on February 8, 2025. Retrieved April 29, 2025.
  123. 1 2 "Libraries". Washington University in St. Louis. Archived from the original on March 29, 2025. Retrieved April 16, 2025.
  124. ↑ "Library Statistics and Figures: The Nation's Largest Libraries: A Listing by Volumes Held". American Library Association. Archived from the original on June 23, 2023.
  125. ↑ "List of ARL Members". Association of Research Libraries. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved March 9, 2025.
  126. ↑ "Celebrating Research". Association of Research Libraries. Retrieved April 27, 2025.
  127. ↑ Hemphill, Evie; Heuer, Alex (July 2, 2018). "Rare copy of Declaration of Independence on display at Wash U". STLPR. Archived from the original on February 9, 2025.
  128. ↑ Henderson, Jane. "Made in 1776: Rare copy of the Declaration of Independence goes on view at Washington U." STLtoday.com. Archived from the original on July 2, 2018. Retrieved 2020-03-18.
  129. ↑ "America's Top Colleges 2024". Forbes . September 6, 2024. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
  130. ↑ "2024-2025 Best National Universities Rankings". U.S. News & World Report . September 23, 2024. Retrieved November 22, 2024.
  131. ↑ "2024 National University Rankings". Washington Monthly . August 25, 2024. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
  132. ↑ "2025 Best Colleges in the U.S." The Wall Street Journal/College Pulse. September 4, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  133. ↑ "2024 Academic Ranking of World Universities". ShanghaiRanking Consultancy. August 15, 2024. Retrieved August 21, 2024.
  134. ↑ "QS World University Rankings 2026". Quacquarelli Symonds. June 19, 2025. Retrieved June 19, 2025.
  135. ↑ "World University Rankings 2025". Times Higher Education . October 9, 2024. Retrieved June 19, 2025.
  136. ↑ "2025-2026 Best Global Universities Rankings". U.S. News & World Report . June 17, 2025. Retrieved June 17, 2025.
  137. ↑ U.S. News & World Report (2025). "U.S. News & World Report College Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on February 3, 2017. Retrieved September 29, 2024.
  138. ↑ "Wall Street Journal/Times Higher Education College Rankings 2025". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on September 5, 2024.
  139. ↑ "Shanghai Ranking's Academic Ranking of World Universities". ARWU. Archived from the original on August 15, 2024.
  140. ↑ "Best Audiology Programs". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on April 9, 2025. Retrieved May 13, 2025.
  141. ↑ "Best Biological Sciences Programs". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on April 24, 2025. Retrieved May 13, 2025.
  142. ↑ "2025 Best Business Schools". U.S. News and World Report. Archived from the original on April 24, 2025.
  143. ↑ "Best Chemistry Programs". U.S. News and World Report. Archived from the original on April 9, 2025. Retrieved May 13, 2025.
  144. ↑ "Best Computer Science Schools". U.S. News and World Report. Archived from the original on May 10, 2025. Retrieved May 13, 2025.
  145. ↑ "Best Earth Science Programs". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on February 16, 2025. Retrieved May 13, 2025.
  146. ↑ "Best Economics Schools". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 1, 2025. Retrieved May 13, 2025.
  147. ↑ "2025 Best Engineering Schools". U.S. News and World Report. Archived from the original on April 30, 2025. Retrieved May 13, 2025.
  148. ↑ "Best English Programs". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on March 31, 2025. Retrieved May 13, 2025.
  149. ↑ "Best History Programs". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on April 16, 2025. Retrieved May 13, 2025.
  150. ↑ "2025 Best Law Schools". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on April 22, 2025. Retrieved April 19, 2025.
  151. ↑ "Best Mathematics Programs". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on April 23, 2025. Retrieved May 13, 2025.
  152. ↑ "2023-2024 Best Medical Schools: Research". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on July 2, 2024.
  153. ↑ "Best Occupational Therapy Programs". U.S. News and World Report. Archived from the original on April 27, 2025. Retrieved May 13, 2025.
  154. ↑ "Best Physical Therapy Programs". U.S. News and World Report. Archived from the original on April 29, 2025. Retrieved May 13, 2025.
  155. ↑ "Best Political Science Programs". U.S. News and World Report. Archived from the original on April 23, 2025. Retrieved May 13, 2025.
  156. ↑ "Best Psychology Schools". U.S. News and World Report. Archived from the original on May 4, 2025. Retrieved May 13, 2025.
  157. ↑ "Best Public Health Schools". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 1, 2025. Retrieved May 13, 2025.
  158. ↑ "Best Schools for Social Work". U.S. News and World Report. Archived from the original on April 26, 2025.
  159. ↑ "Washington University in St. Louis (WashU) – Rankings, Admissions, Campus Life & More". The Princeton Review. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2025.
  160. ↑ "QS World University Rankings for Anatomy & Physiology 2025". Top Universities. April 9, 2025. Archived from the original on March 31, 2025.
  161. ↑ Whitford, Emma. "The New Ivies 2025: 20 Great Colleges Employers Love". Forbes. Archived from the original on April 16, 2025. Retrieved April 17, 2025.
  162. ↑ Greene, Howard; Greene, Matthew (2016). The Hidden Ivies, 63 of America's Top Liberal Arts Colleges and Universities (3rd ed.). Cliff Street Books. ISBN   978-0062420909.
  163. ↑ "Top Producing Institutions". Fulbright. Retrieved May 5, 2025.
  164. 1 2 "Scholar Listing | The Harry S. Truman Scholarship Foundation". Harry S. Truman Foundation. Retrieved March 6, 2025.
  165. 1 2 "U.S. Rhodes Scholarships Number of Winners by Institution U.S. Rhodes Scholars 1904 – 2023" (PDF). The Rhodes Trust. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 22, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
  166. ↑ "Carnegie Classifications Institution Lookup". Center for Postsecondary Education. Archived from the original on February 1, 2021.
  167. ↑ "Carnegie Classifications". Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. Archived from the original on April 4, 2025. Retrieved May 13, 2025.
  168. ↑ Gibbons, Michael T. (25 November 2024). "Higher Education R&D Expenditures Increased 11.2%, Exceeded $108 Billion in FY 2023 | NSF - National Science Foundation". National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics. Archived from the original on March 20, 2025.
  169. ↑ Ghosal, Aniruddha (September 6, 2022). "India and China clear needle-free COVID-19 vaccines". Associated Press. Archived from the original on October 1, 2022.
  170. 1 2 Kinsaul, Russell (February 7, 2025). "Nasal COVID vaccine developed at WashU approved for clinical trials". First Alert 4. Retrieved May 13, 2025.
  171. ↑ "Bharat Biotech launches iNCOVACC®: World's 1st intranasal COVID vaccine for Primary series and Heterologous booster" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 26, 2023. Retrieved May 13, 2025.
  172. ↑ "Using Crowdsourced Computing to Fight the Coronavirus – Communications of the ACM". May 21, 2020.
  173. ↑ Strait, Julia Evangelou (February 26, 2019). "Computational biology project aims to better understand protein folding". Washington University in St. Louis. Archived from the original on April 10, 2020.
  174. ↑ Patrizio, Andy (April 1, 2020). "Thousands of PCs break exaFLOP barrier". Network World. Archived from the original on April 12, 2020.
  175. ↑ "Folding@home stats report". The Folding@home Consortium. April 8, 2020. Archived from the original on April 8, 2020.
  176. ↑ "Alzheimer's Disease". The Folding@home Consortium. September 15, 2013. Archived from the original on March 28, 2025.
  177. ↑ "Cancer". The Folding@home Consortium. December 18, 2024. Archived from the original on March 21, 2025.
  178. ↑ "COVID-19". The Folding@home Consortium. January 3, 2022.
  179. ↑ "Ebola Virus". The Folding@home Consortium. Archived from the original on March 28, 2025. Retrieved March 25, 2025.
  180. ↑ Lutz, Diana (April 16, 2007). "Undergraduate paves way for NASA Mars mission". The Source.
  181. ↑ McGinn, Susan Killenberg (January 7, 2008). "Digitizing the works of a 16th-century poet". The Source. Archived from the original on March 26, 2025.
  182. ↑ "National Endowment for the Humanities Awards and Offers, June 2009" (PDF). June 1, 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 28, 2021.
  183. ↑ "Academics". Washington University in St. Louis. Archived from the original on March 28, 2025.
  184. ↑ "College of Arts & Sciences". Washington University in St. Louis: Office of the University Registrar. Archived from the original on January 22, 2025.
  185. ↑ "Brown School Eras". July 26, 2024. Retrieved April 21, 2025.
  186. 1 2 Gauen, Claire (February 17, 2025). "A century of impact". The Source. Archived from the original on February 21, 2025.
  187. ↑ Traube, Dorian (July 27, 2023). "Dean's Welcome". WashU Brown School. Archived from the original on October 28, 2023.
  188. 1 2 Field, Andy (January 31, 2019). "Wash U Receives Donation From Square Co-Founder And Renames School Of Engineering". STLPR. Archived from the original on January 10, 2024.
  189. ↑ Barker, Jacob (January 31, 2019). "Wash U renaming engineering school after Square co-founder Jim McKelvey". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Archived from the original on January 10, 2024.
  190. ↑ "Our History". WashU Olin Business School. Retrieved April 20, 2025.
  191. ↑ "Washington University-Fudan University EMBA | Global Perspective Local Insights". Fudan University School of Management. Archived from the original on February 23, 2023.
  192. ↑ Gillet, Kit (March 26, 2013). "In China, Executives Flock Back to School for Unfinished Business". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 24, 2021.
  193. 1 2 Otten, Liam (January 20, 2005). "Sam Fox School of Design and Visual Arts created". The Source. Retrieved April 21, 2025.
  194. ↑ Launius, John (February 17, 2020). The Life and Times of Missouri's Charles Parsons: Between Art and War. Arcadia Publishing. pp. ii. ISBN   978-1-4396-6907-5.
  195. ↑ "Washington University Steinberg Auditorium". Chiodini Architects. Retrieved April 20, 2025.
  196. ↑ Gieseke, Drew (August 16, 2023). "WashU looks to the future for adult learners with new School of Continuing & Professional Studies". Ladue News. Archived from the original on January 23, 2024.
  197. ↑ Owens, Dennis (1976). "American Law Schools in Their Second Century". Journal of Legal Education. 28 (2): 210–215. ISSN   0022-2208. JSTOR   42892391. Archived from the original on December 9, 2021.
  198. ↑ "Dual Degree Programs". Washington University in St. Louis: Office of the University Registrar. Retrieved March 10, 2025.
  199. ↑ "Washington University School of Law's Anheuser-Busch Hall". Architect. August 14, 2012.
  200. ↑ "About WashU Medicine". WashU Medicine. Archived from the original on April 6, 2025.
  201. ↑ Simpson, Maddy (December 12, 2024). "WashU ranks No. 2 in nation for NIH funding". St. Louis Business Journal. Archived from the original on February 14, 2025.
  202. ↑ "Washington University in St. Louis". U.S. Department of Education. Archived from the original on April 14, 2023. Retrieved March 8, 2025.
  203. ↑ "Our Students - Undergraduate Admissions". WashU Undergraduate Admissions. Archived from the original on November 26, 2023.
  204. ↑ "Student Groups". WashU Campus Life. Archived from the original on January 20, 2025.
  205. ↑ Taylor, Lily; Swirnoff, Joel (March 30, 2023). "SU passes general budget of $4.2 million". Student Life. Archived from the original on April 18, 2023.
  206. ↑ Jamula, Natalia (February 25, 2025). "SU Treasury joint session with SU Senate approves general budget and significantly increases funding for WILD". Student Life. Archived from the original on April 6, 2025.
  207. ↑ Stohr, Grace (September 6, 2018). "SU Collegiate Readership Program provides access to New York Times subscription". Student Life. Archived from the original on March 18, 2025.
  208. ↑ "Sororities & Fraternities". WashU Campus Life. Archived from the original on January 20, 2025.
  209. ↑ Delaney, Ryan (March 18, 2021). "As Wash U Students Reckon With Greek System, Some Want It Gone For Good". STLPR. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024.
  210. ↑ "South 40 Residential Communities". WashU Residential Life. Archived from the original on March 18, 2025. Retrieved March 16, 2025.
  211. ↑ "Upper Division Housing". WashU Residential Life. Archived from the original on March 18, 2025. Retrieved March 16, 2025.
  212. ↑ "The Village". Washington University in St. Louis Residential Life. Archived from the original on March 18, 2025. Retrieved March 16, 2025.
  213. ↑ Niemeyer, Kelly Wiese (January 29, 2021). "Who Knew WashU?". The Source. Archived from the original on January 20, 2025.
  214. ↑ Morrow 1996, p. 113.
  215. ↑ Schoenherr, Neil (September 10, 2003). "Student Life alumni celebrate 125 years of publishing". The Source.
  216. ↑ "About Student Life". Student Life. Archived from the original on July 29, 2014.
  217. ↑ Cliburn, Erik (May 28, 2024). "Giving Voice to Increased Representation in Music". Insight Into Diversity. Archived from the original on March 18, 2025.
  218. ↑ "Best Radio Station 2003". Riverfront Times. Archived from the original on February 22, 2024.
  219. ↑ Keaggy, Diane Toroian (March 21, 2024). "Student-run KWUR amplifies diverse music, student sounds". The Source. Archived from the original on March 18, 2025.
  220. ↑ "WUSTL to provide free Metro passes". The Source. March 3, 2006. Archived from the original on June 26, 2022.
  221. ↑ Niemeyer, Kelly Wiese (May 6, 2025). "Register for parking permits, Metro passes soon". The Source.
  222. ↑ "Metro Transit | Parking & Transportation". Washington University in St. Louis. Archived from the original on April 26, 2025.
  223. ↑ "MetroLink". Metro Transit – Saint Louis. Archived from the original on April 8, 2019. Retrieved May 8, 2025.
  224. ↑ "WashU Campus Shuttle System". Washington University in St. Louis. Retrieved May 9, 2025.
  225. ↑ "Campus Circulator". Washington University in St. Louis Parking & Transportation. Archived from the original on May 9, 2025. Retrieved May 9, 2025.
  226. ↑ Konstorum, Mary (February 13, 2025). "Shop 'til you drop: WashU pilots new Shopper Shuttle". Student Life. Archived from the original on May 9, 2025.
  227. ↑ Keaggy, Diane Toroian (May 1, 2023). "Celebrating 50 years of WILD, one of WashU's largest campus traditions". The Source.
  228. ↑ "Thurtene Carnival is a highlight of spring". St. Louis Post-Dispatch . April 17, 2016. Archived from the original on November 19, 2018.
  229. ↑ "Vertigo returns to McKelvey Engineering". WashU Engineering. December 1, 2022.
  230. ↑ "Congress of the South 40". WashU Residential Life. Retrieved May 4, 2025.
  231. ↑ Coulter, Sharon (September 23, 2020). "The Artists' Way: St. Louis Muralists Take Over Washington University Underpass". Riverfront Times. Archived from the original on August 8, 2024.
  232. ↑ Humphrey, Thomas (February 18, 2019). "The dark side of the Underpass". Student Life.
  233. ↑ Early, Rosalind (August 6, 2018). "50 things every first-year WashU student must do". The Source. Archived from the original on February 14, 2025.
  234. ↑ "UNIVERSITY ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION". Case Western Reserve University. December 20, 2023. Archived from the original on January 23, 2024.
  235. ↑ "This is The Valley". Missouri Valley Conference. Retrieved April 18, 2025.
  236. ↑ Eisner, Matt (October 18, 2024). "Football to join North Coast Athletic Conference for 2026 season". Student Life. Retrieved May 10, 2025.
  237. ↑ "National Championships". Washington University in St. Louis. Archived from the original on January 14, 2025.
  238. ↑ Ciorba, David (April 3, 2025). "The WashU Bear deserves a name". Student Life. Retrieved May 10, 2025.
  239. ↑ "University Facts". Washington University in St. Louis. Archived from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved September 14, 2024.
  240. ↑ "Washington Stadium is now called Francis Field". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. October 27, 1907. p. 31. Archived from the original on December 1, 2024.
  241. ↑ "WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY'S FRANCIS FIELD TO BE RENAMED FRANCIS OLYMPIC FIELD". St. Louis Sports Commission. September 17, 2019. Archived from the original on October 14, 2024.
  242. ↑ "Francis Field Stadium". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
  243. 1 2 Rooney, Sonya. "Awards and Learned Society Memberships earned by WashU faculty, students, and trustees". WashU Libraries. Archived from the original on September 29, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
  244. ↑ Keaggy, Diane Toroian (December 13, 2021). "Senior Kuziez named Marshall Scholar". The Source. Archived from the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
  245. ↑ "Churchill Scholarship". Archived from the original on April 15, 2021.
  246. ↑ "Dr. Earl W. Sutherland Jr. Dies; 1971 Nobel Laureate in Medicine". The New York Times. March 10, 1974. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved April 29, 2025.
  247. ↑ Catterall, William A.; Scott, John D. (January 29, 2010). "Edwin G. Krebs (1918–2009)" . Science. 327 (5965): 537. Bibcode:2010Sci...327..537C. doi:10.1126/science.1186913. PMID   20110494. Archived from the original on January 6, 2023.
  248. ↑ "Daniel Nathans - Profiles in Science". United States National Library of Medicine. March 12, 2019. Archived from the original on May 19, 2022.
  249. ↑ "J. C. R. Licklider". EBSCO. Retrieved April 29, 2025.
  250. ↑ Stout, David (February 1, 1996). "Julian W. Hill, Nylon's Discoverer, Dies at 91". The New York Times . ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 4, 2021.
  251. ↑ Reines, Frederick (August 1, 1974). "Clyde L. Cowan Jr" . Physics Today. 27 (8): 68–69. Bibcode:1974PhT....27h..68R. doi:10.1063/1.3128835. Archived from the original on July 25, 2021.
  252. ↑ Tonnessen, Heather (August 30, 2016). "Robert L. Behnken (Colonel, USAF, RET., PH.D.) NASA Astronaut". NASA. Archived from the original on April 14, 2022.
  253. ↑ Evans, Ben (May 24, 2020). "Meet the Crew: Hurley, Behnken Primed for Historic U.S. Return to Space". AmericaSpace. Archived from the original on September 13, 2024.
  254. ↑ Hutchinson, Daphne (April 8, 2024). "Former FBI and CIA Director William Webster: Answering the call of his country". FauquierNow.
  255. ↑ LeMieux, Julianna (December 9, 2020). "Five Things to Know about the New CDC Director, Rochelle Walensky". Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News.
  256. ↑ Berger, Marilyn (October 11, 1998). "Clark Clifford, a Major Adviser To Four Presidents, Is Dead at 91". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 10, 2020.
  257. ↑ "Jim Talent". Bipartisan Policy Center. Archived from the original on July 5, 2022. Retrieved April 29, 2025.
  258. ↑ Martin, Douglas (July 8, 2014). "Alan J. Dixon, 86, Is Dead; U.S. Senator Who Championed Illinois". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 25, 2025.
  259. ↑ "Governor Alexander Dockery is Born: February 11, 1845". Missouri Life. February 11, 2025.
  260. ↑ Ralev, Radomir (May 30, 2018). "Serbia's new finance minister vows to cut debt, keep fiscal stability". SeeNews. Archived from the original on July 31, 2022.
  261. ↑ Hilts, Philip J. (September 4, 1998). "Jonathan Mann, AIDS Pioneer, Is Dead at 51". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 8, 2023.
  262. ↑ "PHOEBE COUZINS DIES AT 72; First Woman Lawyer in United States Succumbs in Poverty". The New York Times. December 7, 1913. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved March 7, 2025.
  263. ↑ Gregory, Ross (May 5, 2021). "Avram Glazer: who is the Man Utd co-owner and what has he said about European Super League plot?". National World. Archived from the original on June 12, 2021.
  264. ↑ "Arnold Donald's Biography". The HistoryMakers. Retrieved May 10, 2025.
  265. ↑ Ragan, Cooper. "Nagel, Charles". Texas State Historical Association. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020.
  266. ↑ "Harold Ramis". St. Louis Walk of Fame. Archived from the original on February 21, 2022. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  267. ↑ Cardenas, Felipe (March 10, 2021). "Q&A: Peter Sarsgaard on his love of soccer, St. Louis and Socrates (the player)". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 19, 2024.
  268. ↑ Lowman, Rob (April 12, 2009). "Peter Sarsgaard on soccer, acting and family". Los Angeles Daily News.
  269. ↑ Brown, Stacy M. (October 27, 2017). "Robert Guillaume Remembered as a True Legend". The Washington Informer. Archived from the original on December 1, 2023.
  270. ↑ "Dave Garroway". Hollywood Walk of Fame. October 25, 2019. Archived from the original on December 3, 2024.
  271. ↑ "Comebacks: Peace, Old Tiger". Time. July 18, 1969.
  272. ↑ Wadler, Joyce (December 14, 2006). "Storming Broadway From Atop a Fortress". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 13, 2022.
  273. ↑ Atlas, Nava (July 14, 2018). "Fannie Hurst, Author of Imitation of Life". Literary Ladies Guide. Archived from the original on November 29, 2023.
  274. ↑ White, Claire E. "A Conversation With Dan Simmons". Writers Write. Retrieved April 25, 2025.
  275. ↑ Weber, Bruce (February 15, 2020). "A. E. Hotchner, Writer and Friend of the Famous, Dies at 102". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 15, 2020.
  276. ↑ "George Hellmuth; 'Sold' Architect Firm's Ideas". Chicago Tribune. November 16, 1999. Archived from the original on June 10, 2020.
  277. ↑ Lyons, Richard D. (July 25, 1993). "Dr. Abram L. Sachar, Historian And 1st Brandeis U. President, 94". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 18, 2018.
  278. ↑ Hernandez, Romel (June 1, 2014). "The Minister Who Shaped a College—And a City". Reed Magazine. Archived from the original on June 9, 2020.
  279. ↑ Altman, Lawrence K. (November 18, 1999). "Daniel Nathans, 71, Pioneer in DNA Research". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 30, 2023.
  280. ↑ Trotter, Stephanie (August 1, 2022). "Tiger Town Legends". TOWN Carolina.
  281. ↑ "Hatch named next president of Wake Forest University". Spartanburg Herald Journal. January 22, 2005.
  282. ↑ "Walter E. Massey's Biography". The HistoryMakers. Archived from the original on September 12, 2024. Retrieved March 9, 2025.
  283. ↑ Brown, Danielle J. (December 31, 2019). "Dr. Larry Robinson On The Science of a University". Tallahassee Magazine.
  284. 1 2 Guttenplan, D.D. (October 16, 2011). "First, Catch Your Faculty: A Recipe for Excellence". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 15, 2024.
  285. ↑ Nietzel, Michael T. (November 30, 2022). "University Of Louisville Names Kim Schatzel As Its New President". Forbes. Archived from the original on January 29, 2023.
  286. ↑ "Honorary Member: Edward S. Holden". The Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. April 3, 2013. Archived from the original on December 3, 2024.
  287. ↑ Schvey, Henry I. (2021). Blue Song: St. Louis in the Life and Work of Tennessee Williams. University of Missouri Press. pp. xi. ISBN   978-0826222305.
  288. ↑ Coleman, Nancy (August 23, 2021). "Staging 'The Glass Menagerie' on the Fire Escapes That Inspired It". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023.
  289. ↑ Grimes, William (March 25, 2010). "Robert Culp, Star in 'I Spy,' Dies at 79". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 11, 2020.
  290. ↑ "Meet the World's Smartest Person". Chicago Tribune. September 29, 1985. Archived from the original on July 31, 2022.
  291. ↑ Pearson, Richard (August 27, 1981). "Roger Baldwin, a Founder of ACLU, Dies". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 27, 2017. Retrieved November 3, 2022.
  292. ↑ "Looking back: Roger Nash Baldwin, Unitarian co-founder of ACLU". UU World Magazine. May 15, 2017. Archived from the original on January 25, 2025.
  293. ↑ "The Nobel Prize | Women who changed science | Gerty Cori". The Nobel Prize. Archived from the original on March 31, 2022.
  294. ↑ "The Nobel Prize | Women who changed science | Rita Levi-Montalcini". The Nobel Prize. Archived from the original on May 6, 2022.
  295. ↑ Cambria, Nancy (June 2, 2014). "New president of Malawi taught at Washington University law school for nearly 40 years". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Archived from the original on October 6, 2021.
  296. ↑ Preston, Dick (May 5, 2020). "Beyond the Trivia - William Inge". KRCG. Retrieved April 20, 2025.
  297. ↑ "William Inge". St. Louis Walk of Fame. December 17, 2024.
  298. ↑ "Arthur O. Lovejoy". Johns Hopkins University. June 28, 2016. Archived from the original on January 9, 2023.
  299. ↑ "Mona Van Duyn". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on September 20, 2024.
  300. ↑ "Mona Van Duyn". Poetry Foundation. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved March 9, 2025.
  301. ↑ "Howard Nemerov". Library of Congress. Retrieved March 9, 2025.
  302. ↑ Pearson, Richard (July 7, 1991). "HOWARD NEMEROV, PULITZER-WINNING POET, DIES AT 71". The Washington Post. ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved January 24, 2024.
  303. ↑ "Joseph W. Kennedy - Nuclear Museum". Atomic Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on September 17, 2024.
  304. ↑ Evangelou Strait, Julia (June 8, 2009). "Washington U. scientist Barbara Schaal named to presidential panel". STLPR. Archived from the original on November 27, 2022.
  305. ↑ Redmon, Michael (August 6, 2014). "Henry Smith Pritchett Head of the Carnegie Foundation Benefited the City in Many Ways". Santa Barbara Independent. Archived from the original on January 9, 2023.
  306. ↑ Fox, Margalit (July 25, 2013). "Virginia Johnson, Widely Published Collaborator in Sex Research, Dies at 88". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 12, 2019.
  307. ↑ Clymer, Adam (March 5, 2007). "Thomas F. Eagleton, 77, a Running Mate for 18 Days, Dies". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 22, 2018.
  308. ↑ Hodgson, Godfrey (March 6, 2007). "Thomas Eagleton". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved March 9, 2025.

Sources

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.