A skyway, skybridge, skywalk, or sky walkway is an elevated type of pedway connecting two or more buildings in an urban area, or connecting elevated points within mountainous recreational zones. Urban skyways very often take the form of enclosed or covered footbridges that protect pedestrians from the weather. Open-top modern skyways in mountains now often have glass bottoms. Sometimes enclosed urban skywalks are made almost totally from glass, including ceilings, walls and floors. Also, some urban skyways function strictly as linear parks designed for walking.
In North America skyways are usually owned by businesses, and are therefore not public spaces (compare with sidewalk). However, in Asia, such as Bangkok's and Hong Kong's skywalks, they are built and owned separately by the city government, connecting between privately run rail stations or other transport with their own footbridges, and run many kilometers. Skyways usually connect on the first few floors above the ground-level floor, though they are sometimes much higher, as in Petronas Towers. The space in the buildings connected by skyways is often devoted to retail business, so areas around the skyway may operate as a shopping mall. Non-commercial areas with closely associated buildings, such as university campuses, can often have skyways and/or tunnels connecting buildings.
The world's largest discontinuous skyway network – Calgary, Alberta, Canada's "+15 Walkway" system – has a total length of 16 km (9.9 mi). [1] [2] The Minneapolis Skyway System is the world's largest continuous system and spans 9.5 miles (15.3 km) [3] [4] connecting 80 blocks in downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States.
On a smaller scale, terminals of large airports are often connected by skywalk systems, as at Manchester Airport, United Kingdom; in many airports, retractable jet bridges provide a direct connection between airplanes and terminals.
Some cities have the equivalent of a skyway underground, and there are also mixed subway–skyway systems; see underground city.
Besides pedestrian safety and convenience, the chief reasons assigned by urban planners for skywalk development are decrease of traffic congestion, reduction in vehicular air pollution and separation of people from vehicular noise. A number of cities (for example, Spokane, Washington) have given intricate analysis to skywalk systems employing computer models to optimize skywalk layout. [5]
There is debate about the negative impact on urban areas of skyways. Robertson (1988) noted the negative impacts to street activities, and reductions to the property value at ground level. [6] Woo (2012) found that skywalk systems could be negatively associated with promoting consumerism. [7] Cui (2015) called for more research into the impact of skyways in developing countries. [8] The Cincinnati Skywalk in Ohio was dismantled because of these concerns. [9]
There are significant skyway networks in many cities in the US Midwest, such as Minneapolis, Saint Paul, Des Moines, Cedar Rapids, Rochester, and Duluth. [10] Most networks in North America are privately owned. Notable exceptions are skyways in Saint Paul and in New York (High Line), which are publicly owned. [11]
City | System | Length | Blocks connected | Link |
---|---|---|---|---|
Atlanta, Georgia | Peachtree Center | 14 blocks | map | |
Arlington, Virginia | Rosslyn Skywalks | map | ||
Calgary, Alberta | +15, +30, or +45 Walkway | 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) [1] [2] | ~64 blocks | map |
Cedar Rapids, Iowa | Cedar Rapids Skywalk System | 1.15 miles (1.85 km) | 15 blocks | map |
Charlotte, North Carolina | Overstreet Mall | 1.5 miles (2.4 km) | 10 blocks | |
Chicago, Illinois | Chicago Pedway | 40 blocks | ||
Dallas, Texas | Dallas Pedestrian Network | 3 miles (4.8 km) | 36 blocks, in two separate networks | map |
Des Moines, Iowa | Skywalk | 4 miles (6.4 km) [12] | 30 blocks | map |
Detroit, Michigan | 10 buildings, ~ 8 blocks | map | ||
Duluth, Minnesota | Skywalk | 3 miles (4.8 km) [13] | ~17 blocks | map |
Edmonton, Alberta | Edmonton Pedway | 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) | ~13 blocks | map |
Fargo, North Dakota | 6 blocks | |||
Grand Rapids, Michigan | Skywalk | > 1 mile (1.7 km) | 7 blocks – connects 12,000-seat VanAndel Arena, JW Marriott, Amway Grand Plaza and Marriott Courtyard hotels as well as 1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 m2) DeVos Place Convention Center | |
Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada | Downtown Halifax Link | |||
Houston, Texas | Houston Downtown Tunnel System | > 6 miles (9.7 km) including tunnels | ~35 blocks (95 total) | map |
Indianapolis, Indiana | Indianapolis Skywalk | Connects the Indiana Convention Center, Indianapolis Artsgarden, Lucas Oil Stadium, Circle Centre Mall, Indianapolis Union Station, JW Marriott Indianapolis, and 11 other hotels. [14] | map | |
Kansas City, Missouri | "The Link" Crown Center | 6 | ||
Las Vegas Strip | Skyways are provided in lieu of street-level pedestrian crossings. | |||
Lincoln, Nebraska | 7 blocks | |||
Los Angeles, California | Calvin S Hamilton Pedway | 10 blocks | Map | |
Louisville, Kentucky | Louie Link | A glassed-in skywalk called the Louie Link stretches six city blocks and links together the Kentucky International Convention Center (KICC), Fourth Street Live!, three hotels (Galt House Hotel & Suites, Marriott and Hyatt Regency), and 2,300 hotel rooms. In 2010 it was extended from the Galt House to the new $16 million Skywalk Garage, an eight-level, 860-space parking facility on Third Street, and a second skywalk connects from the garage across Third Street to the new KFC Yum! Center | map | |
Mankato, Minnesota | City Center Campus | ~ 0.5 miles (0.80 km) | 8 blocks | |
Milwaukee, Wisconsin | Milwaukee Skywalk | 1.75 mi (2.82 km) | About 8 blocks. Notable connected buildings include: The Avenue, 310W, Hyatt Regency, Baird Center, Chase Tower, Empire Building, 100 East Wisconsin, Hilton Milwaukee City Center | map |
Minneapolis, Minnesota | Minneapolis Skyway System | 9.5 miles (15.3 km) [3] [4] | >80 blocks | map |
New York | High Line | > 1.45 miles (2.33 km) | The pedestrian skyway and linear park on 10 m height on former elevated railway. Connects to Hudson Yards and One Manhattan West | map |
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma | Oklahoma City Underground | ~30 buildings | ||
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania | 16 blocks | map | ||
Rochester, New York | 20 buildings over 13 blocks | map | ||
Saint Paul, Minnesota | Skyway | > 5 miles (8.0 km) [15] | 47 blocks | map |
Sioux City, Iowa | 13 blocks | map | ||
Spokane, Washington | 16 blocks | map | ||
Toronto, Ontario | SkyWalk | 0.7 km | 2 blocks – Metro Toronto Convention Centre South Building and Union Station (Toronto) | |
Winnipeg, Manitoba | Winnipeg Walkway | 18 blocks |
The highest cantilevered skybridge between separate buildings in the world is in the Raffles City Chongqing skyscrapers complex in Chongqing, China. The world's longest pedestrian hanging skywalk, at 430 meters, is the Zhangjiajie Glass Bridge, which sits between mountain peaks in China. The highest cantilevered skybridge as construction element of building exist atop of Kingdom Centre in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
The world's highest 2-story skybridge, 170 m above the ground and 58 m long, between the two towers on 41st and 42nd floors in Petronas Twin Towers dual skyscrapers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, which also has an elevated, air-conditioned walkway from the Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre to Bukit Bintang shopping district. Malaysia also has the mountainarian tourist pedestrian glass-bottom Langkawi Sky Bridge in Kedah, Langkawi.
One of the most famous similar cantilevered skybridges, that looks like uppered[ check spelling ] ship from the bird's-eye and submarine from the ground, known in Singapore's Marina Bay Sands resort complex of skyscrapers.
One of the most impressionable hanging pedestrian skybridges, supported by two giant hands, Golden Bridge now attracts tourists in Ba Na Hills near Da Nang, Vietnam.
In Bangkok, Thailand there are more than 5.4 km of covered wide dedicated elevated skywalks [16] with lighting. These were developed due to lack of proper sidewalks as well as street hawkers and local merchants taking advantage of any sidewalk space as makeshift commercial real estate. Common reasons skywalks were built include to avoid street pollution, dust, wetness from food vendors and/or rain, potholes, long queues, crowds, and uneven pavement, supporting urbanism but probably most importantly, tourism receipts. Most skywalks connect to a BTS station and utilize space underneath the rail line and BTS pillar supports. These skywalks have connector ramps which connect stations to malls seamlessly and are paid for by the malls themselves, otherwise the city and BTS fund walkway development. A 50km long extension project was shelved in 2011 due to funding issues, [17] nevertheless the system is growing organically.
In Hong Kong, there are numerous foot bridge networks across the city. Particularly large networks exists around elevated or at grade MTR stations and connections between malls and housing estates in new town centers. The largest network spans Admiralty, Central and parts of Sheung Wan districts in the CBD and consists of the Central Elevated and Central–Mid-Levels Walkway systems which link up over 40 major office buildings. The Central–Mid-Levels walkway system is the longest outdoor covered escalator system in the world according to Guinness World Records. [9] [10] Other large systems exist in Tsuen Wan and Mong Kok.
The Mumbai Skywalk Project, India is a discontinuous network of over 50 km of skywalks in Mumbai Metropolitan Region, India. The skyways connect Mumbai Suburban Railway stations to important junctions, each 1 to 2 km in length. The first of these is a 1.3 km (0.8 mi) long skywalk connecting the suburban regions of Bandra and Kurla. [18] [19] [20]
Brussels, Belgium has a skyway between the two Belgacom Towers.
London has skywalks on the Barbican Estate and London Wall. The City of London Pedway Scheme was devised as part of the post World War II reconstruction plans for London, it was put into effect mainly from the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s and eventually abandoned by the 1980s. Shad Thames has picturesque skyways between former warehouses, used in part to roll barrels between them.
Liverpool conceived a project of building skyways around the city centre during the 1960s. [21] The project saw bridges linking key buildings around the city centre, such as James Street railway station, Moorfields railway station and New Hall Place. Crime and low usage of the bridges stopped the project being fully imagined and by the end of the year 2000 nearly all of bridges had been removed, though evidence of the scheme still exists in some places. [22]
Sheffield, South Yorkshire has a famous skyway between two blocks of flats in the Park Hill Estate housing block with the phrase "I Love You Will U Marry Me" graffitied onto it. It has since become the subject of songs by local singers and bands such as Arctic Monkeys and Yungblud.
The twin towers of the Highlight Towers in Munich, Germany are joined by two skyways made of glass and steel.
The Promenade Plantée in the 12th arrondissement of Paris, France includes pedestrian bridges and a linear park on an aqueduct of a former railway.
In American English, walkway is a composite or umbrella term for all engineered surfaces or structures which support the use of trails.
An underground city is a series of linked subterranean spaces that may provide a defensive refuge; a place for living, working or shopping; a transit system; mausolea; wine or storage cellars; cisterns or drainage channels; or several of these. Underground cities may be currently active modern creations or they may be historic including ancient sites, some of which may be entirely or partially open to the public.
Path is a network of underground pedestrian tunnels, elevated walkways, and at-grade walkways connecting the office towers of Downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It connects more than 70 buildings via 30 kilometres (19 mi) of tunnels, walkways, and shopping areas. According to Guinness World Records, Path is the largest underground shopping complex in the world, with 371,600 square metres (4,000,000 sq ft) of retail space which includes over 1,200 retail fronts (2016). As of 2016, over 200,000 residents and workers use the Path system daily with the number of private dwellings within walking distance at 30,115.
Skybridge may refer to:
A footbridge is a bridge designed solely for pedestrians. While the primary meaning for a bridge is a structure which links "two points at a height above the ground", a footbridge can also be a lower structure, such as a boardwalk, that enables pedestrians to cross wet, fragile, or marshy land. Bridges range from stepping stones–possibly the earliest man-made structure to "bridge" water–to elaborate steel structures. Another early bridge would have been simply a fallen tree. In some cases a footbridge can be both functional and artistic.
The Chicago Pedway is a network of tunnels, ground-level concourses and bridges in Chicago, Illinois connecting skyscrapers, retail stores, hotels, and train stations throughout the central business district.
The Plus 15 or +15 is a skyway network in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. It is the world's most extensive pedestrian skywalk system, with a total length of 16 kilometres and 86 bridges connecting 130 buildings, as of 2022. Calgary often has severe winters and the walkways allow people to get around the city's downtown more quickly and comfortably. The busiest parts of the network saw over 20,000 pedestrians per day in a 2018 count.
A skyway is a suspended covered walkway between buildings.
Pedways are elevated or underground walkways, often connecting urban high-rises to each other, other buildings, or the street. They provide quick and comfortable movement from building to building, away from traffic and inclement weather. Two of the largest networks of underground walkways are located in Canada, with RÉSO in Montreal and PATH in Toronto each consisting of approximately 30 kilometres (19 mi) of underground city-centre walkways.
A greenway is usually a shared-use path along a strip of undeveloped land, in an urban or rural area, set aside for recreational use or environmental protection. Greenways are frequently created out of disused railways, canal towpaths, utility company rights of way, or derelict industrial land. Greenways can also be linear parks, and can serve as wildlife corridors. The path's surface may be paved and often serves multiple users: walkers, runners, bicyclists, skaters and hikers. A characteristic of greenways, as defined by the European Greenways Association, is "ease of passage": that is that they have "either low or zero gradient", so that they can be used by all "types of users, including mobility impaired people".
The Central Elevated Walkway is an extensive footbridge network spanning Admiralty, Central and parts of Sheung Wan, near Victoria Harbour in Hong Kong.
A skywalk is a type of pedestrian bridge
The Winnipeg Walkway System, also known as the Winnipeg Skywalk, is a network of pedestrian skyways and tunnels connecting a significant portion of downtown Winnipeg, Manitoba.
The Minneapolis Skyway System is an interlinked collection of enclosed pedestrian footbridges that connect various buildings in 80 full city blocks over 9.5 miles (15.3 km) of Downtown Minneapolis, enabling people to walk in climate-controlled comfort year-round. The skyways are owned by individual buildings in Minneapolis, and as such they do not have uniform opening and closing times. The 9.5 miles of skyway are comparable to the Houston tunnel system, the systems in Canadian cities such as Toronto's PATH, Montreal's Underground City, Calgary's 11-mile Plus 15 system and the 8-mile Edmonton Pedway system.
The Mumbai Skywalk Project is a series of pedestrian skyways in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region. The skywalks connect Mumbai Suburban Railway stations and other high-concentration commercial areas with various destinations. The purpose of the skywalks is efficient dispersal of commuters from congested areas to strategic locations, such as bus stations, taxi stands, shopping areas, etc. and vice versa.
The Dallas Pedestrian Network or Dallas Pedway is a system of grade-separated walkways covering thirty-six city blocks of Downtown Dallas, Texas, United States. The system connects buildings, garages and parks through tunnels and above-ground skybridges. The network contains an underground city of shops, restaurants and offices during weekday business hours.
The City of London Pedway Scheme is a largely elevated pedway network that evolved out of a plan to transform traffic flows in the City of London by separating pedestrians from street level traffic using elevated walkways. First devised as part of the post World War II reconstruction plans for London, it was put into effect mainly from the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s, and had been largely mothballed by the 1980s. The scheme was partially revived in 2017 when a new section of walkway was added as part of a development in London Wall.
The Cincinnati Skywalk was a series of walkways, primarily indoors and elevated, that allowed pedestrians to traverse downtown Cincinnati, Ohio, United States.
The Milwaukee Skywalk is a 1.75 mi (2.82 km) network of skyways which connects several buildings in downtown Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)