Secondary suite

Last updated

American Craftsman house with detached secondary suite Craftsman with Backyard Cottage (Converted Garage).jpg
American Craftsman house with detached secondary suite

Secondary suites (also known as accessory dwelling units (ADU), in-law apartments, granny flats, granny annexes or garden suites [1] ) are self-contained apartments, cottages, or small residential units, that are located on a property that has a separate main, single-family home, duplex, or other residential unit. In some cases, the ADU or in-law is attached to the principal dwelling or is an entirely separate unit, located above a garage, across a carport, or in the backyard on the same property. [2] Reasons for wanting to add a secondary suite to a property may be to receive additional income, provide social and personal support to a family member, or obtain greater security. [2]

Contents

Description

Background

Naming conventions vary by time-period and location but secondary suites can also be referred to as an accessory dwelling unit (ADU), mother-in-law suite, granny flat, coach house, laneway house, Ohana dwelling unit, granny annexe, granny suite, in-law suite, and accessory apartment. [3] [4] The prevalence of secondary suites is also dependent on time and location with varying rates depending on the country, state, or city. [5] Furthermore, regulations on secondary suites can vary widely in different jurisdictions with some allowing them with limited regulation while others ban them entirely through zoning, limit who may live in the units (for example, family members only), or regulate if units can be rented. [5] [6] [7] [8]

Spatial relationship to main residence

Common types of secondary suites Accessory Dwelling Unit (ADU) Types.jpg
Common types of secondary suites

A secondary suite is considered "secondary" or "accessory" to the primary residence on the parcel. It normally has its own entrance, kitchen, bathroom and living area. There are three main types of accessory units: interior, interior with modification, and detached. Examples include:

Benefits and drawbacks

Benefits

  1. Higher density residential areas have many advantages. They require less resources for transport, heating and cooling, infrastructure and maintenace. They allow for closer-knit communities by facilitating interaction between neighbors, expecially children and teenagers.
  2. Creating affordable housing options as secondary suites are typically small, easy to construct, and require no land acquisition. [9] [5] [10] [11]
  3. Enabling seniors to "age-in-place" by creating small and affordable units where seniors can downsize in their own neighborhood. [12] [5] Some of the recent popularity of secondary suites in the United States can be attributed to the activities of the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) and other organizations that support seniors. [5]
  4. Supporting diverse and multi-generational households as seniors, young-adults, or other relatives can live on the same property as their families while maintaining independence and privacy. [12] [5] [9] [13] [14] For seniors, this arrangement can improve social life, allow to easily provide care, and possibly live in more walkable neighborhoods when they can no longer drive. [15] [16] [17]
  5. Facilitating homeownership by providing a reliable extra income that can support mortgage payments and home maintenance. [9] [18] [5]
  6. Creating sustainable and energy-efficient housing as smaller and/or attached units require fewer resources. [19] [12]
  7. ADUs can be integrated into the scale and character of single-family neighborhoods while also promoting workforce housing in these neighborhoods. [12] [20]
  8. Municipal budgets may benefit from new taxable housing that does not require new infrastructure or significant utility upgrades. [9]

Drawbacks

Linked properties cannot easily be sold separately. In case of shared ownership each party may require permission from the other party to make changes to the building.

By country

Australia

In Australia, the term 'granny flat' is often used for a secondary dwelling on a property. The land is not subdivided with construction requiring approval from the council or relevant authority. The approval processes vary between States and Territories, and between councils. This is different from a dual occupancy, where two primary dwellings are developed on one allotment of land, being either attached, semi-detached or detached. [21] In 2018, New South Wales led the construction of new granny flats while Victoria had the fewest number of new granny flats constructed. [22] [23] In 2019, the federal government launched a study concerning prefabricated buildings and smaller homes citing affordable housing, extra space for family members, and support for the construction industry as reasons for the study. [24] The government set aside $2 million for the initial study and then plans to set up an innovation lab to help manufacturers design prefabricated buildings. [24]

Canada

Laneway house in Vancouver Laneway house in Vancouver.jpg
Laneway house in Vancouver

Secondary suites have existed in Canada since the 19th century where they took the form of coach houses, servant houses, stables converted to permanent apartments, and small apartments for young people within large houses. [25] Secondary suites became increasing popular during the economic crisis of 1929 and the housing shortage following WWII. During this period the Canadian government actively supported the creation of secondary suites. [25] However, suburbanization and zoning changes in the 1950s and 60s led to a decrease in secondary suites in Canada. [25] More recently, secondary suites are increasing in popularity and many municipalities are reexamining their regulations to support secondary suites. [25]

CMHC (government program)

The Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation provides a financial assistance program to help Canadians create affordable housing for low-income seniors and adults with a disability within a secondary suite. The program is called the Residential Rehabilitation Assistance Program (RRAP) -- Secondary/Garden Suite. The maximum fully forgivable loan depends on the location of the property:

  • Southern Areas of Canada: $24,000/unit
  • Northern areas of Canada: $28,000/unit
  • Far northern areas: $36,000/unit

A 25% supplement in assistance is available in remote areas. [26]

British Columbia

After adopting legislation in 2009 to support secondary suites, Vancouver, British Columbia has become a leading city of their construction in North America. [27] [28] [29] In the city, approximately a third of single-family houses have legally permitted secondary suites, many of which are laneway houses. [30] [31] The Housing Policy Branch of British Columbia's Ministry of Community, Aboriginal and Women’s Services published a guide for local governments to implement secondary suite programs called 'Secondary Suites: A Guide For Local Governments'. [32] The current issue is dated September 2005. The intent of the guide is to "help local governments develop and implement secondary suite programs". It also highlights good secondary suite practices as well as providing practical information to "elected officials, planners, community groups, homeowners, developers, and others interested in secondary suites".

Europe

In German speaking countries an interior secondary suite is known as an Einliegerwohnung. [33]

In the United Kingdom, "granny flats" are increasing in popularity with one in twenty UK households (5%) having such a space. [34] 7% of householders say they have plans to develop this type of space in the future. [34] 27% of those surveyed were making plans for older relatives, 25% were planning for grown-up children, 24% were planning to rent as holiday lets, and 16% were planning to take in lodgers. [34]

In Norway, particularly in the bigger cities, it is quite common to build separate adjoined smaller flats that the owner of the main flat will rent out.[ citation needed ]

In Sweden, a friggebod is a small house or room which can be built without any planning permission on a land lot with a single-family or a duplex house. [35] [36]

United States

Attached secondary suite in Seattle Seattle Attached Secondary Suite.jpg
Attached secondary suite in Seattle

In the United States, secondary suites are generally referred to as accessory dwelling units or "ADUs". Zoning permissions and laws concerning accessory dwelling units can vary widely by state and municipality. [37] Accessory dwelling units were popular in the early 20th century in the United States, but became less common after WWII when a shift to suburban development occurred and many municipalities banned ADUs through zoning regulations. With increases in the price of housing in many cities and suburbs, increased awareness of the disadvantages of low-density car-oriented development patterns, and an increased need to care for aging Americans, many government entities and advocacy groups have supported ADUs. [38] Some critics perceive ADUs to be a threat to the character of single-family residential neighborhoods.

Several states have enacted legislation to promote accessory dwelling units. In California, Government Code Sections 65852.150, 65852.2 & 65852.22 pertain to local regulation of ADUs. [39] SB 1069 and AB 2299 are California bills approved in 2016 and effective 1 January 2017, that limit local government authority to prohibit ADUs in certain cases (and also reduce cost and bureaucracy hurdles to construction). [40] [41] [42] [43] On 1 January 2020, the state of California passed the most lenient ADU laws in the country allowing not one but two types of accessory units, the accessory dwelling unit (ADU) and the junior accessory dwelling unit (JADU). State-exempt ADUs can now be at least 800 square feet (74 m2), while JADUs are limited to 550 square feet (51 m2). [44]

Basement apartment suite in Seattle Basement Apartment Suite in Seattle.jpg
Basement apartment suite in Seattle

The states of Vermont [45] [46] and New Hampshire [47] [48] have also adopted a number of bills that promote accessory dwelling units and reduce regulatory barriers to ADU construction. The State of Illinois considered, but did not adopt, HB 4869 which would have required municipalities to permit (and reasonably regulate) accessory dwelling units (ADUs). [49]

Several local governments across the United States have enacted ordinances to both permit and promote accessory dwelling units. Some cities have included accessory dwelling units in larger missing middle housing and affordable housing strategies including Seattle, [50] [51] [52] [53] Portland, [54] [55] [56] and Minneapolis. [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] [62] [63] Many other communities have maintained wide-spread single-family zoning but still updated codes to permit accessory dwelling units. Notable examples include large cities such as Los Angeles, CA [64] and Chicago, IL. [65] Diverse smaller jurisdictions that permit accessory dwelling units include Lexington, KY, [66] Santa Cruz, CA, [67] [68] and the County of Maui in Hawaii. [69]

Honolulu, Hawaii has a unique form of accessory dwelling units known as an "Ohana Dwelling Unit". [70] Ohana Dwellings were created as a permitted use in the zoning code in 1981 as a way to encourage the private sector to create more housing units (without government subsidy), preserve green fields (open space) and ease housing affordability. [71] [72] [73] In 2015, Honolulu amended its zoning code to allows ADUs as a sort of Ohana Dwelling, but with fewer restrictions. [74] To prevent creating further complexities for existing Ohana Dwellings, some of which have been condominimized and owned separately from the main house, Ohana Dwellings remain a permitted use (with different requirements and benefits than ADUs) in the zoning code. ADUs are an important component of Honolulu's Affordable Housing Strategy. [75]

See also

Related Research Articles

ʻOhana is a Hawaiian term meaning "family" . The term is cognate with Māori kōhanga, meaning "nest". The root word ʻohā refers to the root or corm of the kalo, or taro plant, which Kanaka Maoli consider to be their cosmological ancestor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Apartment</span> Self-contained housing unit occupying part of a building

An apartment, flat, or unit is a self-contained housing unit that occupies part of a building, generally on a single storey. There are many names for these overall buildings. The housing tenure of apartments also varies considerably, from large-scale public housing, to owner occupancy within what is legally a condominium, to tenants renting from a private landlord.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Housing estate</span> Group of homes and other buildings built together as a single development

A housing estate is a group of homes and other buildings built together as a single development. The exact form may vary from country to country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Single-family detached home</span> Standalone house

A single-family detached home, also called a single-detached dwelling,single-family residence (SFR) or separate house is a free-standing residential building. It is defined in opposition to a multi-family residential dwelling.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Garage apartment</span> Housing unit built on or in a storage space vehicles

A garage apartment is an apartment built within the walls of, or on top of, the garage of a house. The garage may be attached or a separate building from the main house, but will have a separate entrance and may or may not have a communicating door to the main house. A garage apartment is one type of "accessory dwelling unit" or ADU, a term used by architects, urban planners and in zoning ordinances to identify apartments smaller than the main dwelling on one lot or parcel of land. Other examples of ADUs include granny flats, English basements, mother-in-law suites, and auxiliary units.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Duplex (building)</span> Type of residential building

A duplex house plan has two living units attached to each other, either next to each other as townhouses, condominiums or above each other like apartments. By contrast, a building comprising two attached units on two distinct properties is typically considered semi-detached or twin homes but is also called a duplex in parts of the Northeastern United States, Western Canada, and Saudi Arabia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Multifamily residential</span> Type of housing development that emphasizes density and proximity of many neighbors

Multifamily residential, also known as multidwelling unit (MDU)) is a classification of housing where multiple separate housing units for residential inhabitants are contained within one building or several buildings within one complex. Units can be next to each other (side-by-side units), or stacked on top of each other (top and bottom units). Common forms include apartment building and condominium, where typically the units are owned individually rather than leased from a single building owner. Many intentional communities incorporate multifamily residences, such as in cohousing projects.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Bryant (Texas politician)</span> American politician (born 1947)

John Wiley Bryant is an American politician who represented Texas's 5th congressional district in the 98th to 104th U.S. Congress.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Medium-density housing</span>

Medium-density housing is a term used within urban planning and academic literature to refer to a category of residential development that falls between detached suburban housing and large multi-story buildings. There is no singular definition of medium-density housing as its precise definition tends to vary between jurisdiction. Scholars however, have found that medium density housing ranges from about 25 to 80 dwellings per hectare, although most commonly sits around 30 and 40 dwellings/hectare. Typical examples of medium-density housing include duplexes, triplexes, townhouses, row homes, detached homes with garden suites, and walk-up apartment buildings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carriage house</span> Outbuildings separate from the living quarters

A carriage house, also called a remise or coach house, is a term used in North America to describe an outbuilding which was originally built to house horse-drawn carriages and their related tack. Carriage houses were often two stories, with related staff quarters above.

A secondary suite is a self contained dwelling, sometimes attached to the main dwelling, sometimes separate, which can be offered for rent to a third party by the owner/occupier. Some Canadian municipalities permit these while others do not, and rules vary as to what sort of dwellings are permitted to have secondary suites and what forms they may take.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Basement apartment</span> Apartment located below street level

A basement apartment is an apartment located below street level, underneath another structure—usually an apartment building, but possibly a house or a business. Cities in North America are beginning to recognize these units as a vital source of housing in urban areas and legally define them as an accessory dwelling unit or "ADU". Rent in basement apartments is usually much lower than it is in above-ground units, due to a number of deficiencies common to basement apartments. The apartments are usually cramped, and tend to be noisy, both from uninsulated building noises and from traffic on the adjacent street. They are also particularly vulnerable to burglary, especially those with windows at sidewalk level. In some instances, residential use of below-ground space is illegal, but is done anyway in order for the building owner to generate extra income.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Laneway house</span> Form of housing in Canada

A laneway house is a form of detached secondary suites in Canada built into pre-existing lots, usually in the backyard and opening onto the back lane. Most laneway houses are small. However, public concern has been raised in some communities about the impact that larger forms of this type of housing may have on privacy. Laneway houses are found in densely populated areas in Canadian cities, including Edmonton, Toronto, and Vancouver.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Missing middle housing</span> A lack of medium density housing in North America

Missing middle housing refers to a lack of medium-density housing in the North American context. The term describes an urban planning phenomenon in Canada, the United States, Australia and more recent developments in industrialised and newly industrialising countries due to zoning regulations favoring social and racial separation and car-dependent suburban sprawl.

California Senate Bill 50 was a proposed California bill that would have preempted local government control of land zoning near public transit stations and jobs centers. The bill would have also required, at minimum, four-plex residential zoning statewide. The bill was the successor to a similar bill introduced by state senator Scott Wiener in January 2018 as Senate Bill 827 ; both would have applied to areas within one-half-mile (0.8 km) of frequent transit corridors, including rail stations and bus routes. The bills were sponsored by California YIMBY, a pro-housing lobbying group while they were opposed by local governments, anti-gentrification activists, and suburban homeowners. The bills were written in response to an ongoing housing affordability crisis in California's largest urban areas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New York City housing shortage</span>

For many decades, the New York metropolitan area has suffered from an increasing shortage of housing, as housing supply has not met housing demand. As a result, New York City has the highest rents of any city in the United States.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Single-family zoning</span> Residential planning classification

Single-family zoning is a type of planning restriction applied to certain residential zones in the United States and Canada in order to restrict development to only allow single-family detached homes. It disallows townhomes, duplexes, and multifamily housing (apartments) from being built on any plot of land with this zoning designation.

In Australia, the dual occupancy concept was proposed by the Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works in 1981 to enable existing houses and housing lots to be subdivided into two to make more efficient use of existing facilities and urban infrastructure, to provide support links between the two households and to minimise external maintenance and gardening burdens. Nowadays, accessory dwelling units are increasingly being legitimized by state and local governments. These units can be a division of, addition to, or separate from the principal dwelling and are usually subject to minimum allotment sizes, site coverage, access and setback requirements. While dual properties are a fairly new concept in Australia, they have long been a common style of dwelling in countries such as Sweden, Japan and the United States.

2021 California Senate Bill 9 , titled the California Housing Opportunity and More Efficiency (HOME) Act, is a 2021 California state law which creates a legal process by which owners of certain single-family homes may either build two 800-square-foot homes or one duplex on their property, to result in a maximum of four housing units on a formerly single-family lot, and prohibits cities and counties from directly interfering with those who wish to build such homes. Drafted by State Senator Scott Wiener, it was signed into law by Governor Gavin Newsom in September 2021, and went into effect on January 1, 2022. The bill was crafted to reduce the cost of housing in California by increasing housing supply and density within California cities and overriding municipal and county zoning laws requiring single-family zoning. The law also expands the capacity for secondary suites.

References

  1. ↑ Garden Suites , retrieved 22 February 2023
  2. 1 2 "Smart Growth / Smart Energy Toolkit – Accessory Dwelling Units (ADU)". www.mass.gov. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
  3. ↑ Spevak, Eli; Stanton, Melissa (2019). The ABCs of ADUs (PDF). AARP.
  4. ↑ "The many and confusing synonyms for ADUs". 4 June 2012.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Brinig, Margaret; Garnett, Nicole (1 January 2013). "A Room of One's Own? Accessory Dwelling Unit Reforms and Local Parochialism". Urban Lawyer. 45: 519–569.
  6. ↑ Coppage, Jonathan (March 2017). "ACCESSORY DWELLING UNITS: A FLEXIBLE FREE-MARKET HOUSING SOLUTION" (PDF). R Street.
  7. ↑ "Accessory Dwelling Units". American Planning Association. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
  8. ↑ Chapple, Karen; Wegmann, Jake; Mashhood, Farzad; Coleman, Rebecca. "Jumpstarting the Market for Accessory Dwelling Unites: Lessons Learned from Portland, Seattle, and Vancouver" (PDF). San Francisco chapter of the Urban Land Institute.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Coppage, Jonathan (March 2017). "ACCESSORY DWELLING UNITS: A FLEXIBLE FREE-MARKET HOUSING SOLUTION" (PDF). R Street.
  10. ↑ MRSC. "Accessory Dwelling Units Issues & Options" (PDF). mrsc.org.
  11. ↑ Florida Housing Coalition. "Accessory Dwelling Unit Guidebook" (PDF).
  12. 1 2 3 4 Communities, AARP Livable. "ADUs Are Good for People and Places". AARP. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
  13. ↑ "American Planning Association". American Planning Association. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
  14. ↑ Nichols, Jane Louise; Adams, Erin (1 March 2013). "The Flex-Nest: The Accessory Dwelling Unit as Adaptable Housing for the Life Span". Interiors. 4 (1): 31–52. doi:10.2752/204191213X13601683874136. ISSN   2041-9112. S2CID   110003613.
  15. ↑ PhD, Phoebe S. Liebig; MSG, Teresa Koenig; PhD, Jon Pynoos (21 November 2006). "Zoning, Accessory Dwelling Units, and Family Caregiving". Journal of Aging & Social Policy. 18 (3–4): 155–172. doi:10.1300/J031v18n03_11. ISSN   0895-9420. PMID   17135101. S2CID   8557380.
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  19. ↑ "Studying the Benefits of Accessory Dwelling Units". Frameworks. 21 April 2011. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
  20. ↑ "Promoting Workforce Housing Expanding Locations and Development Potential". Montgomery County Planning Commission.
  21. ↑ Planning & Land Management, Territory Planning Branch (2002). "Dual Occupancy Review" (PDF). Retrieved 21 August 2008.
  22. ↑ Chesher, Isabelle (17 June 2019). "New research reveals where most granny flats in Australia are being built". Domain. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
  23. ↑ HIA Economics Research Note (May 2019). "No one looks after Granny better than NSW". Housing Industry Association (HIA).
  24. 1 2 Ireland, Judith (15 June 2019). "Morrison government's bid to grow tiny home industry". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
  25. 1 2 3 4 Lessard, Guillaume (September 2018). "Accessory Dwelling Units: Principles and Best Practices" (PDF). Arpent.
  26. ↑ Residential Rehabilitation Assistance Program (RRAP) -- Secondary/Garden Suite Archived 2006-09-09 at the Wayback Machine
  27. ↑ Vancouver, City of. "Create or legalize a secondary suite". vancouver.ca. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
  28. ↑ "'Granny Flats' Can Densify Cities If We Let Them". Bloomberg.com. 22 November 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
  29. ↑ "20.810.060 Conversions of Existing Accessory Structures". Vancouver Municipal Code. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
  30. ↑ "Why Vancouver Trounces the Rest of Cascadia in Building ADUs". Sightline Institute. 17 February 2016. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
  31. ↑ "Incentivizing ADU Development – A Proven Housing Solution for Cities & States". www.housable.com. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
  32. ↑ "Secondary Suites: A Guide for Local Governments" (PDF). September 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 July 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
  33. ↑ "§ 11 Einliegerwohnung – Rechtsportal". www.rechtsportal.de. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
  34. 1 2 3 "1 in 3 homes are multi-generational". www.aviva.com. 11 September 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
  35. ↑ Edwards, Catherine (18 July 2019). "Swedish word of the day: friggebod" . The Local Sweden. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
  36. ↑ "You Say 'Friggebod', I Say 'Freedom'". Tiny House for Us. 8 December 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
  37. ↑ "Land Use and Zoning Basics". findlaw.com.
  38. ↑ "Accessory Dwellings". Accessory Dwellings. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  39. ↑ "Codes Display Text".
  40. ↑ "Senate Bill No. 1069, CHAPTER 720, Land use: zoning". leginfo.legislature.ca.gov. 27 September 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  41. ↑ "Assembly Bill No. 2299, CHAPTER 735, Land use: housing: 2nd units". leginfo.legislature.ca.gov. 27 September 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  42. ↑ Pender, Kathleen (3 December 2016). "New California housing laws make granny units easier to build". San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  43. ↑ Wong, Queenie (27 September 2016). "California eases restrictions on 'granny units'". The Mercury News . San Jose, Cal. Archived from the original on 19 October 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  44. ↑ "Accessory Dwelling Unit Handbook" (PDF). hcd.ca.gov. December 2020.
  45. ↑ "Bill Status S.237 (Act 179)". legislature.vermont.gov. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
  46. ↑ "ACCESSORY DWELLING UNITS". State of Vermont Agency of Commerce and Community Development.
  47. ↑ "Accessory Dwelling Units". New Hampshire Housing. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
  48. ↑ "ACCESSORY DWELLING UNITS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE: A Guide for Municipalities" (PDF). State of New Hampshire, Housing.
  49. ↑ "Illinois General Assembly – Bill Status for HB4869". www.ilga.gov. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  50. ↑ "Neighborhood upzones for affordable housing: Q&A on proposal with Seattle mayor's adviser". The Seattle Times. 9 May 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  51. ↑ "SEATTLE CITY COUNCIL – Record No: CB 119444". seattle.legistar.com. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  52. ↑ "SEATTLE CITY COUNCIL – Record No: CB 119544". seattle.legistar.com. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  53. ↑ "Accessory Dwelling Unit – SDCI | seattle.gov". www.seattle.gov. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
  54. ↑ "Better Housing by Design project documents". Portland.gov. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  55. ↑ "About the Residential Infill Project". Portland.gov. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  56. ↑ "Portland just passed the best low-density zoning reform in US history". Sightline Institute. 11 August 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  57. ↑ "Owner-Occupancy Requirement for Accessory Dwelling Units Amendment". www2.minneapolismn.gov. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
  58. ↑ "Residential Buildings with up to Three Units". www.minneapolismn.gov. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  59. ↑ "Housing". minneapolis2040.com. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
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  61. ↑ "Three Cheers for Minneapolis (The 3 is for Triplex)". Strong Towns. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  62. ↑ "Allowing Intentional Community Cluster Developments". www.minneapolismn.gov. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  63. ↑ PBS NewsHour (23 November 2019). "How Minneapolis became the first to end single-family zoning". Youtube.
  64. ↑ "ADU | DRP". planning.lacounty.gov. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  65. ↑ "City Council Approves Additional Dwelling Unit (ADU) Ordinance" (PDF). City of Chicago (Press release). 16 December 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  66. ↑ "ADU proposal". City of Lexington. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  67. ↑ "City of Santa Cruz Accessory Dwelling Unit Development Program" . Retrieved 29 October 2015.
  68. ↑ "ADU". sccoplanning.com. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  69. ↑ "Maui County Zoning Code, Section 19.35" . Retrieved 15 August 2011.
  70. ↑ City and County of Honolulu. "Revised Ordinances of Honolulu, (ROH) Section 21-8.20" (PDF). Land use Ordinance. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
  71. ↑ "Ohana Housing Program Evaluation". Honolulu: Office of Information and Complaint. September 1984. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
  72. ↑ Lau, Questor (May 2014). "Black boxes and gray spaces: how illegal accessory dwellings find regulatory loopholes" . Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  73. ↑ "Ohana Zoning a 5 year review" (PDF). State of Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
  74. ↑ "Honolulu Ordinance 15-41 Relating to Accessory Dwelling Units" (PDF).
  75. ↑ "Implementing [Honolulu's] Affordable Housing Strategy" (PDF). Honolulu Office of Housing. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
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