Gaza war protest vote movements

This page is subject to the extended confirmed restriction related to the Arab-Israeli conflict.

March on Washington for Gaza in January 2024

As part of the Gaza war protests in the United States, protest vote movements in the 2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries were initiated to target President Joe Biden's and Vice President Kamala Harris's reelection campaigns. After a notable "uncommitted" vote in Michigan, activists sought to replicate the protest in other states. While some activists under Abandon Biden/Abandon Harris argued against supporting the Democratic ticket entirely during the 2024 presidential election, others in uncommitted movements led by the Uncommitted National Movement urged to use uncommitted votes during the presidential primary to pressure the Biden administration to change policies before the presidential election. Both groups overlap and supported each other's goals, to the point of being considered "twin" movements. On July 21, 2024, Biden withdrew from the 2024 presidential election and endorsed Harris as his replacement.

The movements were the main opposition to the Biden 2024 presidential campaign and received higher vote totals than many contenders in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries, including Harris, Amy Klobuchar, Cory Booker, and Beto O'Rourke. Uncommitted votes also achieved a higher percentage of the vote than the 2020 campaign of Pete Buttigieg, with only a fraction of the spending. The Uncommitted campaign won 36 delegates in the primaries. The Uncommitted movement received its best results in the Hawaii caucus and the Minnesota primary. Following the Minnesota primary, Minnesota governor Tim Walz was sympathetic to the Uncommitted movement. After Biden's withdrawal from the race, the movement demanded Harris, the 2024 presumptive Democratic nominee, to oppose the U.S. military aids to Israel and Israeli occupation of Palestinians. Harris selected Walz as her running mate on August 6, 2024. By October 2024, Uncommited encouraged its supporters to vote for Harris while Abandon Harris endorsed Green Party candidate Jill Stein.

Ceasefire movement

On January 18, 2024, voters promoting a ceasefire in the Israel–Hamas war launched a write-in campaign for "Ceasefire" in the New Hampshire Democratic primary. ^[1] Since incumbent president Joe Biden had declined to appear on the ballot due to Democratic National Convention sanctions, with allies instead mounting a write-in campaign, advocates of the ceasefire campaign hoped that the increased focus on the write-in section of election results would send a message. ^{[2] [ better source needed ]} New Hampshire secretary of state David Scanlan indicated that these "Ceasefire" votes were tallied. ^[3] Ultimately, "Ceasefire" received 1,497 votes, or 1.28%. ^[4]

Uncommitted movements

Main article: Uncommitted National Movement

See also: Uncommitted (voting option) § Michigan, Minnesota, and Washington, 2024

The uncommitted movements are protest vote movements built around urging voters to write-in or check an uncommitted voting option to protest Biden's support for the Israel-Gaza war, and to push for a permanent ceasefire and ending military aide to Israel. ^[5] The movements aims to "make these changes ahead of the general election or risk losing Democratic voter support". ^[5]

2024 Michigan Democratic primary

See also: 2024 Michigan Democratic presidential primary § Campaign for "uncommitted"

A movement for an uncommitted vote called Listen to Michigan was started by community organizers in Dearborn, including the younger sister to representative Rashida Tlaib with a budget of $250,000. ^[6] The group aimed to use the uncommitted vote during the presidential primary to send a message to the Biden campaign to support a ceasefire, or else lose the presidential election. ^{[7] [8] [6] [9]} Both Rashida Tlaib and Dearborn mayor Abdullah Hammoud endorsed the campaign. ^[10] Democratic Majority for Israel ran opposition ads against the uncommitted movement, arguing that a vote for uncommitted would represent support for Trump. ^[11] Our Revolution endorsed the uncommitted movement and also helped support outreach for it. ^[12]

The movement was primarily led by a vocal minority of Muslim Americans, ^[13] Arab Americans, and progressives. ^{[7] [8]} Although the campaign aimed originally for 10,000 votes, which was the margin by which Hillary Clinton lost in the 2016 election, which was considered a low vote total historically, ^[14] the final vote count exceeded it and reach 101,000 votes, or approximately 13.2% of the vote. ^[15] As a result, the campaign won 2 delegates to send to the 2024 Democratic National Convention. ^[16] While some progressive commentators, such as Michael Moore, stated that Biden's actions in Gaza could ultimately lose him the general election, ^{[17] [18] [19]} others, including Biden campaign officials, argued that the result matches similar uncommitted movements in 2008 and 2012. ^{[20] [21]} In March 2024, Listen to Michigan announced it was expanding into a national operation. ^[22]

Abandon Biden movement

See also: Joe Biden 2024 presidential campaign § Arab and Muslim Americans

Pro-Palestinian protest in Washington, D.C.

Abandon Biden was originally started in Minnesota but has since spread to other swing states, with the goal of preventing a second-term Biden presidency. ^{[7] [8] [23]} Many in the Abandon Biden movement have argued that Biden cannot undo damages, even if he called for a ceasefire ^[10] and some within the movement have argued even for voting for Republicans in order to deny Biden a victory and to force both parties to pay attention to their cause, ^{[24] [25] [26]} although others said they would never vote for Trump and would instead write a third-party candidate or abstain. ^{[7] [27]} The Abandon Biden and Uncommitted campaigns were described as “twin movements” which were overlapping. ^{[28] [27]}

During his campaign, Trump notably suggested total war in Gaza, deporting refugees from Gaza, revoking visas of pro-Palestinian demonstrators, and reinstituting a "Muslim ban", which many Democrats have argued would allow them to win Muslim votes. ^[23] In addition, although Biden won many swing states by small margins, the Muslim American and Arab American proportion in most of those states constitutes a very small proportion of the electorate. ^{[29] [30]} Some commentators argued that small margins of victory in swing states may suggest that the groups could have outsized effects. ^{[8] [29]} Michigan is noted as among the swing states with more than 200,000 Muslim voters, and 300,000 Arab Americans, well exceeding Biden's vote margin in 2020, and some have pointed out that disapproval with the conflict could be spreading to other groups such as youth and progressives. ^[15] An opinion video piece argued in the aftermath of Biden's first debate and subsequent calls to withdraw from the race that Biden's biggest issue was still engagement from Arab and Muslim voters in swing states such as Michigan. ^[31]

2024 presidential primaries

Primary elections

See also: 2024 Minnesota Democratic presidential primary

After the Michigan result, organizers in several states launched similar campaigns, ^{[12] [5]} even though most states do not have a dedicated "uncommitted" option, which can make organizing a protest vote more difficult. ^[12] Minnesota organizers launched a protest vote movement for "uncommitted" with only four days before the primary. ^[32] The movement was able to improve on Michigan's vote share, ^[33] winning over 18% of the vote and 11 delegates. ^{[34] [5] [35]} After the 2024 Minnesota Democratic presidential primary, Minnesota governor Tim Walz took a sympathetic view toward those doing so to protest President Biden's handling of the war in Gaza, calling them "civically engaged". ^[36] Walz said: "This issue is a humanitarian crisis. They have every right to be heard. These folks are asking for a change in course, they're asking for more pressure to be put on. ... You can hold competing things: that Israel has the right to defend itself, and the atrocities of October 7 are unacceptable, but Palestinian civilians being caught in this... has got to end." Walz also said he supports a ceasefire in Gaza. ^[37]

In North Carolina, where no actual candidates made the ballot other than Biden, 12% voted for "no preference", which some sources attributed to groups protesting Biden's support for Israel. ^{[38] [39]} Several observes noted that although the movement had "spread to other base Democratic voters" besides Muslim Americans, ^{[33] [34]} results from Super Tuesday suggested the Democratic Party "continues to coalesce around Biden". ^[33] A Black Muslim group called the Black Muslim Leadership Council worked towards supporting the uncommitted movement but argued they would not necessarily abandon Biden during the presidential election. ^[40]

In Hawaii, the uncommitted vote achieved 455 votes, or nearly 29% of the vote total, which net the movement 6 delegates. ^[41] This occurred despite that Hawaii did not appear to have any specific organized uncommitted movement organization. ^[42] In Georgia, a coalition of multi-ethnic, multi-faith progressives launched a Listen to Georgia Coalition to replicate a similar protest movement. ^[43] Because Georgia does not release write-in candidate results, a local news organization looked at blank ballots instead, finding 3% of Democratic primary voters had submitted blank ballots within 5 counties. ^[44] An effort was organized in Washington, ^[45] where uncommitted achieved slightly over 9% of the vote. ^[46] In Kentucky, some of the 17.9% uncommitted vote was attributed to the protest vote movement. ^[47] Rhode Island sent at least 1 uncommitted delegate. ^[48] A "Vote No Preference" coalition in Massachusetts focused on pushing a No Preference vote. ^{[49] [50]} A similar effort had been replicated in Connecticut, ^[51] Pennsylvania, ^{[23] [52]} New Jersey, ^[53] and other states; ^[54] however, few races after Super Tuesday have dedicated uncommitted options, and those which did not had few progressive, Muslim, or Arab American votes. ^[45]

Delegate votes

After Biden released delegates, following his decision to withdraw from the race, some uncommitted delegates held endorsements for Harris unless demands for a ceasefire were met. ^{[55] [56]} On August 4, 2024, twenty-nine uncommitted delegates from eight states took part in a virtual roll call where they voted for Palestinian victims over Harris. ^[57] On the second day of the Democratic National Convention, during the in-person ceremonial roll call of delegates, dozens of delegates voted "Present" as a protest vote. Some of these delegates publicly expressed they voted this way to express frustration with the Biden-Harris administration's handling of the war in Gaza. ^{[58] [59]} The delegates who voted "Present" had their votes read out loud by their state delegations during the roll call, notably except for the Kentucky Democratic Party. ^[60]

Impact

Impact during primary process

Some argued that as a result of the uncommitted movement, Kamala Harris began calling for a 6-week ceasefire in the region. ^{[5] [30]} Because the uncommitted option received varied votes in each state during the primary, analysts found it "hard to compare apples-to-apples" the impact of the movement, especially with regards to past historical uncommitted vote results. ^{[5] [54] [61]} Although Biden supporters and some analysts generally suggested that the uncommitted vote was similar to historical patterns, some progressives including Ro Khanna argued that the pattern of the vote suggested "particular groups of our coalition that are upset". ^[54] Some uncommitted results in states with historic Blue Dog Democrat populations (for example, North Carolina and Kentucky) were attributed to conservative DINOs (i.e. Democrats in Name Only) who vote uncommitted during the primary but had become Republican (reflecting the Southern strategy of the 1960s) and would never have voted Democrat during a general election. ^{[62] [63]} Some analysts argued that as the groups who voted uncommitted were in Biden's base, they would eventually vote for him in the general election, although the possibility of his base fracturing before the election remained. ^[64]

Much of the uncommitted base seemed to be made up of young college students and Arab Americans. ^[64] Young people, the group most likely to support Palestinians, did not appear to have the Israel-Gaza war as their main concern in many opinion polls. ^[65] By May 2024, several progressive groups critical of Biden's Gaza policy began anti-Trump campaigns that were noted to indirectly help Biden. The New York Times said it was "one of the clearest signs yet that at least some of Mr. Biden's critics on the left will still work to stop Mr. Trump — even if they are lukewarm on the incumbent president." ^[66] On October 8, Uncommitted encouraged its supporters to vote for Harris, arguing a second Trump presidency would be much worse for Palestinians. ^[67]

The uncommitted vote revealed a vulnerability amongst young voters caused by Biden's policy on Israel and Palestine. The movement received higher vote totals than many contenders in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries, including Harris (the eventual presumptive Democratic nominee in 2024), Amy Klobuchar, Cory Booker, and Beto O'Rourke. Uncommitted votes also achieved a higher percentage of the vote than the 2020 campaign of Pete Buttigieg, with only a fraction of the spending. The Uncommitted campaign won 36 delegates in the primaries. On July 21, 2024, Biden withdrew from the 2024 presidential election. Former New Jersey state representative Sadaf Jeffer said the vote "shows what many have been saying, that [there] is significant dissatisfaction with President Biden's approach to Gaza. This is a constituency Democratic Party leadership and the Biden administration must engage." ^[68]

Withdrawal of Joe Biden

On July 21, 2024, Biden withdrew from the presidential race. Biden was the first incumbent president since the withdrawal of Lyndon B. Johnson from the 1968 United States presidential election to exit the race, the first since the 19th century to withdraw after serving only one term, ^[a] and the first ever to withdraw after already winning the Democratic Party presidential primaries. ^{[69] [71]} Following Biden's withdrawal from the race, the movement demanded Harris "to take a clear stance against weapons for Israel's war and occupation against Palestinians". ^[72] Some uncommitted voters who had been disenchanted by Biden were noted to be "watching Harris closely to see how she distinguishes herself from Biden on the issue". ^[73] On August 6, Harris selected Minnesota governor Tim Walz as her running mate. ^{[74] [75]}

By October 2024, Uncommited encouraged its supporters to vote for Harris, arguing a second Trump presidency would be worse for Palestinians. Lexi Zeidan, a Palestinian American and co-founder of Uncommited, said how another Trump presidency would dismantle "any pathway to Palestinian self-determination", and concluded: "It's clear Netanyahu will be doing everything in his power to get Trump elected. And we have to do everything in our power to stop him." ^[67] On the other hand, Abandon Harris endorsed Green Party candidate Jill Stein, who said she would end all military support to Israel if elected, and the group said that it was "confronting two destructive forces: one currently overseeing a genocide and another equally committed to continuing it". ^[76]

Loss of Kamala Harris

Following the loss of Harris, many in the movement felt vindication. Significant portions of the electorate in Dearborn, Michigan, an Arab American majority city, did not vote for Harris. ^[77] Muslims who voted for Trump, and were thus pivotal in helping him win the three key states of the Rust Belt (Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin being Harris's clearer path for a narrow win in the Electoral College), were subsequently upset that Trump nominated pro-Israel cabinet picks, including Marco Rubio (a staunch supporter of Israel who said he would not call for a ceasefire in Gaza and believed Israel should destroy "every element of Hamas", calling them "vicious animals") as Secretary of State, Mike Huckabee (a former Arkansas governor and staunch pro-Israel conservative who expressed his support for the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and called a two-state solution "unworkable") as the next United States ambassador to Israel, and Republican Representative Elise Stefanik (who called the United Nations a "cesspool of antisemitism" for its condemnation of deaths in Gaza) to serve as the United States ambassador to the United Nations. Rabiul Chowdhury, who chaired the Abandon Harris campaign in Pennsylvania, said that "Trump won because of us and we're not happy with his Secretary of State pick and others." ^[78]

2024 presidential election

During the 2024 United States presidential election, an August 2024 survey published by the Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR) found that 29% of Muslim voters planned to vote for the Greens candidate Jill Stein because of the Gaza War. ^[79] In Michigan, 40% of Muslim voters supported Stein, 18% supported Trump, and 12% supported Harris. ^[80] CAIR's final election poll, published on November 1, showed that nationwide among Muslims, 42.3% planned to vote for Stein, 41% for Harris, and 9.8% for Trump. ^[81]

As of November 15, 2024, the Stein ticket garnered 751,170 votes, the second highest of her three campaigns, beating her 2012 run but falling short of her 2016 bid. ^{[82] [83]} This was the first time since the 2000 United States presidential election that the Green Party placed third place in the popular vote. Nationally, exit polling from CAIR found that 53% of Muslim-American voters supported Stein. In Michigan, 59% of Muslim-American voters supported Stein. In Maryland, 81% of Muslim-American voters supported her. ^{[84] [85]} Notably, Stein won 18.4% of the vote in Dearborn, Michigan, 15.1% of the vote in Dearborn Heights, Michigan, 15% of the vote in South Paterson, New Jersey, and 9% of the vote in Hamtramck, Michigan. ^{[86] [87]}

Uncommitted results by state

Primary	Primary winner	Votes	Percentage of popular vote	Uncommitted delegates	Reference
Nevada Democratic primary	Joe Biden	7,448	5.81%	0	[88]
Michigan Democratic primary		101,436	13.21%	2	[89]
Alabama Democratic primary		11,213	6%	0	[90]
Colorado Democratic primary		43,439	8.1%	0	[91]
Massachusetts Democratic primary		58,462	9.4%	1	[92]
Minnesota Democratic primary		45,913	18.9%	11	[93]
North Carolina Democratic primary		88,021	12.7%	0	[94]
Tennessee Democratic primary		10,464	7.9%	0	[95]
Hawaii Democratic caucuses		455	29.1%	7	[96]
Democrats Abroad primary		1,136	13.2%	0	[97]
Washington Democratic primary		89,753	9.8%	2	[98]
Kansas Democratic primary		4,286	10.3%	0	[99]
Missouri Democratic primary		2,229	11.7%	3	[100]
Connecticut Democratic primary		7,492	11.5%	0	[101]
Rhode Island Democratic primary		3,732	14.9%	1	[102]
Wisconsin Democratic primary		48,162	8.3%	0	[103]
Maryland Democratic primary		63,743	9.7%	0	[104]
Kentucky Democratic primary		32,908	17.9%	8	[105]
New Jersey Democratic primary		43,758	8.9%	1	[106]
Final results	Uncommitted National Movement	706,591	4.25%	37

See also

• Free Palestine Party participated in the 2024 European parliament election
• Gaza List, participated in the 2024 Austrian legislative election
• The Muslim Vote, British pressure group established in December 2023
• United States complicity in Israeli war crimes in the Israel–Hamas war

Notes

1. All three incumbents in the 20th century to withdraw or not seek reelection—Calvin Coolidge, Harry S. Truman, and Lyndon B. Johnson—had succeeded to the presidency when their predecessor died, then won a second term in their own right. ^[69] Three presidents in the 1800s made and kept pledges to serve only one term, most recently Rutherford B. Hayes. ^[70]

References

1. Alpert, Arnie (January 18, 2024). "Primary write-in campaign launched for 'Ceasefire,' instead of Biden's name". The Telegraph . Archived from the original on January 20, 2024. Retrieved January 20, 2024.
2. "Let the Biden administration know they must take our demand for a ceasefire seriously!". Vote Ceasefire. January 22, 2024. Archived from the original on February 28, 2024. Retrieved March 3, 2024.
3. Winger, Richard (January 23, 2024). "New Hampshire Secretary of State Will Count Write-ins in Presidential Primaries for 'Ceasefire'". Ballot Access News. Archived from the original on January 24, 2024. Retrieved January 23, 2024.
4. "2024 Democratic Presidential Primary Election Results". New Hampshire Secretary of State . Archived from the original on January 25, 2024. Retrieved January 24, 2024.
5. Moore, Elena (March 6, 2024). "'Uncommitted' movement spreads to Super Tuesday states". NPR.
6. Epstein, Reid J. (February 6, 2024). "Group in Michigan Urges Protest Vote Against Biden Over Israel-Gaza War". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved March 3, 2024.
7. Hay, Andrew (December 3, 2023). "Muslim Americans face 'Abandon Biden' dilemma - then who?". Reuters.
8. Ward, Myah (December 2, 2023). "Swing-state Muslim leaders launch campaign to 'abandon' Biden in 2024". Politico.
9. Egan, Lauren; Stokols, Eli; Johansen, Ben (February 27, 2024). "Just how committed is uncommitted?". Politico.
10. Shalal, Andrea (February 6, 2024). "Michigan Democrats, organizers urge 'uncommitted' vote in Feb. 27 primary". Reuters.
11. Lacy, Akela; Thaker, Prem (February 23, 2024). "AIPAC Ally Slams "Uncommitted" Voters Warning Biden to Change Course on Gaza". The Intercept. Retrieved March 3, 2024.
12. Mueller, Julia (February 29, 2024). "Biden critics look to replicate Michigan's 'uncommitted' vote in other states". The Hill. Retrieved March 3, 2024.
13. Lerer, Lisa (March 28, 2024). "4 Presidents, 2 Events and a Preview of Campaign Clashes to Come". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved March 30, 2024. Nearly all Democratic Party officials, politicians and strategists stand behind his effort. Yet, he has faced sustained opposition from a vocal minority of progressives who have protested the war in Gaza, through protest votes and event disruptions.
14. "Michigan's 100,000 'uncommitted' votes show Israel impact on Biden". Reuters on MSN.com. Retrieved March 6, 2024.
15. Moore, Elena (February 28, 2024). "The push to vote 'uncommitted' to Biden in Michigan exceeds goal". NPR.
16. "How 'uncommitted' won two delegates in Michigan's Democratic primary". AP News. February 28, 2024. Retrieved March 3, 2024.
17. Shahid, Waleed (February 29, 2024). "Michigan's Democratic Voters Sent President Biden a Clear Message on Gaza". ISSN   0027-8378 . Retrieved March 3, 2024.
18. "Opinion | Biden can't afford to ignore the 'uncommitted' voters in Michigan". MSNBC.com. February 29, 2024. Retrieved March 3, 2024.
19. "Michael Moore warns Biden's stance on Gaza could cost him election". Al Jazeera. Retrieved March 6, 2024.
20. Abutaleb, Yasmeen; Pager, Tyler; Scherer, Michael (February 28, 2024). "Sizable 'uncommitted' vote in Michigan ignites debate among Democrats". Washington Post. Retrieved November 16, 2024.
21. Shapiro, Walter (February 29, 2024). "The Media Is Overhyping the "Uncommitted" Threat to Biden". The New Republic. ISSN   0028-6583 . Retrieved March 3, 2024.
22. Stepansky, Joseph. "How the uncommitted vote against Biden's Gaza policy is going 'national'". Al Jazeera. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
23. Schneider, Aliya (February 19, 2024). "These Muslim activists in Pennsylvania want to 'abandon Biden' over Gaza". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved March 3, 2024.
24. Iqbal, Zainab (March 1, 2024). "'Just because I can': The Arabs and Muslims voting for Donald Trump out of spite". Middle East Eye. Retrieved March 3, 2024.
25. Nehamas, Nicholas (May 23, 2024). "Former Trump Official Meets With Arab and Muslim American Leaders". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved June 6, 2024.
26. Ismail, Aymann (April 29, 2024). "The Storm Brewing in Michigan". Slate. ISSN   1091-2339 . Retrieved May 2, 2024.
27. Stepansky, Joseph; Silmi, Malak. "Birth of a Movement: Michigan's Arab voters rise up to challenge Biden". Al Jazeera. Retrieved March 3, 2024.
28. Gangitano, Alex (February 19, 2024). "Michigan progressives angry over Gaza urge voters to ditch Biden in primary". The Hill. Retrieved March 3, 2024.
29. Rakich, Nathaniel (February 28, 2024). "Could Arab American and Muslim voters cost Biden the 2024 election?". ABC News. Retrieved March 3, 2024.
30. "Trump's Gaza comments highlight tough choice for peace-supporting US voters". Al Jazeera. Retrieved March 6, 2024.
31. Stockton, Alexander; Semple, Kirk (July 12, 2024). "Opinion | Here's How Biden Loses Michigan". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved July 12, 2024.
32. Masters, Clay (March 1, 2024). "Organizers scramble to induce 'uncommitted' votes in Minnesota presidential primary". MPR News. Retrieved March 6, 2024.
33. Haberkorn, Jennifer; Ward, Myah (March 5, 2024). "Biden can't quite shake the protest vote, even on his big night". Politico.
34. Stepansky, Joseph. "Minnesota's 'stunning' uncommitted vote reveals enduring problem for Biden". Al Jazeera. Retrieved March 7, 2024.
35. "Super Tuesday Results: Key Races to Watch". The New York Times. March 5, 2024. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved March 6, 2024.
36. Wurzer, Cathy; Stockton, Gracie (March 7, 2024). "Gov. Walz says Minnesota's 45,000 uncommitted voters are 'civically engaged'". MPR News. Retrieved August 6, 2024.
37. Metzger, Bryan (July 29, 2024). "Where Kamala Harris's top potential VP picks stand on Israel and Gaza". Business Insider. Archived from the original on September 30, 2024. Retrieved November 15, 2024.
38. Nehamas, Nicholas; Epstein, Reid J. (March 5, 2024). "'Uncommitted' voters showed their strength against Biden in Minnesota". The New York Times . Retrieved March 6, 2024.
39. Habeshian, Sareen; Hurt, Emma (March 5, 2024). ""Uncommitted" vs. Biden: How the protest vote fared on Super Tuesday". Axios.
40. Alcindor, Yamiche (March 1, 2024). "New Black Muslim group wants to put pressure on Biden — but not abandon him". NBC News. Retrieved March 3, 2024.
41. "Joe Biden easily wins Hawaii Democratic presidential caucuses". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. Associated Press. March 6, 2024. Retrieved March 7, 2024.
42. Adam Carlson; Oren Oppenheim; Gabriella Abdul-Hakim; Libby Cathey; Fritz Farrow. "'Uncommitted' Biden protest votes winning some delegates as he dominates Democratic primary". ABC News. Retrieved March 9, 2024.
43. Hellmann, Melissa (March 6, 2024). "After Michigan success, Biden ballot protest movement heads to Georgia". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved March 7, 2024.
44. "Here's a look at how the 'Leave it Blank' protest campaign among Democratic voters in Georgia did". 11Alive.com. March 13, 2024. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
45. Shepard, Steven (March 12, 2024). "Where the 'uncommitted' protest vote could jolt Biden". Politico.
46. "Washington Presidential Primary Election Live Results 2024". www.nbcnews.com. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
47. "Nearly 18% of Kentucky Democrats voted 'uncommitted' in Tuesday's primary election". whas11.com. May 22, 2024. Retrieved June 6, 2024.
48. Edward Fitzpatrick. "R.I. will send one 'uncommitted' delegate to Democratic Party convention". The Boston Globe. Retrieved June 6, 2024.
49. Ryan Mancini (March 4, 2024). "Mass. campaign wants voters to choose 'no preference' as war in Gaza rages on". masslive. Retrieved June 6, 2024.
50. Ganley, Shaun (March 3, 2024). "Large rally urging 'no preference' primary vote shuts down Mass. road". WCVB. Retrieved June 6, 2024.
51. Fenster, Jordan Nathaniel (March 6, 2024). "'Uncommitted' primary votes were a protest against Biden on Super Tuesday. It could happen in CT". CT Insider . Retrieved March 9, 2024.
52. Schneider, Aliya (March 5, 2024). "What is an uncommitted vote, and can it be done in Pennsylvania?". Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved March 7, 2024.
53. "It's not just Michigan. Some NJ voters vow to 'abandon Biden' in presidential primary". North Jersey Media Group. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
54. "The Democratic protest vote movement over the Israel-Hamas war spreads from Michigan to other states". AP News. March 11, 2024. Retrieved March 11, 2024.
55. Stokes, Kyle. "Minnesota's uncommitted DNC delegates won't endorse Harris without change in Israel stance". Axios.
56. Robinson, Samuel. ""Uncommitted" voters could back Harris if Israel-Gaza stance shifts: delegates". Axios.
57. Walker, Chris (August 7, 2024). "In Roll Call Vote, Uncommitted Delegates Choose Palestinian Victims Over Harris". Truthout. Retrieved November 29, 2024.
58. Karnopp, Hope (August 22, 2024). "Wisconsin cast 94 votes for Harris, and one 'present' at DNC. What does that mean?". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved November 29, 2024.
59. Walker, Chris (August 20, 2024). "Uncommitted Delegates Say They "Have a Duty to Serve" Their Constituents". Truthout. Retrieved November 29, 2024.
60. Walker, Chris (August 21, 2024). "Rejuvenated Democratic Party Turned DNC's Delegate Roll Call Into a Dance Party". Truthout. Retrieved November 29, 2024.
61. Bump, Philip; Bronner, Lenny (March 6, 2024). "The 'uncommitted' vote story isn't exactly what you might think". Washington Post.
62. Zhang, Christine (March 19, 2024). "The Three Kinds of Biden Protest Voters". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved March 25, 2024.
63. Horn, Austin (May 23, 2024). "Why 18% 'uncommitted' vote in primary is more about Biden than Gaza". Lexington Herald Leader.
64. Piper, Jessica (June 5, 2024). "What the 'uncommitted' vote says about Biden's reelection". Politico.
65. Homans, Charles; Vigdor, Neil (May 6, 2024). "Gaza Isn't Root of Biden's Struggles With Young Voters, Polls Show". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved June 6, 2024.
66. Glueck, Katie; King, Maya (May 29, 2024). "'Defeat by Truth': Biden's Gaza Critics Start an Anti-Trump Campaign" . The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 31, 2024. Retrieved June 1, 2024.
67. Weisman, Jonathan (October 8, 2024). "Pro-Palestinian 'Uncommitted' Group Comes Out Firmly Against Trump". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 8, 2024. Retrieved October 8, 2024.
68. Nichols, John (June 10, 2024). "What the 'Uncommitted' Campaign Has Already Won". The Nation. Retrieved November 16, 2024.
69. Klassen, Thomas (July 21, 2024). "Biden steps aside, setting in motion an unprecedented period in American politics". The Conversation. Archived from the original on July 22, 2024. Retrieved July 24, 2024.
70. Gendler, Alex (July 23, 2024). "US presidents who did not seek reelection". Voice of America. Archived from the original on July 24, 2024. Retrieved July 24, 2024.
71. Kenning, Chris; Samuelsohn, Darren. "'It's unprecedented': Biden's exit is a history-making moment in the American presidency". USA Today. Archived from the original on July 25, 2024. Retrieved July 23, 2024.
72. Zhang, Sharon (July 22, 2024). "Uncommitted Movement: Harris Must Speak Out Against Gaza Genocide". Truthout.
73. Trudo, Hanna (July 25, 2024). "'Uncommitted' Democratic primary voters face question with Harris". The Hill. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
74. Epstein, Reid J. (August 6, 2024). "Tim Walz Is Kamala Harris's Choice for Vice President: Live Election Updates". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 6, 2024. Retrieved August 6, 2024.
75. "Election 2024 live updates: Harris picks Minnesota Gov. Tim Walz as her running mate". AP News. Archived from the original on August 6, 2024. Retrieved August 6, 2024.
76. Mueller, Julia (October 7, 2024). "Abandon Harris campaign endorses Jill Stein". The Hill. Retrieved November 3, 2024.
77. Crampton, Liz (November 10, 2024). "Dearborn's Arab Americans feel vindicated by Harris' loss". Politico. Retrieved November 15, 2024.
78. Shalal, Andrea (November 15, 2024). "Muslims who voted for Trump upset by his pro-Israel cabinet picks". Reuters. Retrieved November 15, 2024.
79. Farooq, Umar A (August 29, 2024). "Muslim voters evenly split between Jill Stein and Kamala Harris, new poll finds". Middle East Eye. Retrieved August 30, 2024.
80. "Muslim Americans moving to anti-Israel Jill Stein in potential blow to Kamala Harris". Times of Israel. September 19, 2024. Retrieved September 28, 2024.
81. Hooper, Ibrahim (November 1, 2024). "Breaking: CAIR's Final Election Poll Shows Stein and Harris Still Tied Among Muslim Voters, Trump Trailing". Council on American-Islamic Relations. Retrieved November 2, 2024.
82. "2024 Presidential Election by State". The Green Papers. 2024. Retrieved November 16, 2024.
83. Arnold, Jeff (November 6, 2024). "How much of the vote did Jill Stein receive?". News Nation. Retrieved November 6, 2024.
84. Sobczak, Aaron (November 8, 2024). "Muslim-Americans favored Jill Stein in 2024". Responsible Statecraft . Retrieved January 28, 2025.
85. Allison, Ismail (November 8, 2024). "CAIR Exit Poll of Muslim Voters Reveals Surge in Support for Jill Stein and Donald Trump, Steep Decline for Harris". CAIR. Retrieved January 28, 2025.
86. Warikoo, Niraj (November 6, 2024). "Trump wins Dearborn amid anger over Gaza and Lebanon; Jill Stein receives 18% of vote". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved November 15, 2024.
87. Adely, Hannan (November 12, 2024). "South Paterson experienced a red wave — and 15% voted for Jill Stein. Here's why". North Jersey Media Group. Retrieved November 15, 2024.
88. "Nevada Democrat Presidential Nominating Process". thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved March 3, 2023.
89. "Michigan Democratic Primary Election Results". The New York Times . February 28, 2024. Retrieved February 28, 2024.
90. "Alabama Democratic Primary Election Results". The New York Times . March 5, 2024.
91. "Colorado Democratic Primary Election Results". The New York Times . March 5, 2024.
92. "Massachusetts Democratic Primary Election Results". The New York Times . March 5, 2024.
93. "Minnesota Democratic Primary Election Results". The New York Times . March 5, 2024.
94. "North Carolina Democratic Primary Election Results". The New York Times . March 5, 2024.
95. "Tennessee Democratic Primary Election Results". The New York Times . March 5, 2024.
96. "Hawaii Democratic Primary Election Results". The New York Times . March 7, 2024.
97. "Democratic Presidential Primaries: Democrats Abroad". CNN. Retrieved March 19, 2024.
98. "March 12, 2024 Presidential Primary Results". Washington Secretary of State. March 23, 2024. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
99. "Kansas Democratic Primary Election Results". New York Times. March 19, 2024.
100. "Missouri Presidential Primary". The AP. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
101. "Connecticut Presidential Primary". The AP. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
102. "Rhode Island Presidential Primary". The AP. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
103. "Wisconsin Presidential Primary". The AP. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
104. "Maryland Presidential Primary Election Results 2024". NBC News. Retrieved May 14, 2024.
105. "Kentucky Presidential Primary". The AP. Retrieved May 20, 2024.
106. "New Jersey Primary Election Results". New York Times. June 5, 2024. Retrieved June 9, 2024.