October 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran

Last updated

Operation Days of Repentance
2024 Israeli strikes on Iran
Part of the 2024 Iran–Israel conflict and the Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present)
IDF Squadron 116. I.jpg
An Israeli F-35I "Adir", the model of aircraft reported to have taken part in the strikes.
Type Missile strike
Location
Iran, Iraq, Syria
Planned byFlag of Israel.svg  Israel
TargetSee § Locations
Date26 October 2024
Executed byIsrael Air Force Flag.svg  Israeli Air Force
OutcomePer US and Israel:

Per Iran:

  • Minor to moderate damage to Iran's military infrastructure [4] [6]
CasualtiesTotal: 5 killed
4 Iranian Army officers killed [7] [8]
1 Iranian security guard killed [9]

On 26 October 2024, Israel launched three waves of strikes against 20 locations in Iran and other locations in Iraq, and Syria, codenamed Operation Days of Repentance [10] (Hebrew : מבצע ימי תשובה) by Israel. It was the largest attack on Iran attack since the Iran–Iraq War. [11] [12] Israel said the strikes were launched in response to the Iranian strikes against Israel earlier that month. [13]

Contents

Israel informed Iran a few hours ahead of the attack what would be targeted, and warned Iran against responding. [14] [15] [16] According to the Israeli military, the strikes targeted Iranian military sites, including air-defense batteries, a UAV factory, and missile production facilities, with all Israeli aircraft returning safely. The Israeli attack involved over 100 aircraft, including F-35 Lightning II stealth fighters, traveling 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) and using heavy munitions. Some of the aircraft breached Iranian airspace. [17] A preceding attack on Syria reportedly targeted radar defenses. [18] An Iranian news agency associated with the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) reported that military installations in western and southwestern Tehran, as well as bases in the Ilam and Khuzestan provinces, were attacked. Four Iranian Army soldiers were reportedly killed. [8] An Israeli official said that following the strikes targeting Iranian air defence and ballistic missile sites, Israel could now operate with greater freedom in Iranian airspace. [19]

The IDF stated it has completed "precise and targeted strikes" in response to "months of continuous attacks" from Iran and its proxies, [11] as well as a recent barrage of Iranian missiles on Israel on 1 October. US officials confirmed that the US was briefed in advance but did not participate in the operation. Following the attack Iran imposed military censorship over its damaged sites. [20]

According to a U.S. assessment, the strikes crippled Iran's missile production capability, estimating it would take at least a year for Iran to rebuild the destroyed components necessary to resume production. [1] U.S. and Israeli officials said that most of Iran's air defense network, including nearly all of its advanced S-300 systems, were destroyed, paving the way for potential future Israeli strikes. [2] [3]

Background

Earlier skirmishes

Iran and Israel have been engaged in a covert conflict for years. [21] Iran has utilized the "Axis of Resistance", a network of Iranian-backed militant groups, to target Israeli interests, [21] [22] [23] while Israel has reportedly carried out assassinations of high-ranking Iranian officials and nuclear scientists and launched cyberattacks against Iran. [21] [11] Israel views Iran as its primary threat due to the Iranian leadership's rhetoric advocating for Israel's destruction, their backing of militant organizations, and the nation's nuclear program. [11] Tensions between the countries have escalated further following Hamas-led 7 October attack on Israel. [24] [21] Following the attack, factions within the "Axis of Resistance," notably Hezbollah in Lebanon and Yemen's Houthi movement, launched assaults on Israel and Red Sea shipping, triggering the Hezbollah-Israel conflict and the Red Sea Crisis. Iran has poured considerable resources into bolstering these groups’ military capabilities and fostering cohesion, aiming for a coordinated Axis effort to dismantle the Jewish state in any large-scale confrontation with Israel. [22] [23]

On 1 April 2024, Israel bombed a consular building in the Iranian embassy complex in Damascus, Syria. The attack killed 16 people, including multiple Iranian officers and proxy fighters. Most notably, Mohammad Reza Zahedi, a commander for the Quds Force, was killed in the airstrike. [25] Iranian officials in the building were allegedly meeting with Palestinian militant leaders at the time of the attack. [26] In response, Iran and its proxies struck Israel on 13 April, targeting military bases. [27] On 19 April, Israel struck an air defense facility in Isfahan, Iran in retaliation. [28] The strikes were limited and de-escalated tensions. [29]

On 31 July, Ismail Haniyeh, the political leader of Hamas, was assassinated in the Iranian capital Tehran by an apparent Israeli attack. [30] Iran vowed to retaliate. [31]

On 17 September, Israel adopted a new war goal: to return civilians displaced by Hezbollah back to their homes in northern Israel. [32] Later that day and the next, thousands of communications devices (including pagers and walkie-talkies) exploded simultaneously across Lebanon and Syria, with Israel aiming to attack Hezbollah members. The attack killed 42 people. [33] In response, Hezbollah launched rocket attacks on northern Israeli cities and towns, including Nazareth, on 22 September. [34] On 23 September, Israel killed two of Hezbollah's top commanders, Ibrahim Aqil and Ahmed Wehbe, in Dahieh, south of Beirut. [35] On 23 September, Israel began a series of strikes in southern Lebanon. [36]

On 27 September, an Israeli airstrike in Dahieh killed Hassan Nasrallah, the secretary-general of Hezbollah. [37] [38] The attack also killed Ali Karaki, the Commander of Hezbollah's Southern Front [38] and Abbas Nilforoushan, deputy commander of the IRGC and commander of the Quds Force in Lebanon. [39]

In response to the killings of Haniyeh, Nilforoushan, and Nasrallah, Iran struck Israel, damaging military bases, [40] in what was the largest attack of the 2024 Iran–Israel conflict. [41] Israel said it had shot down most of the missiles and there had been no harm to its Air Force's capabilities. [42] [43] The US Navy and Jordan also reported intercepting missiles. [44] The two fatalities caused by the attacks were a Palestinian man killed directly by missile debris and an Israeli man indirectly. [45] Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu called it a "big mistake" and vowed that Iran "will pay" for it. [46]

According to US officials speaking anonymously, Israel assured the Biden administration it would refrain from targeting Iran's nuclear and oil facilities, focusing instead on military sites. With the 2024 United States presidential election nearing, American officials worried about being pulled into a wider Middle Eastern conflict. [21] US President Joe Biden asked Netanyahu to plan a retaliation that would "deter further attacks against Israel while reducing risks of further escalation." [47]

Leak of intelligence on the attack

This section is an excerpt from Israeli retaliation leak.[ edit ]

On 18 October 2024, two leaked classified foreign intelligence documents from the United States' National Security Agency and the United States Geospatial Intelligence Agency were posted in Telegram channels. The leaked documents were related to the Israeli plans to retaliate against Iran for its strikes against Israel in October 2024. They revealed detailed plans documented by the United States regarding Israeli military measures including Air Force exercises, military drone operations, and the relocation of advanced munitions, as well as satellite imaging conducted by United States intelligence on the Israeli Air Force. One of the documents suggested something that Israel and the United States always declined to confirm publicly: Israel's possession of nuclear weapons. The leaks also revealed the significant contribution of the United States' spying on Iran towards providing intelligence for Israel's planned military operations.

Guam Department of Corrections mugshot of suspected leaker Asif Rahman Asif W. Rahman.png
Guam Department of Corrections mugshot of suspected leaker Asif Rahman
Asif William Rahman (born 18 September 1990), [48] a CIA employee with top-secret security clearance, was indicted on 7 November for willfully retaining and transmitting national defense information. [49] Rahman graduated from Yale University in 2013, appearing on multiple issues of the Yale Daily News. [50] He listed his hometown as Cincinnati, Ohio. [51]

Strikes

Locations

Operation Days of Repentance
Airstrike targetDamage information
Parchin military complexTaleghan 2 nuclear weapons research facility destroyed [5]
Twelve "planetary mixers" in three solid-propellant facilities struck [52] [53] [54]
Khojir military complexDamage to the military complex occurred [53]
Imam Khomeini International Airport One S-300 missile system destroyed [55]
Shahroud Space Center The IRGC Shahroud Missile Facility was damaged at the missile facility [56] [57]
Abadan Oil RefineryAir defense site struck [55] [58]
Bandar Imam Khomeini Petrochemical ComplexAir defense site at the complex struck [55] [58]
Bandar Imam Khomeini PortAir defense site at the port struck [55] [58]
Tang-eh Bijar Gas FieldSeveral air defense sites struck [59] [55] [58]
Shamsabad Industrial City The Taksaz Industrial Innovators Engineering Company (TIECO) factory was damaged [60]
Ahvaz radar siteA Ghadir radar north of Ahvaz was destroyed [57] [61]
Ilam radar siteA Ghadir radar near Ilam was destroyed [57] [62]
Parand military complexDamage to the military complex occurred from several drone strikes [57]
Hazrat Amir Brigade Air Defense SiteOne S-300 missile system destroyed at the air defense site [59] [57]

Timeline

The F-15D Eagle Baz #957 at Tel Nof Airbase before the strike 2024-10-26 Israeli strikes on Iran, F-15D -957 before the attack 2.jpg
The F-15D Eagle Baz #957 at Tel Nof Airbase before the strike
An F-16I Sufa at Ramon Airbase prepares for the strike 2024-10-26 Israeli strikes on Iran, F-16I -494 before the attack.jpg
An F-16I Sufa at Ramon Airbase prepares for the strike
An F-15C Eagle Baz at Tel Nof Airbase before the strike 2024-10-26 Israeli strikes on Iran, F-15C -673 before the attack.jpg
An F-15C Eagle Baz at Tel Nof Airbase before the strike

In the early hours of 26 October 2024, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) began conducting airstrikes on military targets in Iran. The IDF stated that the strikes were conducted in response to the October 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel on 1 October and due to militant actions by proxy members of the Axis of Resistance. [63] Just prior to the attacks, Israel notified the United States' Biden administration about the impending attacks on Iran. [64] The strikes continued through the night until dawn in Iran, marking Israel's first openly acknowledged attack on the country. This was the first time since the Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988) that Iran has faced such a prolonged assault from a foreign adversary. [11]

The Jerusalem Post reported that over 100 aircraft, including F-35 Lightning II Adir stealth fighters from Nevatim Airbase, traveled roughly 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) for the attack, deploying heavy munitions with extensive refueling support and the IAF rescue and search force Unit 669 on standby. Some of the aircraft breached Iranian airspace. [17] A preceding operation on radar sites in Syria prevented Iran from gaining intelligence on Israel's intentions. [18] A video released by the IDF after the attack showed F-15C/D Eagle Baz jets from Tel Nof Airbase and an F-16I Sufa jet from Ramon Airbase preparing for it (see video stills to the right). [65]

Beginning at 1:48 a.m. local time, sirens and alarms went off continuously for 30 minutes across the Ankawa neighborhood of Erbil, Iraq, with loudspeakers at Irbil airport's military base repeating the word "bunkers". [66] Iranian State Television issued reports of explosion noises throughout Tehran. Two Arab officials stated that the attack had appeared to target a weapons depot and a military office or barracks. [63] Explosions were also reported in the city of Karaj, located just west of Tehran, [64] and near Imam Khomeini International Airport, Mashhad, Kermanshah, and Zanjan. [19] [67] [68] [69] [70] [ excessive citations ] Explosions were also heard near Damascus, Syria. [71] [72] Al Jazeera posted a video showing Iran's air defense activate in the skies of Tehran. [73] Al Araby TV showed damage from Israeli strikes to a military drone factory in Shamsabad, south of Tehran. [74] Iran later confirmed that strikes had also occurred in Ilam province and Khuzestan. [75]

Yedioth Ahronoth reported that Israel had targeted an Iranian UAV factory as well as a secret base in Tehran. It was also reported that Russian made S-300 Iranian batteries as well as ballistic missile sites were attacked. [76]

According to two Iranian officials, one affiliated with the IRGC, Israel's strikes in Tehran Province targeted key defense sites, including the S-300 air defense system at Imam Khomeini International Airport, which helps protect the capital. [77]

The officials reported that multiple IRGC missile bases were hit in the province, followed by a second wave of drone strikes targeting the Parchin military complex on Tehran's outskirts with one drone reportedly reaching the base. [77] The latter site has long been cited by Israel as a site of suspected nuclear weapons-related activity, with the IAEA reportedly finding related evidence there in 2016. [78] David Albright, a former U.N. nuclear weapons inspector, noted that commercial satellite images, though low resolution, indicated that three buildings in Parchin were damaged, including two involved in mixing solid fuel for ballistic missile engines. [79]

Iranian outlets reported that two Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) soldiers were killed. [80] [81] Images released by Fars News Agency showed that the soldiers belonged to Iran's Air Defense Force, suggesting that SAM systems were targeted, possibly increasing Iran's vulnerability to future attacks. [82]

According to U.S. officials, Israel targeted critical components of Iran's ballistic missile infrastructure, destroying 12 planetary mixers essential for producing solid-fuel missiles. Thus crippling Iran's capability to replenish its missile stockpile. U.S. officials added that it would take Iran at least a year to resume its missile production. [1] U.S. and Israeli officials said that most of Iran's air defense network, including nearly all of its advanced S-300 systems, were destroyed. [2] [3] Paving the way for potential future Israeli strikes which could be aimed at Iran’s nuclear program or its oil infrastructure. [83]

Reactions

Israel

At 2:30 a.m., the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) announced it was "conducting precise strikes on military targets in Iran," citing over a year of attacks by Iran and its allies across the Middle East as the reason. According to The New York Times , this statement marked a rare Israeli acknowledgment of military operations within Iranian territory. [21] IDF spokesperson Daniel Hagari said Israel selected these sites from a "broad target bank", and that it would be able to "select additional targets from it and strike them if required", adding that "this is a clear message—those who threaten the State of Israel will pay a heavy price." [84] By around 5 a.m., Israeli officials confirmed that the operation had concluded, with 20 targets struck. The IDF's statement at 6 a.m. confirmed the end of the strikes. [21]

A day after the airstrikes, during a memorial for the victims of the 7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu stated, "We have severely struck [Iran's] defense capabilities and its ability to produce missiles," adding that "the attack on Iran was precise and powerful, achieving all its objectives." [85]

An official from the IDF indicated to Axios that thanks to the attack, Israel now enjoys greater freedom of operation over Iran, in part due to Israel having hit Iranian air defences as well as Iran's ballistic missile infrastructure. [19]

Iran

State media confirmed that explosions were heard in Tehran, attributing some of the sounds to air defense systems in the area. However, state television provided no further details for several hours, only briefly mentioning the attack. [11] Reporters stationed throughout the capital presented scenes of normal life, including markets and traffic, suggesting stability after the attack. [77] The IRGC-affiliated channel Tasnim dismissed the attacks as "weak", [77] a response experts described to the BBC as typical for Iran in such situations. [84]

Iranian civilians who spoke to The Daily Telegraph expressed concern over continued escalating violence between Israel and Iran. [20] The Iranian government threatened to hand out prison sentences of up to 10 years to civilians who provide evidence on the Israeli airstrikes to media deemed "hostile" by the regime. [86] [20]

Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi stated that Iran has "no limits" when it comes to defending its interests, territorial integrity, and its people. [87] Iran's UN mission said that Israeli warplanes conducted the attacks via US-held Iraqi airspace, accusing the United States of being complicit in the incident. [88]

Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei stated that "The evil perpetrated by the Zionist regime two nights ago must not be exaggerated or minimised." [89] Following the attack, he opened a Hebrew X (formerly Twitter) account, posting a tweet in Hebrew stating that "The Zionist regime made a mistake and miscalculated regarding Iran. We will make it understand the power, capability, initiative, and determination of the Iranian nation." Shortly afterwards, the account was suspended. [90] [91]

In the days following the attack, reports emerged suggesting that Iran was preparing a significant retaliation. Iranian officials indicated that on October 28, Supreme Leader Khamenei directed the Supreme National Security Council to organize an attack on Israel. On October 31, Ali Fadavi, deputy commander of the IRGC, was quoted in Iranian media stating, "Iran's response to the Zionist aggression is definite," adding, "We have never left an aggression unanswered in 40 years. We are capable of destroying all that the Zionists possess with one operation." On the same day, Gholamhossein Mohammadi Golpayegani, head of the supreme leader's office, remarked that Iran would deliver "a fierce, tooth-breaking response" to Israel's "desperate action." [92] According to Axios, intelligence assessments suggest Iran may launch the attack from Iraq, potentially before the US elections. [93]

Axis of Resistance

International

Africa

  • Flag of Algeria.svg  Algeria: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs condemned the military attacks and expressed solidarity with the Iranians. [95]
  • Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs condemned the attacks, describing them as violations of international legitimacy and praised Iran's defense capabilities for resisting the attack. [96]
  • Flag of Tunisia.svg  Tunisia: The government issued a statement warning about the consequences of the attack, it also stated to the international community to "urgently assume its responsibilities to put an end to this reckless approach". [97]

Asia

  • Flag of Malaysia.svg  Malaysia: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs described the strikes as a "clear violation" of international law and called for an "immediate cessation of hostilities". [98]
  • Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan: The Foreign Ministry stated that the attacks undermine any chance of peace and stability in the region, it also stated that Israel "bears full responsibility for the current cycle of escalation and expansion of the conflict in the region". [98]

Europe

  • Flag of France.svg  France: The Foreign Ministry stated that all parties "must abstain from any escalation and action that could worsen the extremely tense context in the region." [98]
  • Flag of Germany.svg  Germany: Chancellor Olaf Scholz stated on X that his message to Iran is that "massive escalating reactions must not continue. These must stop immediately. Only then can we open the possibility of a peaceful evolution in the Middle East." [98]
  • Flag of Russia.svg  Russia: Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Maria Zakharova stated that she urges all parties to "exercise restraint, stop the violence and prevent events from developing into a catastrophic scenario." [98]
  • Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom: Prime Minister Keir Starmer stated in a press conference: "I am clear that Israel has the right to defend itself against Iranian aggression and I am equally clear that we need to avoid further regional escalation and urge all sides to show restraint. Iran should not respond. We will continue to work with allies to de-escalate the situation across the region." [99]

Middle East

  • Flag of Bahrain.svg  Bahrain: The Foreign Ministry has condemned the attack, urging an immediate ceasefire to protect civilians and reduce regional tensions. [97]
  • Flag of Egypt.svg  Egypt: The Foreign Ministry stated that it condemns all actions that threaten the security and stability of the Middle East. [98]
  • Flag of Iraq.svg  Iraq: The Prime Minister's office stated that Israel continues its aggressive policies and expansion of conflict in the region, employing blatant acts of aggression without deterrence. [100] The presidency condemned the Israeli attack, stating it was a flagrant violation of international law and state sovereignty, while reaffirming Iraq's steadfast position against any form of escalation. [101] Government spokesman Basim Alawadi stated that "the occupying Zionist entity continues its aggressive policies and widening the conflict in the region through blatant attacks that it carries out with impunity". [98] Egyptair says it had suspended flights to Baghdad and Erbil. [102]
  • Flag of Jordan.svg  Jordan: The Foreign Ministry stated that the international community "must shoulder its responsibilities" and take immediate measures to stop the Israeli "aggression" on Gaza, the West Bank and Lebanon as a first step towards reducing the escalation". [98]
  • Flag of Kuwait.svg  Kuwait: The Foreign Ministry condemned the attack, stating that the attack reflected the "policy of chaos pursued by the Israeli Occupation Forces through violating the sovereignty of states". [98]
  • Flag of Oman.svg  Oman: The Foreign Ministry condemned the strikes as a "blatant violation" of Iranian sovereignty. [98]
  • Flag of Qatar.svg  Qatar: The Foreign Ministry called the attacks a "violation of Iran's sovereignty and a clear breach of international law" and further stated that Qatar does not want to see more violence in the region. [98]
  • Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg  Saudi Arabia: The Foreign Ministry called the attack a "violation" of Iran's sovereignty and called on both parties to restraint. [98]
  • Flag of Syria.svg  Syria: The Foreign Ministry expressed its solidarity with Iran, stating that Iran has the "legitimate right to defend itself and protect its territory and the lives of its citizens". [98]
  • Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey: The Foreign Ministry condemned the attack, stating that Israel will bring the Middle East to a "wider war". [98]
  • Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg  United Arab Emirates: The Foreign Ministry condemned the targeting of Iran and expressed deep concern over the continued escalation and its impact on regional security and stability. [100]

North America

  • Flag of the United States.svg  United States: An unnamed senior official from the Biden administration stated that the airstrikes seem to be a measured and deliberate response to earlier attacks from Iran, posing a minimal risk to civilian safety. [103] National Security Council spokesman Sean Savett said that the Israeli strike "avoided populated areas ... contrary to Iran's attack against Israel that targeted Israel's most populous city." He added that the US urges Iran to stop attacking Israel, "so that this cycle of fighting can end without further escalation." [47]

Supranational

Analysis

Defense expert Malcolm Davis told CNN that although Israel's attack was "limited" and "precise," it was "certainly embarrassing" for Iran. He suggested that Iran might hesitate to retaliate, as doing so could provoke Israel to target its nuclear and oil facilities, or even members of Tehran's leadership. Therefore, he argued, Iran may find it wiser to "take this hit and back down." [104]

Iranian-born writer Arash Azizi reported that many Iranians felt "mostly relieved" as Israel's strikes avoided civilian infrastructure like oil refineries, power, and water facilities, as well as political and military officials. [104]

Behnam Ben Taleblu, a Senior Fellow at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies (FDD), observed that Iran appears to be minimizing the impact of the Israeli strike. Iranian state media has refrained from reporting any damage, a move that Taleblu suggests is aimed at controlling public perception and helping the regime maintain its image internally. [104] Jonathan Conricus, also a Senior Fellow at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, stated that while a comprehensive assessment will depend on satellite analysis in the coming days, it is possible that "Tehran, with all of its regime targets and sensitive infrastructure, might now be totally exposed to future Israeli strikes." [82]

Con Coughlin wrote in The Telegraph that the Israeli strikes on Iran "could ultimately prove to be the final nail in the Islamic Republic's coffin." He pointed out that the ease with which Iran's air defenses were breached indicates that, despite the regime's substantial investments in military capabilities, it "is little more than a paper tiger." He also suggested that the regime is likely concerned about how ordinary Iranians will react, given severe economic issues such as 45% inflation and 25% youth unemployment. This situation raises questions among the Iranian public about "the wisdom of the regime investing so heavily in constructing its expansive terrorist infrastructure when ordinary civilians are struggling to make ends meet." [105]

According to The Economist , the Israeli strikes "signalled the failure of Iran's national-security doctrine" that had been pursued for decades by current Supreme Leader Khamenei. He now faces a critical juncture regarding alternative strategies while contending with domestic dissatisfaction with his ideology-driven foreign policy, as evidenced by the popular protest slogan "not Gaza, not Lebanon, my life for Iran." The article states that Khamenei's successor "will decide whether to continue a war of choice that has impoverished Iran for decades and now brought it under attack by an enemy state for the first time since the 1980s." [106]

Steven Erlanger argued in an article for The New York Times that Iran faces a difficult choice: while retaliating against Israel risks escalation "when its economy is struggling, its allies are faltering, its military vulnerability is clear and its leadership succession is in play," holding back could suggest weakness to its allies—"badly weakened by the Israeli military's tough response since Oct. 7"—as well as to hardliners at home. [107]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the Israeli Air Force</span>

The History of the Israel Air Force begins in May 1948, shortly after the formation of the State of Israel. Following Israel's declaration of independence on May 14, its pre-state national institutions transformed into the agencies of a state, and on May 26, 1948, the Israeli Air Force was formed. Beginning with a small collection of light aircraft, the force soon transformed into a comprehensive fighting force. It has since participated in several wars and numerous engagements, becoming what has been described as "The mightiest air force in the Middle East".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</span> Ongoing conflict in Western Asia

The Iran–Israel proxy conflict, also known as the Iran–Israel proxy war or Iran–Israel Cold War, is an ongoing proxy conflict between Iran and Israel. In the Israeli–Lebanese conflict, Iran has supported Lebanese Shia militias, most notably Hezbollah. In the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, Iran has backed Palestinian groups such as Hamas. Israel has supported Iranian rebels, such as the People's Mujahedin of Iran, conducted airstrikes against Iranian allies in Syria and assassinated Iranian nuclear scientists. In 2018 Israeli forces directly attacked Iranian forces in Syria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mohammad Reza Zahedi</span> Iranian military officer (1960–2024)

Mohammad Reza Zahedi was an Iranian military officer. A senior figure within the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), he had previously commanded the IRGC Aerospace Force and the IRGC Ground Forces, and was commanding the Quds Force in Lebanon and Syria at the time of his death.

The Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war refers to the Iranian–Israeli standoff in and around Syria during the Syrian conflict. With increasing Iranian involvement in Syria from 2011 onwards, the conflict shifted from a proxy war into a direct confrontation by early 2018.

The strikes were conducted by the Israeli Air Force late at night on 25 August 2019.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)</span> Ongoing conflict between Hezbollah and Israel

Israel and the Lebanese militant group Hezbollah started exchanging fire along the Israel–Lebanon border and in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights on 8 October 2023. Israel also carried out airstrikes throughout Lebanon and in Syria. The clashes were part of the spillover of the Israel–Hamas war and the largest escalation of the Hezbollah–Israel conflict since the 2006 Lebanon War. On 30 September 2024, Israel escalated the conflict into a ground invasion of Lebanon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present)</span> Ongoing period of increased instability in the Middle East

The Middle Eastern crisis is a series of interrelated conflicts and heightened instability in the Middle East which began with the Hamas-led attack on Israel on 7 October 2023 and the war that followed, leading to a major escalation of the existing tensions between Israel and Iran. This has resulted in several proxy conflicts breaking out across the Middle East involving both sides, such as Red Sea crisis and the 2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon.

On 1 April 2024, Israel conducted an airstrike on the Iranian embassy complex in Damascus, Syria, destroying the building housing its consular section. Sixteen people were killed in the strike, including eight officers of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and two Syrian civilians. The airstrike took place during a period of heightened tension between Israel and Iran, and amidst the Israel–Hamas war and the Israel–Hezbollah conflict.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2024 Iran–Israel conflict</span> Military conflict between Iran and Israel

In 2024, the Iran–Israel proxy conflict escalated to a series of direct confrontations between the two countries. On 1 April, Israel bombed an Iranian consulate complex in Damascus, Syria, killing multiple senior Iranian officials. In response, Iran and its Axis of Resistance allies seized the Israeli-linked ship MSC Aries and launched strikes inside Israel on 13 April. Israel then carried out retaliatory strikes in Iran and Syria on 19 April.

On 19 April 2024 at 5:23 a.m. IRST, the Israeli Air Force launched airstrikes targeting an air defense facility within Iran. The limited airstrikes targeted an air defense radar site at an airbase near Isfahan, in central Iran. Israeli missiles appear to have hit their target directly. Satellite images suggest that a surface-to-air missile battery was damaged or destroyed. There was no extensive damage to the base itself. The attack was launched in response to the Iranian drone and missile strikes in Israel, which itself was an Iranian retaliation for the Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus.

On 20 July 2024, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) launched an attack on Hudaydah Port in Al Hudaydah, Yemen. The attack damaged a power generating station, an oil refinery, fuel storage facilities belonging to the Yemen Petroleum Corporation (YPC), and port cranes. Israel claimed it targeted weapon storage facilities. 14 people were killed, including 12 port employees and more than 90 were injured, many with severe burns.

On 30 July 2024, Israel conducted an airstrike on an apartment building in Haret Hreik in the suburbs of the Lebanese capital of Beirut, killing Hezbollah commander Fuad Shukr, Iranian military adviser Milad Bedi, as well as five Lebanese civilians, including two children, and wounding 80 others.

This timeline of the Israel–Hezbollah conflict covers the period from 24 November 2023, when the first ceasefire between Israel and Hamas began, until 1 January 2024, one day prior to the assassination of Saleh al-Arouri.

This timeline of the Israel–Hezbollah conflict covers the period from 2 January 2024, with the Assassination of Saleh al-Arouri, until 31 March 2024, one day prior to the Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus.

This timeline of the Israel–Hezbollah conflict covers the period from 1 April 2024, when Israel struck the Iranian consulate in Damascus, to 26 July 2024, one day before the Majdal Shams attack.

On 23 September 2024, Israel began a series of airstrikes in Lebanon as part of the ongoing Israel–Hezbollah conflict with an operation it code-named Northern Arrows. Since then, Israel's attacks have killed over 800 people, injured more than 5,000, and displaced hundreds of thousands of Lebanese civilians. The attacks are the deadliest in Lebanon since the end of the Lebanese Civil War, and began five days after Israel performed a deadly pager and walkie-talkie attack on devices intended for Hezbollah members, and three days after Israel performed an airstrike on an apartment complex in Beirut which killed Redwan Force commander Ibrahim Aqil as well as 54 others.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2024 Hezbollah headquarters strike</span> Israeli airstrike in Beirut, Lebanon

On 27 September 2024, Hassan Nasrallah, the secretary-general of Hezbollah, was assassinated in an Israeli airstrike in Beirut. The strike took place while Hezbollah leaders were meeting at a headquarters located 60 feet (18 m) underground beneath residential buildings in Haret Hreik in the Dahieh suburb to the south of Beirut. Conducted by the Israeli Air Force using F-15I fighters, the operation involved dropping more than 80 bombs, including US-made 2,000-pound (910 kg) bunker buster bombs, destroying the underground headquarters as well as nearby buildings. The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) codenamed the operation "New Order".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon</span> Ongoing Israeli military operation against Lebanon

On 1 October 2024, Israel invaded Southern Lebanon in an escalation of the ongoing Israel–Hezbollah conflict, a spillover of the Israel–Hamas war. It followed a series of major attacks on Hezbollah in September that degraded its capabilities and devastated its leadership, beginning with the explosions of its communication devices. This was followed by a massive Israeli aerial bombing campaign throughout Lebanon, killing over 800 Lebanese people in one week. On 27 September, Israel assassinated Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah in an airstrike.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">October 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel</span> Strikes against Israeli targets

On 1 October 2024, Iran launched about 200 ballistic missiles at targets in Israel, in at least two waves, the largest attack during the ongoing Iran–Israel conflict. Iran's codename for the attack was Operation True Promise 2. It was the second direct attack by Iran against Israel, the first being the April 2024 strikes.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Israel strike crippled Iran's missile production, sources say". Axios. 26 October 2024. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
  2. 1 2 3 Rasmussen, Sune Engel; Norman, Laurence; Peled, Anat (27 October 2024). "Israeli Strikes on Iran Expose Gap in Prowess Between Two Arch Foes". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 27 October 2024. Saturday's attack is believed to have hit most if not all of the remaining S-300s.
  3. 1 2 3 Berman, Lazar (27 October 2024). "Though limited, Israel's highly successful attack leaves Iran more vulnerable than ever". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  4. 1 2 Reddy, Ria; Moorman, Carolyn; Braverman, Alexandra; Kishore, Siddhant; Campa, Kelly; Parry, Andie; Carter, Brian (28 October 2024). "Iran Update, October 28, 2024". ISW Press. Washington, D.C.: Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 29 October 2024.
  5. 1 2 Ravid, Barak (15 November 2024). "Scoop: Israel destroyed active nuclear weapons research facility in Iran, officials say". Axios . Retrieved 15 November 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  6. ↑ Vock, Ido (27 October 2024). "Iran leader says Israeli attack should not be 'exaggerated or downplayed'". BBC News. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  7. ↑ Parry, Andie; Moore, Johanna; Moorman, Carolyn; Reddy, Ria; Rezaei, Ben; Carl, Nicholas (26 October 2024). "Iran Update, October 26, 2024". Washington, D.C.: Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  8. 1 2 "افزایش تعداد شهدای پدافند هوایی ارتش به چهار شهید" [Number of martyrs in the army's air defense increases to four]. Tabnak (in Persian). 26 October 2024. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
  9. ↑ https://www.iranintl.com/en/liveblog/Israel%20iran%20attack#202410275922
  10. ↑ "Why did Israel name its operation against Iran 'Days of Repentance?' - explainer". The Jerusalem Post. 26 October 2024. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Israel attacks Iran in series of pre-dawn airstrikes targeting military infrastructure". AP News. 26 October 2024. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
  12. ↑ Azodi, Sina (15 November 2024). "Will Tehran Make a Dash for the Bomb?". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 14 November 2024.
  13. ↑ "How Biden Pushed Israel to Limit Its Iran Attack and Still Inflict a Heavy Blow". The Wall Street Journal. 26 October 2024. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
  14. ↑ "ישראל הזהירה את איראן לפני התקיפה: "אל תגיבו" - וואלה חדשות". Walla (in Hebrew). 26 October 2024. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
  15. ↑ "Scoop: Israel sent message to Iran ahead of attack and warned against response". Axios . 26 October 2024. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
  16. ↑ "כמה שעות לפני התקיפה: ישראל סיפקה לאיראן הבהרה - אך גם אזהרה I דיווח". Maariv (in Hebrew). 26 October 2024. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
  17. 1 2 Sciutto, Jim (27 October 2024). "Some Israeli warplanes breached Iranian airspace during operation Friday, sources say". CNN. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  18. 1 2 "Behind the scenes of Israeli attack: Over 100 aircraft and a 2,000 km journey to Iran". The Jerusalem Post. 26 October 2024. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
  19. 1 2 3 Ravid, Barak. "Israel launches retaliatory attack against Iran". Axios.
  20. 1 2 3 Makoii, Akhtar (26 October 2024). "Iran threatens citizens with 10 years in prison for sharing videos of Israeli strikes". The Telegraph. ISSN   0307-1235 . Retrieved 26 October 2024.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Mpoke Bigg, Matthew (25 October 2024). "Why Did Israel Attack Iran?". The New York Times.
  22. 1 2 Hubbard, Ben; Rubin, Alissa J. (30 September 2024). "Facing a Big Test, Iran's 'Axis of Resistance' Flails". The New York Times.
  23. 1 2 Hubbard, Ben; Rubin, Alissa J.; Gamio, Lazaro (1 October 2024). "What to Know About the Axis of Resistance, the Iran-backed Militia Network". The New York Times.
  24. ↑ Fassihi, Farnaz (24 October 2024). "Iran Preparing for War With Israel, but Hoping to Avert It". The New York Times.
  25. ↑ Chao-Fong, Léonie (1 April 2024). "Middle East crisis live: Iran says it holds Israel responsible for Damascus consulate attack and will 'reciprocate when we want'". The Guardian . Archived from the original on 1 April 2024. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
  26. ↑ Taub, Amanda (2 April 2024). "Israel bombed an Iranian Embassy complex. Is that allowed?" . The New York Times. Partially reported by Farnaz Fassihi. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2 April 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  27. ↑ "IRAN UPDATE, APRIL 13, 2024". understandingwar.org. ISW. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
  28. ↑ Sykes, Patrick; Shahla, Arsalan; Mancini, Donato Paolo; McBride, Courtney (19 April 2024). "Iran Acknowledges Drone Attack by Israel and Says It Failed" . Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 19 April 2024. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  29. ↑ Bob, Yonah Jeremy (19 April 2024). "Attack on Iran next to nuclear site sends message: We could have done worse here – analysis". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 19 April 2024. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  30. ↑ Sewell, Abby (31 July 2024). "Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh is killed in Iran by an alleged Israeli strike, threatening escalation". Associated Press . Archived from the original on 31 July 2024. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
  31. ↑ Salem, Mostafa; Pleitgen, Frederik; Edwards, Christian (20 August 2024). "Iran says it will not take 'hasty action' against Israel for killing of Hamas political leader". CNN. Retrieved 25 October 2024.
  32. ↑ "Israeli strikes in Lebanon kill three including Hezbollah commander, sources say". Reuters. 16 April 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
  33. ↑ Christou, William (20 September 2024). "'We are isolated, tired, scared': pager attack leaves Lebanon in shock". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077. Archived from the original on 23 September 2024. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
  34. ↑ Bob, Yonah Jeremy; Heller, Mathilda; Arieh, Maya Gur; Neev, Keshet (22 September 2024). "IDF retaliates after Hezbollah's deepest attack yet: Over 140 rockets, six wounded". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 23 September 2024. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
  35. ↑ "At least 45 killed in Israeli strike on suburb in Lebanon's Beirut". Al Jazeera. 21 September 2024. Retrieved 21 September 2024.
  36. ↑ Siddiqui, Usaid; Najjar, Farah (26 September 2024). "Deadly Israeli attacks on Lebanon and Gaza continue despite world warnings". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 26 September 2024.
  37. ↑ "Hezbollah Confirms Leader Nasrallah's Death". Barron's. AFP. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
  38. 1 2 Mroue, Bassem; Lidman, Melanie (28 September 2024). "Hezbollah confirms its leader Hassan Nasrallah was killed in an Israeli airstrike". AP News. Archived from the original on 28 September 2024. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
  39. ↑ "IRGC deputy commander killed in Israeli strikes on Beirut – Iranian media". The Jerusalem Post . 28 September 2024. Archived from the original on 28 September 2024. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
  40. ↑ Schneider, Tal (6 October 2024). "How effective was Iran's attack? The Israeli public doesn't have the full picture". Times of Israel.
  41. ↑ "Live Updates: Iran Launches Missiles at Israel, Israeli Military Says". The New York Times. 1 October 2024. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
  42. ↑ Trofimov, Yaroslav (3 October 2024). "Iran Exposed to Israeli Counterattack After Blows Against Its Allies". The Wall Street Journal .
  43. ↑ Murphy, Matt (2 October 2024). "What we know about Iran's latest missile attack on Israel". BBC News. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  44. ↑ Magid, Jacob (2 October 2024). "US: We will help Israel exact 'severe consequences' from Iran for missile attack". Times of Israel.
  45. ↑ Ragson, Adam (1 October 2024). "Laborer From Gaza Is First Reported Fatality of Iran's Missile Attack". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
  46. ↑ Kottasová, Ivana; Diamond, Jeremy; Liptak, Kevin; Lee, MJ; Saenz, Arlette; Atwood, Atwood; Hansler, Jennifer (1 October 2024). "Israel says Iran 'will pay' for launching a major missile attack against it". CNN. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  47. 1 2 Fabian, Emanuel (26 October 2024). "US, UK urge Tehran to 'cease attacks' after Israel strikes military targets in Iran". The Times of Israel.
  48. ↑ Tomas, Jojo Santo; Licanto, Nestor (14 November 2024). "Guam judge OKs transfer to Virginia of US government worker accused of leaking classified documents on Israel's plan to strike Iran". guampdn.com. Retrieved 16 November 2024.
  49. ↑ Rabinowitz, Evan Perez, Hannah (13 November 2024). "FBI arrests alleged leaker of US intelligence documents related to Israel's attack plans against Iran | CNN Politics". CNN.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  50. ↑ "CIA employee, Cincinnati native accused of leaking classified info on Israeli attack plans". WCPO 9 Cincinnati. 15 November 2024. Retrieved 17 November 2024.
  51. ↑ WKRC (15 November 2024). "CIA employee with ties to Tri-State accused of leaking classified Israeli attack plans". WKRC. Retrieved 17 November 2024.
  52. ↑ Keller-Lynn, Carrie; Jones, Rory; Lieber, Dov (26 October 2024). "How Israel Pulled Off Its Largest-Ever Strike on Iran". The Washington Post . Tel Aviv, Israel . Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  53. 1 2 Carl, Nicholas (26 October 2024). "Israeli Retaliatory Strikes on Iran". Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  54. ↑ Ravid, Barak. "Israel strike crippled Iran's missile production, sources say". Axios . Retrieved 16 November 2024.
  55. 1 2 3 4 5 Moorman, Carolyn; Reddy, Ria; Parry, Andie; Kishore, Siddhant; Carl, Nicholas (27 October 2024). "Iran Update, October 27, 2024". ISW Press. Washington, D.C.: Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 28 October 2024.
  56. ↑ Gambrell, Jon (29 October 2024). "Satellite photos show Israeli strike likely hit important Iran Revolutionary Guard missile base". AP News. Associated Press . Retrieved 16 November 2024.
  57. 1 2 3 4 5 Ganzeveld, Annika. "The Consequences of the IDF Strikes into Iran". ISW Press. Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 16 November 2024.
  58. 1 2 3 4 Fassihi, Farnaz; Bergman, Ronen (26 October 2024). "Israel Struck Air Defenses Around Critical Iranian Energy Sites, Officials Say". New York Times . Retrieved 16 November 2024.
  59. 1 2 "Iran Update, October 29, 2024". ISW Press. Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 16 November 2024.
  60. ↑ Gambrell, Jon (27 October 2024). "Satellite images show damage from Israeli attack at 2 secretive Iranian military bases". AP News. Associated Press . Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  61. ↑ "@planet Planetscope satellites are on defined orbits with predictable imaging windows. They imaged the Ghadir radar site 22 times this month, always at the same time give or take 10 minutes. The imagery after Oct 25 shows discoloration that cannot be shadows. The radar was likely hit". X . @dex_eve. 28 October 2024. Retrieved 16 November 2024.
  62. ↑ Macales, Ben Tzion (28 October 2024). "שרשור עדכונים על התקיפה באיראן והערה לשונית: מתקן מכ"מ קדיר לא רחוק מהעיר אילאם, במערב איראן, היה אחד מיעדי התקיפה. מכ"ם חדש שנבנה במהלך 2023.". X (in Hebrew). @BenTzionMacales. Retrieved 16 November 2024.
  63. 1 2 "Live updates: Israel says it has launched retaliatory attacks in Iran". NBC News. 25 October 2024. Retrieved 25 October 2024.
  64. 1 2 Hafezi, Parisa; Rose, Emily (26 October 2024). "Israel strikes Iran military targets, Tehran says damage 'limited'" . Reuters. Archived from the original on 26 October 2024. Retrieved 25 October 2024.
  65. ↑ "Israel's Reprisal Strike Carefully Calculated, Unclear If Jets Ever Flew Over Iran". The War Zone. 26 October 2024. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  66. ↑ "Israel says it is carrying out strikes on military targets in Iran; blasts heard in Tehran". The Washington Post. 25 October 2024. Retrieved 25 October 2024.
  67. ↑ "Explosions heard in Iran's Tehran and nearby Karaj, state media say". Reuters.
  68. ↑ Lee, Deva; Magramo, Kathleen; Edwards, Christian; Hammond, Elise; Powwel, Tori B.; Sangal, Aditi (25 October 2024). "Several explosions heard in Tehran, Iranian state media say: Live updates". CNN. Retrieved 25 October 2024.
  69. ↑ New York Times, "Live Updates: Israel Launches Airstrikes Against Iran in Retaliatory Attack
  70. ↑ "ارتش اسرائیل: با دستورالعمل رده‌های سیاسی به طور دقیق به اهداف نظامی در ایران حمله می‌کنیم" [Israeli Army: We will precisely attack military targets in Iran with instructions from political ranks]. Iran International (in Persian). Retrieved 25 October 2024.
  71. ↑ "Explosions heard in Iran, Syria as Middle East braces for Israeli retaliation". Reuters. 25 October 2024.
  72. ↑ "Israel strikes Damascus, military site near Homs, Syrian defense says". The Jerusalem Post. 24 October 2024. Retrieved 25 October 2024.
  73. ↑ "WATCH: Iranian air defence systems activate during Israeli attack". Al Jazeera. 26 October 2024.
  74. ↑ "Footage purports to show damage to drone factory in Shamsabad, south of Tehran". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
  75. ↑ "Iran says four soldiers killed, radar systems hit in Israeli strikes". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
  76. ↑ Ben Ari, Lior (26 October 2024). "שני חיילים איראנים נהרגו, "בין היעדים - מפעל כטב"מים, ובסיס חשאי בטהרן"" [Two Iranian soldiers were killed, "Among the targets - a UAV factory, and a secret base in Tehran"]. Ynet (in Hebrew). Retrieved 26 October 2024.
  77. 1 2 3 4 Fassihi, Farnaz (26 October 2024). "Iran's State Media Plays Down Israeli Attacks". The New York Times.
  78. ↑ "Iran says it has 'duty to defend itself' after Israeli strikes, but doesn't vow response". Times of Israel. 26 October 2024.
  79. ↑ "Iran plays down Israel's strikes, says they caused 'limited damage'". Reuters. 26 October 2024.
  80. ↑ "Two Iranian soldiers reportedly killed in Israeli airstrikes overnight". Times of Israel. 26 October 2024.
  81. ↑ "Two IRGC soldiers killed in Operation Days of Repentance". The Jerusalem Post. 26 October 2024. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
  82. 1 2 Hendrix, Steve; Morris, Loveday (26 October 2024). "Israel limited its attack on Iran, hoping to ease tensions for now". The Washington Post. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
  83. ↑ Altstein, Galit (27 October 2024). "Israel Boasts Strategic Gains From Attack on Iran, But Quietly". Bloomberg. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  84. 1 2 "Israel hits Iran with retaliatory air strikes - live updates". BBC News. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
  85. ↑ "Israel met 'all its objectives' in Iran strike, Netanyahu says; U.S. calls for Tehran's restraint". The Washington Post. 27 October 2024.
  86. ↑ "Suppressing the truth?: Tehran threatens prison for sharing evidence of Israeli strikes - report". The Jerusalem Post. 26 October 2024. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
  87. ↑ "Iran says 'no limits' in defending itself". Al Jazeera. 26 October 2024.
  88. ↑ "Iran says Israeli jets struck Iran from Iraqi airspace, US therefore complicit". Times of Israel. 26 October 2024.
  89. ↑ "Iran's Khamenei Says Israel Attack 'Should Neither Be Exaggerated Nor Minimised'". www.barrons.com. AFP. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
  90. ↑ "After just two posts, Iran's Ayatollah Khamenei has Hebrew X account suspended". The Jerusalem Post. 28 October 2024. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
  91. ↑ "X Suspends New Account Posting On Behalf Of Iran Leader Khamenei". Barron's. AFP. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
  92. ↑ Fassihi, Farnaz (31 October 2024). "Iranian Officials Threaten Retaliation for Israeli Strikes". The New York Times.
  93. ↑ Ravid, Barak (31 October 2024). "Iran preparing major retaliatory strike from Iraq within days, Israeli intel suggests". Axios.
  94. ↑ "Hamas condemns Israeli airstrikes on Iran 'in the strongest terms'". Times of Israel. 26 October 2024.
  95. ↑ Seddoud, Dehia (26 October 2024). "L'Algérie condamne avec force les attaques militaires sionistes contre l'Iran". Algeria Press Service (in French). Retrieved 26 October 2024.
  96. ↑ "الجمهورية الصحراوية تدين بشدة الهجمات العسكرية الإسرائيلية على إيران". Sahara Press Service (in Arabic). 28 October 2024. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
  97. 1 2 "More global condemnation of Israeli strike on Iran". Al Jazeera. 26 October 2024.
  98. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 "Condemnation, calls for restraint: World reacts to Israeli strikes on Iran". Al Jazeera English . 26 October 2024. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
  99. ↑ "British PM Starmer says Iran should not respond to Israeli strikes". Reuters. 26 October 2024.
  100. 1 2 McKernan, Bethan (26 October 2024). "World leaders call for restraint after Israel's airstrikes on Iran". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 26 October 2024.
  101. ↑ "Iraqi Presidency condemns Israeli strike on Iran". kurdistan24.net. 26 October 2024. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  102. ↑ "EgyptAir says it had suspended flights to Baghdad and the northern Iraqi city of Erbil". Al Jazeera. 26 October 2024.
  103. ↑ "Reactions to Israel's strikes against Iran". Reuters. 26 October 2024.
  104. 1 2 3 Sangal, Aditi; Lau, Chris; Regan, Helen; Stambaugh, Alex; Lendon, Brad (26 October 2024). "Israel strikes Iran in high-stakes retaliation". CNN. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
  105. ↑ Coughlin, Con (26 October 2024). "After Israel's strike, Iran's ailing theocracy may be entering its dying days". The Telegraph. ISSN   0307-1235 . Retrieved 28 October 2024.
  106. ↑ "Will a humiliated Iran choose a nuclear bomb or a love bomb?". The Economist. ISSN   0013-0613 . Retrieved 29 October 2024.
  107. ↑ Erlanger, Steven (26 October 2024). "In Deciding Whether to Retaliate, Iran Faces a Dilemma". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.