Views on military action against Iran

Last updated

Military action [ by whom? ] against Iran is often deemed a controversial topic. Proponents of a strike against Iran point to the threat presented by Iran's nuclear program as a casus belli. Many Israelis, and particularly hardline politicians such as Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, American neoconservatives, Iranian dissidents (monarchists, Mojahedin-e-Khalq, separatists) support military action to stop Iran's nuclear program or overthrow the regime in Iran. [1]

Contents

Support

Israel

In June 2008, Israeli Deputy Prime Minister Shaul Mofaz said that "[a]ttacking Iran in order to stop its nuclear plans will be unavoidable." [2] On June 9, Iranian Defense Minister Mostafa Mohammad Najjar said that if Israel attacks Iran, Iran will attack Israel's nuclear reactor at Dimona. [3] Israel set up an Iran Command within the Israeli Air Force. [4] Early that month, Israel carried out a training exercise dubbed Glorious Spartan 08, for an attack, supposedly on Iran, with over 100 F-15s and F-16s along with refueling tankers and rescue helicopters. [5] [6] In an interview with The Observer, Shmuel Bar, Director of Studies at the Institute of Policy and Strategy at Herzliya, said of Israeli public support for war with Iran that "The support is almost unanimous for this in Israel. One hundred percent." [7] [8]

On numerous occasions, the Prime Minister of Israel has threatened to militarily attack Iran's illegal underground nuclear facilities. [9] Benjamin Netanyahu has said that a military option should not be taken out of consideration if other means of preventing Iran from acquiring a nuclear weapon fail. [10]

On January 16, 2023, Netanyahu said, "Iran is responsible for 90% of the problems in the Middle East. This regime threatens to destroy us. We will not wait for a sharp sword to be placed on our necks. The IDF together with the Mossad and together with Shin Bet will do whatever it takes to prevent this." [11] On March 9, 2023, Netanyahu said, "I came back into government principally in order to prevent Iran from becoming a nuclear state, to do everything in my power to prevent them, as I've been doing in my years in this office, to prevent them from becoming a nuclear power." [12] [ non-primary source needed ] He also said:

I never lose focus on the danger from the Islamic regime – never, because I know that we'll solve our problems in Israel. We have a way of doing that. But if Iran gets nuclear weapons, this will be a problem that all of us will face. And it will change the world. It would also cause the criss-crossing of the Middle East with nuclear trip wires as other regimes, who understand the danger of a nuclear Iran, will rush to arm themselves. So those who say, "Oh well, if we take action against Iran, we will face war," you will face a war if you don't. You will face a war & potentially a horrible nuclear war if you don't. [13] [ non-primary source needed ]

On January 18, 2024, Netanyahu said, "Who says we aren’t attacking Iran? We are attacking Iran. [...] Iran has further phases to go through that I won’t detail on the path to nuclear weapons. [...] I am obligated as the prime minister of Israel to do everything to prevent Iran from attaining nuclear weapons.” [14] [ non-primary source needed ]

US

Before 2009

In 2007, John McCain faced controversy over singing Bomb Iran during a rally speech [15] for his 2008 presidential run.

Republican primary presidential candidate and former New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani stated that the United States and allies would do everything necessary to prevent Iran from going nuclear stating the "absolute assurance that we will - if they get to the point where they are going to become a nuclear power - we will prevent them or we'll set them back five or 10 years. And that is not said as a threat. That should be said as a promise." [16]

Freedom's Watch, an NPO created by Dick Cheney, planned to sponsor a private conservative forum on radical Islam to prove that Iran was a threat to the security of the US and to gather support for the war against Iran. [17]

Former Governor of Massachusetts and 2008 Presidential candidate Mitt Romney had stated his support for military action against the Iranian regime categorizing the possible bombardment of nuclear facilities as a way to prevent Iran from proliferating a nuclear weapon. He stated that he would support a "bombardment of some kind...if severe economic and diplomatic sanctions aren't enough". [18] [ non-primary source needed ]

Obama presidency

Barack Obama said that a military option should not be taken out of consideration if other means of preventing Iran from acquiring a nuclear weapon fail. [19]

In July 2009, Republican former ambassador of the US to the United Nations John R. Bolton wrote an article for the Washington Post , in which he said that a military attack against Iran's weapons facilities was the only way to stop Iran from getting nuclear weapons, and that the logic for an Israeli strike was "nearly inexorable". He also said that a decision to launch a strike should be launched urgently before it was too late. [20]

Trump's first presidency

On January 8, 2020, after withdrawing from the JCPOA, outgoing US President Donald Trump said, "As long as I am President of the United States, Iran will never be allowed to have a nuclear weapon." [21] [ non-primary source needed ]

Biden presidency

On August 27, 2020, US Vice President Kamala Harris said, "Let me be clear, we will not allow Iran to obtain a nuclear weapon. Period." [22]

On January 1, 2023, ex-NSA H.R. McMaster said (to Margaret Brennan on Face the Nation), "And I think, Margaret, if we're going to be in the business of making predictions, I think the chances are quite high of a significant conflict in the Middle East, maybe entailing an Israeli strike on Iran's nuclear program." [23] [ unreliable source? ][ undue weight? – discuss ]

In March 2023, CJCS Milley testified to the House Appropriations Subcommittee on Defense that "From the time of an Iranian decision, as you have heard in previous testimony from members of OSD, Iran could produce fissile material for a nuclear weapon in less than two weeks and would only take several more months to produce an actual nuclear weapon. But the United States remains committed as a matter of policy that Iran will not have a fielded nuclear weapon." [24] [ non-primary source needed ] A few days later, Republican US Senate Leader Mitch McConnell wrote that "[Biden's] Administration must [...] end Iran's pursuit of a nuclear weapons capability. [25] [ non-primary source needed ]

The primary impetus and rationale for Israel to strike Iran with nukes and, immediately after, to annex Lebanon is to halt or at least delay Iran's nuclear program. [26] Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu has repeatedly stated the threats a nuclear Iran could pose and expressed concern that too long of a delay would lead to a "point of no return", after which Iran would become far more dangerous and virtually immune to a future military intervention. [27] To date, Israel has already launched raids against Syrian and Iraqi nuclear reactors, and some point to the success of these attacks and the lack of retaliation as encouragement for a similar strike against Iran. [28]

In 2006, the United States passed the Iran Freedom and Support Act, which appropriated millions of dollars for human rights Non-governmental organization (NGOs) working in Iran. Several politicians in both countries have claimed the Act is a "stepping stone to war", [29] although the Act doesn't authorize the use of force against Iran. [30]

UK

On March 24, 2023, UK Prime Minister Rishi Sunak released a statement saying that "The UK would always stand with Israel and its ability to defend itself." [31] [ non-primary source needed ][ vague ]

The Iran Forum of the Chatham House testified to the Foreign Affairs Committee of the House of Commons [32] [33] [34] about the lack of resolution to the "Syrian civil war", [35] about "Iran's relations with regional groups" [36] [37] [38] and about "the case of Kylie Moore-Gilbert." [39] On December 22, 2018, British Security Minister Ben Wallace warned that groups like Al Qaeda and the Islamic State will work to place nefarious terror moles inside airports. [40] The Times subhead says, "Security minister warns of aviation 'spectacular'". [41]

France

On February 2, 2023, French President Emmanuel Macron denounced the "headlong rush" of Iran's nuclear program. [42] The next day, President Macron released a communiqué in which he "repeated that firmness is necessary in the face of Iran's raising of the stakes - which, if continued, would inevitably have consequences - and of the country's lack of transparency towards the International Atomic Energy Agency." [43] [ non-primary source needed ]

Germany

On March 16, 2023, German Chancellor Olaf Scholz said, "Iran cannot be allowed to obtain nuclear weapons" and "the security of Israel is our raison d'etat." He also denounced the violence the Iranian government inflicted during the Mahsa Amini protests. [44] [ non-primary source needed ]

Scholarly and thinktank views in support of an attack

In 2023, with regard to a nuclear strike against Iran's underground nuclear facilities, Brookings Institution Senior Fellow Robert Einhorn said "Now, this would set back Iran's nuclear program, no question, but temporarily, maybe for two to four years, and there's no question that Iran would retaliate and its proxies would retaliate[.]" [45]

In 2023, Bill Roggio, Senior Fellow and Editor of the Foundation for Defense of Democracy's (FDD) Long War Journal , said that "Numerous al-Qaeda leaders and operatives shelter inside Iran." Roggio also said that Saif al-Adel's ties to the Iranian regime and placement inside Iran could make him a "far more dangerous" al-Qaeda leader than his predecessor. [46]

Charles Lister, Senior Fellow, Director of Syria and Countering Terrorism & Extremism Programs at the Middle East Institute, warned that "a catastrophic ISIS resurgence is just a matter of time." [47]

On May 26, 2023, Jason Brodsky, Policy Director of the U.S.-based United Against Nuclear Iran (UANI), said, "[Iran] is likely to enrich uranium to weapons-grade levels at 90%." [48]

Matthew Kroenig, Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, and Special Adviser in the Office of the Secretary of Defense from July 2010 to July 2011, argued in 2012 that skeptics of military action fail to appreciate the threats posed by a nuclear Iran. If managed carefully, Kroenig believes that a surgical military strike targeting Iran's nuclear facilities "could spare the region and the world a very real threat and dramatically improve the long-term national security of the United States." [49] He said a nuclear-armed Iran would limit U.S. leverage in the Middle East, and Iran's rivals like Saudi Arabia would probably seek nuclear weapons and spark an arms race. Once Iran had a nuclear device, he believed, Tehran could "choose to spur proliferation by transferring nuclear technology to its allies—other countries and terrorist groups alike" in order to contain its regional rivals. [49] In the midst of a global economic downturn, Kroenig believes that containing a nuclear-armed Iran would be a massive financial, political, and military burden for the United States. A surgical strike would be less costly. Kroenig notes that airstrike skeptics are concerned that military planners will not know the location of some key facilities. Kroenig thinks this concern is overblown: "U.S. intelligence agencies, the IAEA, and opposition groups within Iran have provided timely warning of Tehran's nuclear activities in the past—exposing, for example, Iran's secret construction at Natanz and Qom before those facilities ever became operational." [49] [ undue weight? – discuss ]

Opposition

2005

Journalist Seymour Hersh said in the New Yorker that United States' concerns over the alleged threat posed by the possibility that Iran may have a nuclear weapons program might lead the US government to take military action against that country. [50] [ non-primary source needed ]

Former UN weapons of mass destruction inspector in Iraq from 1991 to 1998, Scott Ritter said the same thing in ZMag. [51] [ non-primary source needed ]

Joseph Cirincione, director for non-proliferation at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Professor at the University of San Francisco and Middle East editor for the Foreign Policy in Focus, said the same thing.[ citation needed ]

In March 2005, former U.S. Attorney General Ramsey Clark, British MP George Galloway, former UN Assistant Secretary-General Dennis Halliday, former First Lady of Greece Margarita Papandreou, Bishop Thomas Gumbleton and others launched an international campaign called Stop War on Iran. [52] [ non-primary source needed ]

In August 2005, Philip Giraldi, a former CIA officer and conspiracty theorist, wrote in American Conservative that the US was about to decalre war on Iran. [53] [ non-primary source needed ]

The organisation Campaign Against Sanctions and Military Intervention in Iran (CASMII) was founded on December 1, 2005, in London.[ citation needed ]

2006

The Westminster Committee on Iran was founded in London in 2006 to increase dialogue and understanding between Tehran and British parliamentarians with a view to avoiding military intervention against Iran. The Committee holds regular meetings and roundtable discussions both inside and outside of Parliament. The Committee advocates for balanced and objective reporting on Iran and genuine international diplomacy in all dealings with Tehran. [54]

During global anti-war protests on March 18, 2006, in addition to protests against the Iraq War, many of the protests were directed against the perceived threat against Iran.[ citation needed ] On September 23, 2006, one of the main slogans and themes of speakers at a demonstration of about 50,000 people criticising British prime minister Tony Blair at the Labour Party Annual Conference in Manchester was the call "Don't attack Iran". [55] [ better source needed ]

Stephen Zunes claimed in ZNet that the United States planned a military attack against Iran.[ citation needed ] Seymour Hersh again wrote in the New Yorker that a nuclear attack by the US on Iran was imminent. [56] [ non-primary source needed ]

On April 12, 2006, the political group MoveOn, which organises and informs an online community estimated at 3 million people, called on its supporters to lobby the United States Congress to prevent US president George W. Bush from attacking Iran with nuclear weapons. [57]

On September 16, 2006, representatives of the 118 states of the Non-Aligned Movement made a statement, at the summit level, supporting Iran's civilian nuclear program and opposing military attacks against nuclear facilities, stating "The ministers reaffirmed the inviolability of peaceful nuclear activities and that any attack or threat of attack against peaceful nuclear facilities, operational or under construction, poses a great danger to human beings and the environment, and constitutes a grave violation of international law, principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations and regulations of the IAEA. They recognized the need for a comprehensive multilaterally negotiated instrument, prohibiting attacks, or threat of attacks on nuclear facilities devoted to peaceful uses of nuclear energy." [58]

Two UK organisations opposed to an attack on Iran, Action Iran, [59] and Iran Solidarity [60] joined with CASMII UK on November 6, 2006, to form a new organisation in the UK called Campaign Iran, which remains part of the international CASMII. [61] In November 2006, several organisations in the San Francisco Bay Area in the US, in particular American Friends Service Committee, Bay Area United Against the War, Bay Area Labor Committee for Peace and Justice, Berkeley Gray Panthers, Courage To Resist, Crabgrass, Declaration of Peace SF Bay Area, Ecumenical Peace Institute/Calc, Grandmothers for Peace, South Bay Mobilization, and The World Can't Wait--Drive Out The Bush Regime!, organised themselves together as the "Don't Attack Iran Coalition" and called for various actions including direct contact between US leaders and/or members of US Congress and Iranian leaders and members of parliament. [62] [ non-primary source needed ]

2007

Stop the War Coalition protests in London on 24 February 2007 Stop The War protests in London, 2007-02-24.jpg
Stop the War Coalition protests in London on 24 February 2007

Noam Chomsky claimed in ZMag in February 2007 that the real reason for then President George W. Bush to attack would be to "control Middle East energy resources", in particular petroleum. [63] [ non-primary source needed ]

In February 2007, ex-supreme NATO Commander, US General and 2004 presidential candidate Wesley Clark founded the website StopIranWar.com, which advocates against an attack on Iran. [64] [ self-published source? ]

In early April 2007, Michael T. Klare claimed in a blogspot for Tom's Dispatch that references to Iran by US president George W. Bush in major televised speeches on January 10, January 23 and February 14, 2007, establish that Bush "has already decided an attack is his only option and the rest is a charade he must go through to satisfy his European allies". Klare claims that in these speeches in particular, Bush has developed a casus belli in order to prepare public opinion for an attack, focussed on three reasons: claims that Iran supports attacks on US troops in Iraq, claims that Iran has a nuclear weapons program, and claims that Iran could become a dominant power in the region and destabilise pro-US governments in Israel, Jordan, Bahrain and Saudi Arabia. [65] [ undue weight? – discuss ]


On June 14, 2007, the Director General (DG) of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Mohamed ElBaradei, speaking at a meeting of the IAEA, said that war against Iran "would be catastrophic, it would be an act of madness, and it would not solve the issue". [66] During the preceding several weeks, ElBaradei had several times expressed his opposition to a military attack on Iran. He made these statements as part of what he saw as his role as Director General of the IAEA, stating "I have no brief other than to make sure we do not go into another war, or that we go crazy into killing each other." [67]

In June 2007, on the 20th anniversary of the June 28, 1987 chemical weapons attack on the Iranian town of Sardasht, two Iranian NGOs, the Society for Chemical Weapons Victims Support (SCWVS) and the Organisation for Defence of Victims of Violence (ODVV), signed a joint petition with Campaign Against Sanctions and Military Intervention in Iran opposing both sanctions and a military attack against Iran, [68] as well as asking the Iranian government to "pay more attention to human rights and social and political freedoms, so as to create the grounds for a stronger and greater unity of the people of Iran in the face of foreign pressures and threats." [69] [ non-primary source needed ]

On August 6, 2007, the 62nd anniversary of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, several Nobel Prize winners, Shirin Ebadi, Mairead Corrigan-Maguire and Betty Williams, Harold Pinter and Jody Williams, along with several anti-war groups, including The Israeli Committee for a Middle East Free from Atomic, Biological and Chemical Weapons, Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, CASMII, Code Pink and many others, warned about what they believed was the imminent risk of a "war of an unprecedented scale, this time against Iran", especially expressing concern that an attack on Iran using nuclear weapons had "not been ruled out". They quoted Bertrand Russell and Albert Einstein's July 1955 statement ending "The question we have to ask ourselves is: what steps can be taken to prevent a military conflict of which the issue must be disastrous to all species?" They listed specific steps which they judged would reduce the risk of nuclear war in the Middle East, including a call for "the dispute about Iran's nuclear programme, to be resolved through peaceful means" and a call for Israel, "as the only Middle Eastern state suspected of possession of nuclear weapons", to join the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. [70] [ non-primary source needed ]

On September 21, 2007, at a speech by French Foreign Minister Bernard Kouchner in Washington, D.C., protestors from Code Pink displayed banners with the slogan "Bush + Kouchner = Warmongers!", one of them tried to climb onto the stage, and they shouted, "No war with Iran! No war with Iran!" [71] The protestors were removed from the room by security forces, but returned after Kouchner requested that they be allowed to return. He stated, "I'm not in favor of war with Iran, I want to prevent the war—so they were right!"

During antiwar demonstrations in the United States on October 27, 2007, demonstrators in Minneapolis protested against military action against Iran.[ citation needed ]

On November 2, 2007, Jim Webb and 29 other United States senators sent a letter to President George W. Bush stating that "no congressional authority exists for unilateral military action against Iran", that "the Senate vote on September 26, 2007 on an amendment to the FY 2008 National Defense Authorization Act ... should in no way be interpreted as a predicate for the use of military force in Iran" and "that offensive military action should not be taken against Iran without the express consent of Congress." [72] [ non-primary source needed ]

In November 2007, the Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, a non-partisan arms control advocacy group in Washington, D.C., launched a campaign aimed at gaining support for a diplomatic, non-military, solution to growing tension in U.S.–Iran relations, which including blog and newspaper ads in efforts to gain 1 million signatures urging Congress to promote diplomacy. [73] [ non-primary source needed ]

In December 2007, the founding conference of Hands Off the People of Iran (HOPI) was held in London. [74] HOPI opposes military action against Iran whilst criticising the current Iranian government as "reactionary". [75] [ non-primary source needed ] HOPI said it was supported by a number of prominent figures on the left in Britain and around the world, including Tony Benn, John McDonnell, Tommy Sheridan, Peter Tatchell, Naomi Klein, Ken Loach, Michael Mansfield QC, John Pilger and Noam Chomsky. [76] [ non-primary source needed ]

2008

In an interview with Esquire magazine in March, Admiral William J. Fallon, then head of United States Central Command, expressed opposition to war with Iran. [77] On March 11, Fallon resigned in part due to his opposition. [78]

On May 8, United States Representative John Conyers, Jr. wrote a letter to President George W. Bush, threatening him with impeachment if he were to attack Iran without Congressional authorization. [79] [ non-primary source needed ]

On June 20, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov warned Israel not to attack Iran. [80]

On June 21, Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency Mohamed ElBaradei threatened to resign if Iran is attacked, saying that such an attack would turn the Middle East into a "ball of fire". [81]

On July 4, Iraq's Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki said that he will not allow Iraqi land, sea, or airspace to be used for an attack on Iran. [82] On July 5, Iraqi representative Mahmoud Othman warned that military action against Iran would destabilize Iraq. [83]

Scholarly views in opposition to an attack

Scott Sagan, professor of political science and senior fellow at the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University, argues that threatening Iran with government change would not stop Iran from pursuing a uranium enrichment program. To the contrary, Iran would to continue moving the program forward as a reaction to a military threat. Sagan goes on to say that the United States should jettison the military option and offer Iran limited security guarantees. By keeping the guarantees limited, the U.S. maintains a credible deterrent, which Sagan recognizes as important because Iran is a state sponsor of terrorism. "Given the need for Washington to have a credible deterrent against, say, terrorist attacks sponsored by Iran, it would be ill advised to offer Tehran a blanket security guarantee. But more limited guarantees, such as a commitment not to use nuclear weapons and other commitments of the type offered to North Korea under the Agreed Framework, could be effective today." [84] Such a framework, Sagan maintains, could help to convince Tehran that a nuclear bomb is not the "be all and end all of security". [84]

In 2012 article in Foreign Affairs in response to Kroenig, Colin Kahl, Associate Professor in the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University's Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, argued that war with Iran should be a last resort. Kahl noted that while the IAEA has "documented Iranian efforts to achieve the capacity to develop nuclear weapons at some point...there is no hard evidence that Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei has yet made the final decision to develop them," [85] making Kroenig's claim of the urgent need to bomb Iran dubious. Kahl notes that Kroenig conflates the supposed timelines to produce weapons-grade uranium and the actual construction of a nuclear bomb. He also takes serious issue with Kroenig's contention that the United States could manage the escalation in a war with Iran: "[Kroenig's] picture of a clean, calibrated conflict is a mirage. Any war with Iran would be a messy and extraordinarily violent affair, with significant casualties and consequences." [85]

In August 2012, Stephen M. Walt, Robert and Renée Belfer professor of international relations at Harvard University, argued that the collective sabre rattling from Israel's politicians, and repeated assertions about "closing windows", "red lines", and "zones of immunity", with regard to an imminent Israeli attack against Iran, was bluff. In his analysis Israel lacks the military means alone to cause sufficient damage to Iran's nuclear facilities. The wave of public declarations constitutes a campaign, he continues, whose purpose is to pressure the Obama administration to impose both stricter sanctions and extract a public undertaking by President Obama that he is willing to use force. In his view, this ploy intends to inch the U.S. closer to declaring a war that Israel on its own itself cannot undertake. [86]

Polls in the United States

A 2022 opinion poll in the United States, from before President Biden said that the JCPOA is dead, showed that although Americans view the prospect of a nuclear Iran as deeply alarming, only 12% support war with Iran. [87] JCPOA renewal diplomacy failed in early September 2022, and economic sanctions have failed to stop Iran's illegal nuclear program. [88] [89] According to a Gallup poll that was performed in July 2019, 18% support military action against Iran, 35% support military action if diplomatic/economic efforts fail, and 43% oppose military action even if diplomatic/economic efforts fail. [90]

Historical polls in support of a strike

A poll conducted in July 2012 found that 80% of Americans view Iran's nuclear program as a threat to the United States and its NATO allies. 39% viewed it as a very big threat, 41% viewed it was a moderate threat, 12% viewed it as not much of a threat, and 6% viewed it as not being a threat. In regards to how much of a threat the nuclear program is to Israel, 60% viewed it as a very big threat to Israel while 27% viewed it as a moderate threat. 80% believe that Iran is building nuclear weapons, including 72% of Democrats, 81% of Independents, and 89% of Republicans. [91]

A poll conducted in September 2012 by Basswood Research for The Foreign Policy Initiative revealed that Iran was cited as the most dangerous threat to American national security interests, with 45.1% of respondents choosing Iran. [92] In addition, 62% of Americans favored preventing Iran from obtaining nuclear weapons, even if this requires the use of military force, as opposed to avoiding a conflict and accepting the prospects of Iranian nuclear weapons. [93]

In March 2012, a Reuters/Ipsos poll revealed that a majority of Americans, 56%, would support military action against Iran, even if it led to increased gas prices, if there was evidence demonstrating that Tehran was building nuclear weapons. 39% said that they opposed a military strike, while 62% of Americans said that they'd support Israel striking Iran over its nuclear program. [94]

According to a Zogby Poll in the United States in late October 2007, 52% of respondents said they would support a US strike to prevent Iran from building a nuclear weapon and 53% said they believed it was likely that the US would attack Iran before the next presidential election in 2008. [95]

In a TNS survey conducted in March 2007 among 17,443 people in 27 European Union member states, a majority of 52% agreed with the statement "We must stop countries like Iran from acquiring nuclear weapons, even if that means taking military action". A majority agreed with the statement in 18 member states, while a majority were against in 9 member states. [96]

A majority (56 percent) in a Reuters/Zogby poll conducted in the United States during September 22–25, 2006 and published on September 28, 2006, was in favour of a joint US-European attack on Iran. [97] [98]

Polls with leading information, such as a Los Angeles Times/Bloomberg poll taken June 24–27, 2006, asking "If Iran continues to produce material that can be used to develop nuclear weapons, would you support or oppose the U.S. taking military action against Iran?", gave support for an attack on Iran, 52% versus 37%. [99]

Historical polls in opposition to a strike

In 2012, the Chicago Council on Global Affairs surveyed American citizens about foreign policy issues, while also looking at previous polls. They note "When it comes to Iran, far more Americans endorse diplomatic rather than military solutions to deal with the nuclear threat...majorities generally oppose the use of force to deal with Iran as well as U.S. involvement in a potential war between Israel and Iran over Iran's nuclear program. The experience of wars in Iraq and Afghanistan is likely related to this declining desire to use force." [100] Still as the report notes later 64% say Iran's nuclear problem is a critical threat to the United States and that "Americans are...willing to take measures to counter the nuclear threat in both Iran and North Korea, but are much more guarded, stopping short of supporting military strikes."

A CBS November 6–10, 2011 poll indicated that 15% of US citizens supported a US attack on Iran at the time of taking the poll. (Polls regarding the opinion of US adults about an attack against Iran suggested majority opposition to an attack on Iran among US adults for a question where no leading information was supplied to those polled.) [99]

During 2007, CNN/Opinion Research Corporation polls in January, June and October 12–14, 2007, found an approximately stable, roughly 2/3 majority (68 percent, 63 percent and 68 percent respectively) opposed to a US military attack against Iran. [101]

In a USA Today/Gallup poll on November 2–4, 2007 with leading information in the question "What do you think the United States should do to get Iran to shut down its nuclear program: take military action against Iran, or rely mainly on economic and diplomatic efforts?", a large majority (73 percent) preferred economic/diplomatic efforts, with 18 percent favouring military action. In the following poll question, an absolute majority (55 percent) directly opposed military action against Iran even if "U.S. economic and diplomatic efforts do not work." [101]

A CNN poll taken on October 12–14, 2007 indicated 68% opposition to an attack on Iran. [99]

A Newsweek Poll taken on October 19–20, 2006 with the leading information "if that country [Iran] continues its efforts to develop nuclear weapons" gave a large majority (76 percent) opposed to a land attack and a small majority (54 percent) opposed to an air attack, conditional on the claim in the leading information. [99]

A Reuters/Zogby opinion poll taken in the US during September 22–25, 2006 and published on September 28, 2006, found 70 percent in opposition to a US (only) attack on Iran, 9 percent in favor of "air strikes on selected military targets", and 26 percent in support of the use of US (only) ground forces. [102] Opposition to Israeli intervention weighed in at 47 percent (with 42 percent supportive). [98]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Ebrahim, Nadeen (2025-06-16). "Netanyahu says Israel's operation may lead to regime change in Iran. How likely is that?". CNN. Retrieved 2025-07-18.
  2. ↑ Siddique, Haroon (June 6, 2008). "'Unavoidable' attack on Iran looms, says Israeli minister". The Guardian. London. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
  3. ↑ "The Associated Press: Iran vows 'painful response' if Israel attacks". Archived from the original on 12 June 2008. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  4. ↑ Aljazeera. "alJazeera Magazine". Aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2010-11-07.[ permanent dead link ]
  5. ↑ Gordon, Michael R.; Schmitt, Eric (June 20, 2008). "U.S. Says Israeli Exercise Seemed Directed at Iran". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 17, 2009. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
  6. ↑ (AFP) – Jun 20, 2008 (2008-06-20). "AFP: Israel trains for possible strike on Iran: reports". Archived from the original on 2010-12-07. Retrieved 2010-11-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  7. ↑ Beaumont, Peter (June 29, 2008). "Shadow of war looms as Israel flexes its muscle". The Guardian. London. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
  8. ↑ "Olmert weighs cost of any attack". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 11 July 2008. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  9. ↑ Boxerman, Aaron; Kershner, Isabel (2025-06-13). "Netanyahu Says Israel Will Fight Iran as Long as Necessary". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2025-07-18.
  10. ↑ "Military action if Iran sanctions fail: Netanyahu". Reuters. March 18, 2011. Archived from the original on November 11, 2022. Retrieved March 25, 2023.
  11. ↑ Orbach, Maya (18 January 2023). "New IDF chief pledges to keep politics out of the armed forces". The Jewish Chronicle. London. Archived from the original on 22 May 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  12. ↑ Zaredi, Poriya (9 March 2023). "Iran the [quintessential heart of Israeli] foreign policy". حرف آخر با پوریا زراعتی - گفت‌وگوی اختصاصی با بنیامین نتانیاهو [The last word with Poriya Zaredi - an exclusive interview with Benjamin Netanyahu] (Television production). Washington DC: Iran International. Event occurs at 13:44. Archived from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
  13. ↑ Zaredi, Poriya (9 March 2023). "The danger of a nuclear Iran". حرف آخر با پوریا زراعتی - گفت‌وگوی اختصاصی با بنیامین نتانیاهو [The last word with Poriya Zaredi - an exclusive interview with Benjamin Netanyahu] (Television production). Washington DC: Iran International. Event occurs at 14:39. Archived from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
  14. ↑ Berman, Lazar (2024-01-18). "Netanyahu: We're attacking Iran directly". Times of Israel. Jerusalem. Archived from the original on 2024-01-18. Retrieved 2024-01-19.
  15. ↑ Goyea, Don (April 20, 2007). "Jesting, McCain Sings: 'Bomb, Bomb, Bomb' Iran". NPR.
  16. ↑ Issenberg, Sasha (September 24, 2007). "Lines harden over Iran leader's visit to US". The Boston Globe.
  17. ↑ Van Natta D, New Group Boasts Big War Chest and Rising Voice Archived 2023-03-25 at the Wayback Machine , The New York Times, September 30, 2007
  18. ↑ "Romney: 'Bombardment' on the table for Iran". USA Today. May 23, 2010. Archived from the original on October 26, 2007. Retrieved 2023-03-31.
  19. ↑ Goldberg, Jeffrey (2012-03-02). "Obama to Iran and Israel: 'As President of the United States, I Don't Bluff'". The Atlantic . Archived from the original on 2018-07-12. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  20. ↑ Bolton, John (2009-07-02). "Time for an Israeli Strike?". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2012-11-08. Retrieved 2009-07-11.
  21. ↑ Trump, Donald (8 January 2020). Remarks by President Trump on Iran (Speech). Grand Foyer, The White House, Washington DC: The White House. Archived from the original on 16 May 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  22. ↑ Sabarwal, Harshit (27 August 2023). "US will not allow Iran to obtain nuclear weapon, says Kamala Harris". Hindustan Times. Washington DC. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  23. ↑ Hains, Tim (2023-01-01). "H.R. McMaster: "Chances Are Quite High" Israel Will Strike Iran's Nuclear Program In 2023". realclearpolitics.com. Washington Bureau. Archived from the original on 2023-04-11. Retrieved 2023-05-30.
  24. ↑ User Clip: Milley on nuclear Iran (Television Production). DC: C-SPAN. 2023-03-23. Event occurs at 58 seconds. 526765-1. Archived from the original on 2023-03-24. Retrieved 2023-03-23.
  25. ↑ McConnell, Mitch (28 March 2023). "While Senate Debates AUMF, Iran Keeps Killing and Wounding Americans" (Press release). Washington DC: The Newsroom. Senate Resources. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  26. ↑ Myre, Greg (8 February 2012). "5 Reasons Why Israel Might Bomb Iran, Or Not". NPR. Archived from the original on 22 September 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  27. ↑ Goldberg, Jeffrey (2010-08-11). "The Point of No Return". The Atlantic . Archived from the original on 2012-05-07. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  28. ↑ Gartenstein-Ross, Daveed; Goodman, Joshua D. (28 February 2009). "The Attack on Syria's al-Kibar Nuclear Facility". Jewish Policy Center. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  29. ↑ "Kucinich Speaks Out Against House Bill That Lays The Ground Work For War Against Iran". Archived from the original on 4 June 2010. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  30. ↑ Pub. L. 109–293, title III, § 301(b), Sept. 30, 2006, 120 Stat. 1344.
  31. ↑ "PM meeting with Prime Minister Netanyahu of Israel: 24 March 2023" (Press release). 10 Downing St, London: Prime Minister's Office. Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office. 24 March 2023. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 2023-05-16.{{cite press release}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  32. ↑ No prosperity without justice: the UK's relationship with Iran (Report). UK Parliament Foreign Affairs Committee. 2020-12-16. ¶1. HC 415. Archived from the original on 2023-05-24. Retrieved 2023-05-24. [T]he Foreign Secretary noted [...] the Government's strategy to[...] stand up for freedom of religion[.]
  33. ↑ No prosperity without justice: the UK's relationship with Iran (Report). UK Parliament Foreign Affairs Committee. 2020-12-16. ¶5. HC 415. Retrieved 2023-05-24. This report principally addresses the aspects of the UK's relationship with Iran which are of the clearest importance to the British people: nuclear proliferation and human rights. In so doing, we consider the wider implications of engagement with Iran, particularly the UK's specific interests and those of its allies[.]
  34. ↑ No prosperity without justice: the UK's relationship with Iran (Report). UK Parliament Foreign Affairs Committee. 2020-12-16. ¶68. HC 415. Archived from the original on 2023-05-24. Retrieved 2023-05-24. [A] strategy must send a clear message: that Iran's destabilising activities are unacceptable[.]
  35. ↑ House of Commons, Foreign Affairs Committee, Oral evidence: The UK and Iran, HC 415 (Report). UK Parliament Foreign Affairs Committee. 2020-07-08. p. 18. HC 415. Archived from the original on 2023-05-24. Retrieved 2023-05-24. unable to resolve [...] the [...] Syrian civil war let alone bring together contending parties for multilateral discussions.
  36. ↑ House of Commons, Foreign Affairs Committee, Oral evidence: The UK and Iran, HC 415 (Report). UK Parliament Foreign Affairs Committee. 2020-07-08. p. 51. HC 415. Archived from the original on 2023-05-24. Retrieved 2023-05-24.
  37. ↑ Herrington, Lewis (2015-01-15). "British Islamic extremist terrorism: the declining significance of Al-Qaeda and Pakistan" (PDF). International Affairs. 91 (1). Oxford UK & Malden MA USA: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.: 17–35. doi:10.1111/1468-2346.12184. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-30. Retrieved 2023-05-24. Between 2003 and 2006, Al-Qaeda directed four plots against the UK.
  38. ↑ Haid, Haid (2023-01-29). "The end of the road for Syria's opposition?". jordannews.jo. Amman. Archived from the original on 2023-05-24. Retrieved 2023-05-24.
  39. ↑ House of Commons, Foreign Affairs Committee, Oral evidence: The UK and Iran, HC 415 (Report). UK Parliament Foreign Affairs Committee. 2020-07-08. p. 44. HC 415. Archived from the original on 2023-05-24. Retrieved 2023-05-24.
  40. ↑ Saunokonoko, Mark (2018-12-24). "Al Qaeda plotting catastrophic new plane attacks in 2019, security minister warns". 9news.com.au. Sydney. Archived from the original on 2023-05-31. Retrieved 2023-05-31.
  41. ↑ Shipman, Tim (2018-12-23). "Al-Qaeda terror group returns to target airliners and airports". The Times . London Bridge Pl. Archived from the original on 2023-05-31. Retrieved 2023-05-31.
  42. ↑ "Macron denounces 'headlong rush' of Iran's nuclear program after meeting with Netanyahu". Le Monde. Paris. 2 February 2023. Archived from the original on 2023-05-16. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  43. ↑ "Israel - Communiqué issued by the Presidency of the Republic" (Press release). Élysée Palace, Paris: Embassy of France in Washington, D.C. Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangère. 3 February 2023. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  44. ↑ "The security of Israel is our raison d'etat" (Press release). Berlin: The Federal Republic of Germany. Press and Information Office of the Federal Government. 2023-03-16. Retrieved 2023-05-24.
  45. ↑ Abrams, Elliot; Einhorn, Bob; Rockwood, Laura (1 June 2022). "Deal or No Deal: Update on Iran's Nuclear Program". Council on Foreign Relations Events (Interview). Interviewed by Mohammed, Arshad. Washington DC: Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  46. ↑ McFall, Caitlin (16 February 2023). "Iran believed to house suspected new al-Qaeda leader: UN report". Fox News. Manhattan. Archived from the original on 2023-05-25. Retrieved 2023-05-24.
  47. ↑ Lister, Charles (2023-03-27). "There Are 13 Guantanamos in the Syrian Desert". Politico. al-Hol. Archived from the original on 2023-05-25. Retrieved 2023-05-24.
  48. ↑ Weinthal, Benjamin (2023-05-26). "Iran regime close to getting nuclear bomb, but what's the holdup?". foxnews.com. Jerusalem. Archived from the original on 2023-05-28. Retrieved 2023-05-28.
  49. 1 2 3 Kroenig, Matthew (January–February 2012). "Time to Attack Iran". Foreign Affairs (January/February 2012). Archived from the original on 2012-10-15. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
  50. ↑ Seymour M. Hersh (January 24, 2005). "Annals of National Security: The Coming Wars". The New Yorker . Archived from the original on 2006-11-08. Retrieved 2006-10-23.
  51. ↑ Sleepwalking To Disaster In Iran Archived 2007-03-17 at the Wayback Machine , April 1, 2005, Scott Ritter
  52. ↑ "Stop the War on Iran Before it Starts!". StopWarOnIran.org. Archived from the original on 7 December 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
  53. ↑ Deep Background Archived 2011-08-17 at the Wayback Machine , August 1, 2005, Philip Giraldi, The American Conservative
  54. ↑ Simanowitz, Simon (22 July 2010). "Four good reasons not to intervene in Iran". Prospect. London: Prospect Publishing Limited. Archived from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
  55. ↑ Massoumi, Nariman (September 24, 2006). "Action Iran and CASMII march together against war". Campaign Against Sanctions and Military Intervention in Iran. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2006-10-24.
  56. ↑ The Iran plans Archived 2006-11-02 at the Wayback Machine , Seymour Hersh, The New Yorker Mag., April 8, 2006
  57. ↑ Solomon, Norman (April 18, 2006). "How Long Will MoveOn.org Fail to Oppose Bombing Iran?". Z Communications. Archived from the original on May 9, 2006. Retrieved 2006-10-24.
  58. ↑ Non-Aligned Movement (May 30, 2006). "NAM Coordinating Bureau's statement on Iran's nuclear issue". globalsecurity.org. Archived from the original on 2006-10-21. Retrieved 2006-10-23.
  59. ↑ Shafie of Action Iran Speaks in Manchester (2006)
  60. ↑ "Iran Solidarity". End of Empire. Archived from the original on 2006-04-25. Retrieved 2006-11-07.
  61. ↑ "UK peace groups consolidate under "Campaign Iran"". Campaign Against Sanctions and Military Intervention in Iran. November 7, 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2006-11-07.
  62. ↑ "Don't Attack Iran". Campaign Against Sanctions and Military Intervention in Iran. November 11, 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2006-11-11.
  63. ↑ Chomsky, Noam; Michael Shank (February 20, 2007). "Chomsky on Iran, Iraq, and the Rest of the World". Z Communications. Archived from the original on February 25, 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-27.
  64. ↑ "StopIranWar.com" Archived 2007-03-13 at the Wayback Machine at the Huffington Post
  65. ↑ Klare, Michael T. "Bush's Future Iran War Speech: Three Charges in the Case for War". Nation Institute. Archived from the original on 2007-05-01. Retrieved 2007-04-09.
  66. ↑ Heinrich, Mark; Karin Strohecker (June 14, 2007). "IAEA urges Iran compromise to avert conflict". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2008-03-15. Retrieved 2007-06-21.
  67. ↑ Saeidi, Shirin (June 17, 2007). "Muffled Voices: ElBaradei's Unheard Assessments". Campaign Against Sanctions and Military Intervention in Iran. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-06-21.
  68. ↑ "Iranian NGOs express opposition to sanctions, military intervention and foreign interference in Iran". Campaign Against Sanctions and Military Intervention in Iran. 2007-06-28. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-07-01.
  69. ↑ "Iranian NGO's against sanctions & military intervention against Iran". Organization for Defending Victims of Violence. Archived from the original on July 19, 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-01.
  70. ↑ "For a Middle East free of all Weapons of Mass Destruction". Campaign Against Sanctions and Military Intervention in Iran. 2007-08-06. Archived from the original on 2007-10-27. Retrieved 2007-11-03.
  71. ↑ Knowlton, Brian (September 21, 2007). "Kouchner, French foreign minister, draws antiwar protesters in Washington". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 2007-10-09. Retrieved 2007-11-01.
  72. ↑ Webb, Jim (2007-11-02). "(letter to President George W. Bush)" (PDF). United States Senate. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-11-07. Retrieved 2007-11-06.
  73. ↑ "We're Sorry". Center for Arms Control. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  74. ↑ King, Stuart (10 December 2007). "Hands Off People of Iran: launch conference". Permanent Revolution. Archived from the original on 2008-04-11. Retrieved 25 January 2009.
  75. ↑ "Founding statement". Hands Off the People of Iran. 8 December 2007. Archived from the original on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 25 January 2009.
  76. ↑ "> "Supporters". Hands Off the People of Iran. Archived from the original on 19 February 2009. Retrieved 25 January 2009.
  77. ↑ Junod, Tom (2010-06-23). "Admiral William Fox Fallon – US Central Command – Fallon's Military Strategies". Esquire. Archived from the original on 2010-11-02. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
  78. ↑ Reid, Tim (March 12, 2008). "Admiral William Fallon quits over Iran policy". The Times . London. Archived from the original on September 18, 2011. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
  79. ↑ "Conyers Tells Bush Iran Attack = Impeachment; Ask Your Representative to Co-Sign". Archived from the original on 30 June 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  80. ↑ "Russia warns against attacking Iran". JPost. Jerusalem. 20 June 2008. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
  81. ↑ "AFP: 'Ball of fire' if Iran attacked: IAEA chief". Archived from the original on 2008-07-02. Retrieved 2008-06-29.
  82. ↑ "Tehran Times". 2008-07-12. Archived from the original on 2016-08-21. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
  83. ↑ Cockburn, Patrick (July 5, 2008). "Military action 'would destabilise Iraq'" . The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 2022-05-24. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
  84. 1 2 Sagan, Scott D. (September–October 2006). "How to Keep the Bomb From Iran" . Foreign Affairs. 85 (5): 45–59. doi:10.2307/20032069. JSTOR   20032069. Archived from the original on 2012-10-24. Retrieved 2012-09-21.
  85. 1 2 Kahl, Colin (March–April 2012). "Not Time to Attack Iran". Foreign Affairs (March/April 2012). Archived from the original on 2012-10-24. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
  86. ↑ Stephen M. Walt, 'Another reason the U.S. shouldn't go to war with Iran,' Archived 2012-08-19 at the Wayback Machine at Foreign Policy , 16 August 2012.
  87. ↑ Echols, Connor (4 August 2022). "Poll: Americans have no taste for war with Iran". Responsible Statecraft. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
  88. ↑ Grossi, Rafael M. (2023-05-31). Verification and monitoring in the Islamic Republic of Iran in light of United Nations Security Council resolution 2231 (2015) (Report). IAEA. ¶62. GOV/2023/24. Retrieved 2023-06-16. • 470.9 kg of uranium enriched up to 20% U-235 (+36.2 kg); and
    • 114.1 kg of uranium enriched up to 60% U-235 (+26.6 kg).
  89. ↑ Albright, David; Burkhard, Sarah; Faragasso, Spencer; Stricker, Andrea (2023-06-06). Analysis of IAEA Iran Verification and Monitoring Report - May 2023 (Report). Institute for Science and International Security. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2023-06-16. Retrieved 2023-06-16.
  90. ↑ "Iran | Gallup Historical Trends". Gallup, Inc. 15–31 July 2019. Archived from the original on 4 September 2024. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  91. ↑ "80% of Americans think Iran's nuclear program threatens the US". The Times of Israel. 31 July 2012. Archived from the original on 3 August 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  92. ↑ "Foreign Policy Matters in 2012". FPI National Survey: Foreign Policy Matters in 2012. Foreign Policy Initiative. 27 September 2012. Archived from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 17 May 2023.{{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  93. ↑ "Poll: 62% of Americans Support use of Force to Stop Nuclear Iran". The Algemeiner. 30 September 2012. Archived from the original on 1 October 2012. Retrieved October 4, 2012.
  94. ↑ "Most Americans would back U.S. strike over Iran nuclear weapon: poll". Reuters. 13 March 2012. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved October 4, 2012.
  95. ↑ Zogby Poll: 52% Support U.S. Military Strike Against Iran, Zogby International, 2007-10-29, archived from the original on 2007-11-19, retrieved 2007-10-29
  96. ↑ "European poll findings on globalisation and foreign policy: Majority of UK and EU citizens would back military action against Iran" (Press release). Open Europe. April 4, 2007. Archived from the original on November 30, 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-05.
  97. ↑ "Reuters/Zogby Poll (survey was conducted September 22–25, 2006)". Reuters/Zogby. Archived from the original on 2007-02-19. Retrieved 2007-02-26. 7. Would you support or oppose a joint US-European military intervention in Iran? Support 56% Oppose 38%
  98. 1 2 "Americans favor diplomacy on Iran: Reuters poll". Reuters. Yahoo. September 28, 2006. Archived from the original on October 22, 2006. Retrieved 2023-03-26.
  99. 1 2 3 4 "Iran (Polls listed chronologically. Data are from nationwide surveys of Americans 18 & older.)". Polling Report, Inc. Archived from the original on 2007-03-04. Retrieved 2007-02-27.
  100. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-14. Retrieved 2012-09-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  101. 1 2 "Iran (Polls listed chronologically. Data are from nationwide surveys of Americans 18 & older.)". Polling Report, Inc. Archived from the original on 2007-11-22. Retrieved 2007-11-19.
  102. ↑ "Reuters/Zogby Poll (survey was conducted September 22–25, 2006)". Reuters/Zogby. Archived from the original on 2007-02-19. Retrieved 2007-02-26. 6. Would you support or oppose sending U.S. troops into Iran? Support 26% Oppose 70%
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.