Academic relations between Iran and the United States involve a branch of cultural relations between the two countries that became widespread, especially during the Pahlavi dynasty era.
Higher education in Iran during the modern era generally begins with the establishment of the academy of Dar ul-Funun. However, there have already been a number of activities to establish higher education institutions in Iran, in which the Americans have played a major role.
"Yokhanan Sayaad Abaajlou", a graduate of Dr. Joseph Cochran at Urmia University of Medical Sciences, went to New York City in 1887 for postgraduate studies, making him the first Iranian student to go to the United States for higher medical education. [1]
Other Iranians who went to the United States for the first time to study include the following:
The Memorial School was founded in 1881 and was run by religious missionaries of the American Presbyterian sect. [7] This school was one of the institutions founded by American expeditions that had served in the city of Tabriz since the mid-nineteenth century. Eighty Muslims and 135 Armenian and Assyrian Christians were enrolled in the school. [8] [9]
In the early years of its existence, the Memorial School did not matter. The students there were exclusively Iranian Armenians. Number of them were also limited, but later the school gained importance, and a group of Muslim students also began to study there. After the Constitutionalism and the cultural movement, the Memorial School has become more important. [10]
Kasravi writes: "Before the constitutional movement and also in the early years of that movement, the American School in Tabriz (Memorial School) was valued by libertarians because it was the only place where English and European science were taught and many wise young people came there. At this time, a story was created about the solidarity between that school and the constitutional movement, and that was the joining of Mr. Baskerville, one of the teachers there, to the Tabriz revolutionaries and his killing in the way of the Iranian constitution." [11]
Vartan Gregorian is one of the graduates of this school who immigrated to the United States to continue his education and after studying in the United States, he taught and researched and became the president of Brown University, the president of New York Public Library and finally the president of Carnegie Corporation of New York.
It was in 1932 that the Alborz High School and the American Girls' School in Tehran were officially chartered by State University of New York. [12] One of those who worked hard for the development of these American pre-university institutes was Dr. Samuel M. Jordan, an American who some has been called him the "father of modern Iranian education." [13] Jordan Street in Tehran was also named in honor of him.
In medical sciences, while the "Maderseye Tebb" and the Dar ul-Funun in Tehran are often considered the first institutions of higher medical education in Iran, modern medical education in Iran was actually established in 1878 in Urmia. [14] Founded by the American Dr. Joseph Cochran, the institute delivered a total of 26 graduates between 1878 and 1909. Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar himself signed the graduation certificates of some graduates. [15]
Dr. Cochran and almost all of the American faculty (including Dr. Wright, Dr. Homles, Dr. Van Norden, and Dr. Miller) were all buried in Urmia, and the institute eventually became Urmia University of Medical Sciences. [16]
In 1976, at the end of the Pahlavi period, Iran had the largest number of foreign students in American universities among the world, with 20,000 students. [17] [18] On the other hand, at least 59 American universities were involved in the development or establishment of higher education in Iran. For example, the following can be mentioned: [17] [18] [19] [20] [21]
After World War II, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi gradually decided to change the model of Iranian higher education institutions from the French university system to the American system. That's why the Pahlavi government tried to get American universities to cooperate in the late 1950s. In the meantime, following the invitation of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi from president of the University of Pennsylvania to Iran, after several negotiations, Shiraz University came under the supervision and assistance of the renowned Ivy League University, so that scientific and cultural relations between these two universities became the strongest scientific and cultural relations between Iran and America and continued until the last days of the Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's rule. The development of many courses, the design and development of university campuses, the training of professors, and the founding of many research institutes at Shiraz University (then known as Pahlavi University) were all made by the Ivy League University. [22]
In the design of the Pardis Of Eram campus, an American Minoru Yamasaki, was the designer and architect of the student dormitory buildings on the Eram hill. [23] This project coincided with the Iranian Revolution of 1979 and remained unfinished.
In the late 1940s, the teaching and research structure of the University of Tehran gradually began to emulate the American university system. [24] The faculty of agriculture of this university, for example, was developed with the help of the University of Utah.
In 1954, the Institute of Administrative Sciences of the University of Tehran (now the faculty of management [25] ) began offering doctoral degrees with the help of the University of Southern California, headed by "Dr. Harry Marlow".
In 1958, the Journalism Institute of the University of Tehran was established with the help of the University of Virginia and "Dr. James Wallard".
And Johns Hopkins University which in 1965 established a doctorate in cytopathology at the University of Tehran.
Another prominent example of close academic and cultural ties between Iran and the United States was the "Aria Mehr University of Technology" in Tehran (now Sharif University of Technology), which was modeled directly on MIT in the United States. [19]
Seyyed Hossein Nasr, the president of "Aria Mehr University of Technology", was an MIT graduate.
The main and original designers of "Aria Mehr University of Technology of Isfahan" (now Isfahan University of Technology) both in terms of academic structure and organizational foundation were: [19]
It was "Dr. Brown" who established the first six faculties of Isfahan University of Technology. [29] In his final report, about the comprehensive plan of "Aria Mehr University of Technology" in Isfahan is mentioned: [30]
"The main purpose of this educational institute is to avoid the current and classic university structure, and instead, to organize and focus the academic activities of this university on the important technological issues of Iran. The reality of today's needs for Iran's rapid development requires that the country's education system not be merely a copy of Western educational institutions. Instead of following the example of Western systems and the twenty-year-old models that have become obsolete in the West, the Iranian educational system should be based on Iranian culture and the characteristics of Iranian society."
In 1979, the scientific-cultural relationship between Iran and the United States at Academy of Gondishapur in Ahvaz was so extensive that at least 30 American professors taught at this academy. [17] [18]
The Iran University of Medical Sciences became one of the most important medical information centers internationally through direct satellite communication with the American Medical Information Center. The university was then designated by the World Health Organization as the library and information center of the vast Eastern Mediterranean region. In 1976, with the cooperation of Harvard University, Columbia University and Cornell University together, educational planning and development activities, determination of spaces, provision of necessary equipment and manpower for Iran University of Medical Sciences were carried out. The original buildings of this university were designed and built by William Pereira, an American architect. [31]
Many Iranian government officials are graduates of Utah higher education institutions. [32]
In 1950, the United States in line with Harry S. Truman's policy and Point Four Program, established a plan called "USAID". It was from here that Utah State University undertook to cheapen its agricultural technology to developing countries such as Iran between 1951 and 1954, which continued into the 1960s. [33]
The University of Utah also established extensive relationships, especially with the University of Tehran, to exchange students and researchers, which lasted for years. [34]
Many graduates came from these relationships, including Ardeshir Zahedi and Ali Asghar Soltanieh.
However, the universities of Utah had established scientific-cultural relations and exchanges with Iran for many years (due to the climatic similarity between Iran and Utah). The first Iranian student to travel to Utah to study dates back to 1912. [35] And in 1939, Reza Shah Pahlavi asked the United States to send agricultural specialists to Iran. Franklin S. Harris, a professor and president of Brigham Young University, came to Iran in response to Reza Shah's request. [36]
In addition to The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago's relationship with Iran during World War I, a committee called the "American Persian Relief Commission" was formed in New York City to finance and support those who worked for the Persian Relief Committee. [37] The committee chaired by Dr. Harry Pratt Judson, president of the University of Chicago.
According to a report, amount of $2,271,570, as well as some grain for planting and trucks to transport food from India to Iran, has been donated by the "Persian Relief Committee". [38]
Mohammad Khatami delivered a lecture at Seton Hall University in 2001. [39] [40] Mohammad Javad Zarif also delivered several lectures at US universities, including Princeton University in 2006.
On the other hand, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center had contacts with Iranian universities, such as Tehran University of Medical Sciences, through the American Association for the Advancement of Science. [41] In the same year, delegates exchanged between Jackson State University and Shiraz University of Medical Sciences to find ways to provide low-cost medical care to rural Mississippi. [42]
Despite the desire of both sides to improve and develop scientific and cultural relations, obstacles (such as sanctions against Iran) remain in the way of these goals. For example, in December 2008, "Glenn Schweitzer", director of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Europe and Asia (who has worked hard to exchange professors between Iran and the United States), twice in Tehran for nine hours in his hotel room, he was arrested and interrogated by plainclothes security agents, which was strongly protested by the American Association for the Advancement of Science. [43] The detention of some Sharif University of Technology professors in the United States has also been protested by the university professors. [44] On the other hand, an Iranian professor who had been invited by the BBC to a debate at the American University of Beirut was removed from the debate by the university, which strongly objected to by him. [45]
Iran has a network of private, public, and state-affiliated universities offering degrees in higher education. State-run universities of Iran are under the direct supervision of Iran's Ministry of Science, Research and Technology and Ministry of Health and Medical Education. According to article 3 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran guarantees "free education and physical training for everyone at all levels, and the facilitation and expansion of higher education." IANI representatives say that academics in Iran are "ultimately directed by the regime and military when it comes to specific areas of research". Rana Dadpour, who taught at an Iranian university, said that certain areas of research are directed by the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and could be employed for "surveillance or military purposes".
Shiraz University is a public university located in Shiraz, Fars, Iran, established in 1946. Being one of the oldest and most prestigious modern universities in Iran, Shiraz University is listed among the top three research-oriented schools in the nation according to a ranking of Iranian universities based on scientific output. In the first report of state universities ranking and among almost 70 universities and higher education institutes, Shiraz University is regarded as first-level university.
Moslem Bahadori was an Iranian medical scientist, pathologist, and a university lecturer. In 1973, Bahadori along with Averill Abraham Liebow, reported the first case of plasma cell granuloma, a benign tumor of the lung.
Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) is the largest and most highly ranked medical university of Iran. In September 2008, Iran's Minister of Health, Treatment, and Medical Education, Lankarani, called TUMS a pioneer in research throughout the country with a noticeable lead over its peers.
The Faculty of Law and Political Science at University of Tehran is one of the oldest institutions of higher education in Iran. It was initially established in College of Political Science in 1899 by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Most of the nation's political elite graduated from the school.
Shahed University is a public university in Tehran, Iran. The campus is located in the southern part of Tehran along the Persian Gulf Freeway. Founded in 1990, the university started its activities by accepting 165 students in seven disciplines in 1991. It now has 10,000 students enrolled in 100 programs, 8 faculties, and 7 research institutions.
The Islamic Azad University, Najafabad Branch (IAUN), also known as the University of Najafabad or Azad University of Najafabad, is an independent comprehensive branch of the Islamic Azad University system, located in Najafabad, Isfahan, Iran.
Bagher Ardeshir Larijani is an eminent Iranian medical practitioner at Tehran University of Medical Sciences. He was Director of the Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute (EMRI)
The Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch is a private medical university located in Tehran, Iran. This university is a branch of the Islamic Azad University.
Rahim Hobbenaghi is an Iranian professor, veterinarian, and university president. He has been the President of Urmia University from 1997 to 2001; and again from 2014 to 2021.
AJA University of Medical Sciences is the medical school of Islamic Republic of Iran Army (Artesh), located in Tehran, Iran. The university enrolls top students of Iranian University Entrance Exam, who are given the rank of first lieutenant upon graduation in PhD.
Nima Rezaei is an Iranian scientist, a professor of clinical immunology and allergy at Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Associate Dean of International Affairs in the School of Medicine and the Director of Global Academic Program (GAP). Nima Rezaei is the mastermind, founder and current president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Rezaei is known for his research in Primary Immunodeficiencies, characterization and treatment. He initiated the Iranian Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Registry (IPIDR) in 1999 under supervision of Professor Asghar Aghamohammadi, which earned him the best research project award in the 4th Avicenna festival.
Yasuj University of Medical Sciences (YUMS) is one of the State Universities of Iran under the supervision of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, Iran.
College of Science is one of the University of Tehran's colleges. It is one of the oldest postgraduate centers in Iran, which was established in 1934 under the name of College of Science. It also called Science Campus. At present, the College of Science is the largest university unit among all Iranian colleges where basic science research is conducted. The College of Science has five schools and students study at the undergraduate, graduate and doctoral levels there. The main College of Science building is located in the central campus of the University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. The college has 2600 students and 130 faculty members.
The Faculty of Theology and Islamic Studies is one of the faculties of University of Tehran, which was established in 1935.
Alireza Feyz was an Iranian author, researcher of Islamic jurisprudence and Islamic philosophy, professor at the University of Tehran and jurist.
Seyed Nasser Emadi is an Iranian physician. He is a volunteer physician and a member of Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF). He won the Florence Nightingale Medal 2021, which recognizes exceptional courage and devotion to victims of armed conflict or natural disaster.
Ebrahim Chehrazi was an Iranian psychiatrist. He is known as the first Iranian psychiatrist, and the founder of the first psychiatric hospital in Iran (1939), called Chehrazi.
Ghassem Amoabediny is an Iranian researcher and Professor of Nanobiotechnology at the University of Tehran. He is also Deputy of Education at Iranian Ministry of Science, Research and Technology. He is known for his works on bioengineering, nanobiotechnology, tissue engineering, novel drug delivery system, and nanobiosensors.
Abdullah Khan Ahmadieh was a doctor, translator, physician, army major, university professor and philanthropist.
۱۳۳۲
ISBN 0-8108-2994-0 and 978-0-8108-2994-7
Reports - Research; Opinion Papers
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)Volume 2 of The Fundamentalism Project.
Edition 2
Charles Redd Center for Western Studies, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
Original from the University of Michigan. Digitized Oct 16, 2006.
ISBN 1-58684-112-2 and 9781586841126
ترجمه محمد باقر آرام، سال ۱۳۶۸