Disarmament of Hezbollah

Last updated

Disarmament of Hezbollah
LocationLebanon
CauseUnited Nations Security Council Resolutions 1559 (2004) and 1701 (2006)
MotiveEstablishing the sovereignty of the Lebanese state over all its territory and disarming militias.
ParticipantsLebanon
United States
Hezbollah

The disarmament of Hezbollah is an ongoing issue within Lebanon that has become an international issue, focusing on limiting or eliminating Hezbollah's military capabilities. Hezbollah emerged in the 1980s and has grown to be a Shiite Islamist political party and militant group. Its key objectives, include expelling Western influence from the region, destroying Israel, pledging allegiance to Iran's supreme leader, and establishing an Islamic government influenced by Iran's political ideology.

Contents

In early 2025 as a new government was formed in Lebanon. At the same time that Hezbollah suffered a major decline in its power, following a series of significant military setbacks suffered during its armed confrontation with Israel, which commenced on 8 October 2023 as Hezbollah intervened to support armed groups in Gaza. This presented the country a chance to pursue Hezbollah's disarmament, as the newly elected president and prime minister have prioritized it. The government's main goals for the country's recovery include notable domestic reforms, in order to match international demands and receive a $1.1B aid promised to the country, depending on it capability to enforce those domestic reforms and disarm Hezbollah.

According to available sources, Hezbollah has closed the majority of its training facilities. In light of these developments, Lebanese President Joseph Aoun proposed a framework in which former Hezbollah members could be integrated into the Lebanese Armed Forces. [1] However, he emphasized that such integration would not involve the creation of a distinct or autonomous military unit within the army, as was the case with certain militias incorporated following the conclusion of the Lebanese Civil War.

From Hezbollah's standpoint, the principal condition for advancing the disarmament process is the provision of guarantees by Israel, specifically a formal commitment to refrain from future attacks on Lebanon and a withdrawal from the five points. [2] An Israeli official stated that before peace talks can progress, Hezbollah must disarm. The official added that this will be very hard and that they do not know if it will succeed. [3]

On 5 September 2025, the government met to review the Lebanese Army plan for confining all weapons in Lebanon to state control, focusing on the disarmament of Hezbollah. The meeting ended with the government accepting the army's plan. [4]

Background

Hezbollah, is a Shiite Islamist militant group and political party based in Lebanon. It was formed in response to Israel's invasion of Lebanon, receiving support from Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and had political backing from Syria's Assad regime. Its political wing is legitimate having seats in the Lebanese Parliament. Its independent armed wing, often viewed as more capable than the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF), operates of state, undermining national sovereignty and the rule of law. [5] [6]

Since established, Hezbollah played a central role in many armed conflicts against Lebanon, Israel and Syria. It played a major role in the Lebanese Civil War, managing to exclude itself from the Taif agreement signed by all other parties of the Lebanese Civil War in 1989. [7] [8] [9] Until 2000 it fought a guerrilla war in Southern Lebanon against Israel leading to its withdrawal. [10] [11] In 2006 Hezbollah's cross border raid kidnapping Two Israeli soldiers, started a 34-day war with Israel, that resulted in many casualties and widespread destruction in Lebanon. [12] [13] [14] [15] In 2008 Hezboolah turned its power against Lebanon, during a political crisis as it briefly took hold of West Beirut by force. [16] [17] [18] [19] Then in 2011 it took part in the Syrian civil war as allias of Bashar al-Assad's regime. Following the war it increased its military arsenal. [20] [21]

A day after the October 7 attacks, Hezbollah started firing guided rockets and artillery shells into Israel, starting the largest escalation between the sides since 2006. The height of the campaign was in September 2024 when Israel eliminated Hezbollah's leadership including Hassan Nasrallah, followed by heavy losses estimated at thousands of fighters, and significant blows to its missile infrastructure. [22] [23] [24] On November 27, 2024, a ceasefire brokered by the United States and France began. [25] [26] As a new government rose during 2025 it increased its pressure on Hezbollah to brings its weapons under state control, while Hezbollah itself remains resistant to full disarmament. [27] [28] [29]

Taif Agreement (1989)

The Taif Agreement, that ended the Lebanese Civil War, called for the disbanding of all Lebanese militias, all parties signed the agreement. However, Hezbollah was informally exempted, for the reason that it was a resistance force to fight the Israeli occupation. An occupation that came to an end in 2000. [30] [31] [7]

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1559 (2004)

Resolution 1559 was issued during 2004 and it explicitly called for the disbandment and disarmament of all the militias and organizations within Lebanon, regardless if they are Lebanese or non-Lebanese. [32] Once again Hezbollah was not named specifically in the resolution, but it was understood it includes Hezbollah as well. As of 2025 the organization has yet do disarm itself violaiting the resolution. [33] [34] [27]

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701 (2006)

Resolution 1701 was created after the 2006 Lebanon War between Hezbollah and Israel, once again this resolution reiterated the call for the disarmament of all armed groups in Lebanon, and called for the deployment of the Lebanese army and United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) in southern Lebanon. [35] [36]

Economic aspect

In October 2024, the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) placed Lebanon on its grey list, citing serious shortcomings in combating money laundering and terrorist financing. [37] [38] [39] This designation subjects Lebanon to increased international monitoring and pressure to implement urgent financial reforms. The decision comes amid a deep and prolonged economic crisis that began in 2019, worsened by the COVID-19 pandemic and the devastating 2020 Beirut port explosion. [40] [41] [42] With its banking sector in collapse and a growing reliance on cash transactions, Lebanon has struggled to regulate financial flows effectively. [43]

The FATF has pointed out key concerns, Lebanon has a weak court system that is influenced by politics, and the government hasn't done enough to stop money going to terrorist groups connected to local militias. Being placed on the "grey list" has serious effects: it scares away foreign investors, makes it harder for people to send or receive money from abroad, and increases paperwork and costs for Lebanese banks. This listing shows that Lebanon urgently needs to improve its rules and systems to fight money laundering and terrorism funding, in order to rebuild trust with the global financial community. [43] This is directly connected to Hezbollah as the FATF grey listing of Lebanon as it has a significant role in both Lebanon's political system and its financial environment, which the FATF and international authorities identify as major obstacles to effective anti-money laundering and counter-terrorism financing (AML/CFT) enforcement. [44]

Timeline

In February 2025 a new Lebanese government was formed, ending Mikati's caretaker rule. [45] [46] One of its agendas was disarming Hezbollah. [47] [48] On the same month U.S. envoy Morgan Ortagus visited Lebanon where she spoke firmly that the Lebanese government must disam Hezbollah or "face increased isolation". [49] During the visit she met both President Joseph Aoun and Prime Minister Nawaf Salam, as well as Parliament Speaker Nabih Berri. [49]

March - April 2025, additional Lebanese soldiers are deployed in southern Lebanon to strengthen and assist dismantling Hezbollah infrastructure. It is also reported that 90% of Hezbollah's outposts in south Lebanon were handed over. [50] [51]

April 15, 2025, in an Interview President Aoun speaks about a non-violent approach towards the issue of Hezbollah's disarmament, reaching the goal through dialogue and coordination with its Parliament speaker. [52]

April 27, 2025, despite the ceasefire Israel conducts an airstrike on Hezbollah installations in southern Beirut. [53]

Late April 2025, according to the Lebanese Army 90% of Hezbollah's military infrastructure south to the Kitani river was dismantled and so it took hold of former Hezbollah strongholds. [54]

July 4, 2025, According to reports Hezbollah holds internal strategic review in order to consider partial disarmament or scaling down its armed presence, due to its major losses during 2024, financial preasure, ongoing Israeli strikes and the diminish of Iranian support along with the fall of the Assad regime. [55]

Reports emerge that Hezbollah is conducting a major internal strategic review considering partial disarmament or scaling down its armed presence, driven by massive losses in the 2024 war, financial pressures, Israeli strikes, and the regional fallout from the fall of Assad's regime and diminished Iranian support

The U.S. Presidential Envoy to Syria, Thomas Barrack, submitted a proposal during his visit in early July. On 5 July, Hezbollah described it as "a form of capitulation." [56] Barrack first visited Beirut on 19 June. [57]

On 7 July 2025, Thomas Barrack visited Beirut, where he met with President Aoun and Speaker of Parliament Nabih Berri. During the visit, President Aoun presented Barrack with Lebanese proposals for a comprehensive solution. [58]

On 11 July 2025, Lebanese President Joseph Aoun dismissed the prospect of normalization with Israel at this stage, expressing support instead for a state of "no war" as long as parts of Lebanese territory remain under Israeli occupation. [59] He stressed that the decision to reserve all arms exclusively for the state has been firmly made and is irreversible.

On 5 September 2025, Lebanon's government approved the army's plan presented by General Rodolphe Haykal to control all weapons, mainly Hezbollah's, despite the walkout of all five Shi'ite ministers. PM Nawaf Salam announced the decision, while Information Minister Paul Morcos admitted the army's limited capacity. [60] [61] Labor Minister Mohammad Haidar rejected the move as invalid without Shi'ite participation under Lebanon's power sharing system. [60]

Government decisions

7 August

On August 5, 2025, a government meeting was held in Baabda Palace focused on the disarmament of Hezbollah. At the end of the meeting the Lebanese Army was assigned to present a plan for the disarmament of Hezbollah and returning state monopoly over arms. [62] [63] In response to which, Hezbollah stated that the government has committed a "major sin" and the organization will treat the decision as nonexistent. [64]

On August 7, in a government meeting specifically addressing the disarmament of Hezbollah, the majority of the government voted to approve the decision. The Lebanese Army was tasked to create a plan ensuring that only the state has control over weapons in Lebanon. The decision is based on a U.S. plan to disarm Hezbollah. Before the voting several Shiite ministers, including members aligned with Hezbollah, Amal movement, and independent MP Fadi Makki walked out of the meeting. [65] [66] [67]

Following the decision to disarm Hezbollah Iran's Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi stated that these efforts will fail and that Hezbollah has recovered and in full force. By this showing Iran's full support in Hezbollah. [68] This caused resentment by the Lebanese government bringing Lebanese Foreign Minister Youssef Rajji to summon the Iranian ambassador and disapprove of Iran's interference in Lebanon. While other voices like MP Ghayath Yazbeck called the comments as "a complete violation of the dignity of a sovereign and independent state" and even urging a complaint to the UN Security Council. [68]

On August 5, 2025, a government meeting was held in Baabda Palace focused on the disarmament of Hezbollah. At the end of the meeting the Lebanese Army was assigned to present a plan for the disarmament of Hezbollah and returning state monopoly over arms. [62] [63] In response to which, Hezbollah stated that the government has committed a "major sin" and the organization will treat the decision as nonexistent. [64]

On August 7, in a government meeting specifically addressing the disarmament of Hezbollah, the majority of the government voted to approve the decision. The Lebanese Army was tasked to create a plan ensuring that only the state has control over weapons in Lebanon. The decision is based on a U.S. plan to disarm Hezbollah. Before the voting several Shiite ministers, including members aligned with Hezbollah, Amal movement, and independent MP Fadi Makki walked out of the meeting. [65] [66] [67]

Following the decision to disarm Hezbollah Iran's Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi stated that these efforts will fail and that Hezbollah has recovered and in full force. By this showing Iran's full support in Hezbollah. [68] This caused resentment by the Lebanese government bringing Lebanese Foreign Minister Youssef Rajji to summon the Iranian ambassador and disapprove of Iran's interference in Lebanon. While other voices like MP Ghayath Yazbeck called the comments as "a complete violation of the dignity of a sovereign and independent state" and even urging a complaint to the UN Security Council. [68]

5 September

On 5 September 2025 the government met to review the Lebanese army plan for state control over all weapons, mainly Hezbollah's. At the end of the meeting, PM Nawaf Salam declared that the government accepted the army's plan presented by General Rodolphe Haykal. The approval was done even though all 5 Shi'ite ministers walked out of the meeting in protest of the government's stance. [60] [61] [60]

According to Lebanese information minister Paul Morcos, the army will implement the plan even though its limited capacity of personnel and capabilities. [60] Labor Minister Mohammad Haidar said that any decisions made without the involvement of Shi‘ites would be invalid, pointing to Lebanon's system of sharing power among different religious groups. [60]

The roadmap presented to the Cabinet on 5 September 2025, has 5 phases:

Phase 1

During this phase the Lebanese army will complete the disarmament south of the Litani River, where a substantial weapons were already collected with the help of UNIFIL. [69]

Phase 2

Will expand the operation to north of the Litani River up to the Awali River, that is as the entryway to South Lebanon. [69]

Phase 3

Will see concentrate on Beirut and its suburbs in order to centralize control in a politically sensitive area. [69]

Phase 4

Will put the focus on the Bekaa Valley region, extending disarmament reach into eastern Lebanon. [69]

Phase 5

the final phase of the roadmap will see further activities in the rest of the country, including northern parts of Lebanon, ensuring nationwide enforcement. [69]

Reactions

Domestic

President Joseph Aoun

Aoun long standing view is that only the state should hold arms and that Hezbollah's disarmament will be achieved only through dialogue, not force. On July 26, 2025, he acknowledged that the progress of the talks with Hezbollah is very slow. [70] [71] In his speech on July 31, 2025, in honor of the Lebanese Army's 80th anniversary, he addressed all parties emphasizing the historic opportunity for the disarmament of Hezbollah, while restoring and reinforcing state sovereignty. [72]

Prime Minister Nawaf Salam

Salam's stand on this matter was made clear from day one of the new Lebanese government's formation, for him the disarmament of Hezbollah is a priority. He wants to conduct reforms and have a stronger state authority over arms. [73] [74] [75] In response to Qassem's statement on 15 August 2025, Salam said there is only one government that makes decisions in Lebanon, there is no state that doesn't have arms monopoly and addressing Qassems threat of civil war he said "The implicit or direct threat of civil war, I believe that none of the Lebanese today, ... none of the Lebanese, young and old, men and women, in the south or in the north, wherever they are, none of them wants to return to civil war today". [76]

Parliament Speaker Nabih Berri

Reports say that Hezbollah told Speaker Berri it will not give up its weapons, even if Israel pulls out of the occupied areas. Berri also said the government cannot promise to disarm groups north of the Litani River. [77] [78]

Samir Geagea

Samir Geagea Executive Chairman of Lebanese Forces was quoted in an interview on August 3, 2025, claiming that "Hezbollah's actions have effectively set Lebanon back a hundred years, if not more,". This came just a few days before the government meeting that is set to approve the executive mechanism to implement the "state monopoly over arms". Meaning disarmament of Hezbollah. [79]

Hezbollah's Secretary-General Naim Qassem

Naim Qassem made it clear that Hezbollah will not give up its weapons as long as Israel continues its attacks. He rejected U.S. proposals, calling them a form of "surrender," and said disarmament would only be possible after Israel fully withdraws from southern Lebanon. [80] On July 30, 2025, the day marking the first anniversary of the targeted killing by Israel of senior commander Fuad Shukr, he spoke about the fact that Hezbollah still maintains its power as the resistance in Lebanon, denying the notion of disarmament. [81] In a statement on 15 August 2025 he vowed there will be no disarming of Hezbollah and gave a clear warning that an attempt to confront Hezbollah will mean "no life" for Lebanon. [82] [83] [84]

Wallid Jumblatt

Jumblatt is one of the notable voices for the disarmament of Hezbollah saying that Hezbollah must "realize that keeping its weapons and missiles serves no purpose." [85]

International

See also

References

  1. ↑ Ebrahim, Nadeen (April 16, 2025). "Lebanon's president says he seeks to disarm Hezbollah this year". CNN.
  2. ↑ Bassam, Laila; Perry, Tom; Gebeily, Maya; Gebeily, Maya (10 April 2025). "Exclusive: Facing calls to disarm, Hezbollah ready to discuss weapons if Israel withdraws, senior official says". Reuters.
  3. ↑ Berman, Lazar (30 June 2025). "Israel says Hezbollah must disarm before any Lebanon peace talks can advance". The Times of Israel . ISSN   0040-7909.
  4. ↑ "Lebanese government adopts army plan for state monopoly of weapons". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 2025-09-05.
  5. ↑ "Who are Hezbollah?". 2010-07-04. Retrieved 2025-07-22.
  6. ↑ Shatz, Adam (29 April 2004). "In Search of Hezbollah". www.nybooks.com. Vol. 51, no. 7. Archived from the original on 2006-08-22. Retrieved 2025-07-22.
  7. 1 2 "Hezbollah weapons: What exactly does the Taif Agreement say?". L'Orient Today. 2023-08-17. Retrieved 2025-07-22.
  8. ↑ "Hezbollah After the Lebanese Civil War" (PDF). 2016.
  9. ↑ "Legacies of Lebanon's 1975-1990 Civil War". Arab Center Washington DC. 2025-04-25. Retrieved 2025-07-22.
  10. ↑ Norton, Augustus Richard (2000). "Hizballah and the Israeli Withdrawal from Southern Lebanon" . Journal of Palestine Studies. 30 (1): 22–35. doi:10.2307/2676479. ISSN   0377-919X. JSTOR   2676479.
  11. ↑ "Hezbollah's four decades of war with Israel". 2024-10-01. Retrieved 2025-07-22.
  12. ↑ "The history of conflict between Hezbollah and Israel". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2025-07-22.
  13. ↑ "Israel-Hezbollah War 2006". www.ebsco.com. Retrieved 2025-07-22.
  14. ↑ Creveld, Martin van (2011-06-12). "The Second Lebanon War: A Re-assessment" . Infinity Journal. 1 (3): 1. doi:10.64148/msm.v1i3.1. ISSN   2708-3071.
  15. ↑ "Israel/Lebanon/Hezbollah Conflict in 2006".
  16. ↑ Mansour, Alia (2024-05-09). "Sixteen years later, May is still dark". Nowlebanon. Retrieved 2025-07-22.
  17. ↑ "Hezbollah ends west Beirut takeover". France 24. 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2025-07-22.
  18. ↑ Rafei, Raed (2008-05-10). "In show of might, Hezbollah takes control of West Beirut". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2025-07-22.
  19. ↑ "Hezbollah in control of west Beirut". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2025-07-22.
  20. ↑ "Hezbollah's Syria Problem". www.washingtoninstitute.org. Retrieved 2025-07-22.
  21. ↑ "Hezbollah Leader: We Have Reduced Our Military Presence in Syria". Voice of America. 2019-07-14. Retrieved 2025-07-22.
  22. ↑ "Timeline of Attacks: Israel versus Hezbollah & Iran". iranprimer.usip.org. 2024-04-02. Retrieved 2025-07-22.
  23. ↑ Pusztaszeri, Aosheng; Harding, Emily (2024-12-19). "The Aftermath of October 7: Regional Conflict in the Middle East".{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  24. ↑ Patel, Pavak (2024-10-04). "Road to the Third Lebanon War: Mapping Hezbollah's War of Attrition Since October 8, 2023". FDD. Retrieved 2025-07-22.
  25. ↑ "A 'new page': World reacts to Israel-Hezbollah ceasefire". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2025-07-22.
  26. ↑ "Middle East: Israel-Hezbollah cease-fire begins – DW – 11/27/2024". dw.com. Retrieved 2025-07-22.
  27. 1 2 "A Window of Opportunity to Increase Pressure on Hezbollah". INSS. Retrieved 2025-07-22.
  28. ↑ "As Pressure Mounts, Can Lebanon Handle Hezbollah's Disarmament?". Middle East Council on Global Affairs. Retrieved 2025-07-22.
  29. ↑ "Hezbollah says it will not give up weapons despite US proposal". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2025-07-22.
  30. ↑ "Børre Ludvigsen Web Archive". libraries.aub.edu.lb. Retrieved 2025-07-13.
  31. ↑ "Lebanon's Taif Agreement, Explained". www.the961.com. 2020-01-29. Retrieved 2025-07-22.
  32. ↑ "Lebanon: Consultations on Resolution 1559*". Security Council Report. Retrieved 2025-07-22.
  33. ↑ "Reaffirming Strong Support for Lebanon's Sovereignty and Independence, Security Council "Notes With Concern" that Requirements of Resolution 1559 Remain Unmet". United Nations : Information Service Vienna. Retrieved 2025-07-22.
  34. ↑ "S/2025/254". Security Council Report. Retrieved 2025-07-22.
  35. ↑ Database, E. C. F. "United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701 (2006)". ecf.org.il. Retrieved 2025-07-22.
  36. ↑ "Briefing on the UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) and the UN Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF)". Security Council Report. Retrieved 2025-07-22.
  37. ↑ Azhari, Timour; Brice, Makini; Brice, Makini (2024-10-25). "Watchdog FATF places Lebanon on financial crime watchlist". Reuters. Retrieved 2025-07-23.
  38. ↑ "Lebanon added to money laundering 'grey list'". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2025-07-23.
  39. ↑ "FATF Grey List Updates: Changes and Implications". Vertex Compliance. Retrieved 2025-07-23.
  40. ↑ "Q&A: Beirut Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment — August 2020". World Bank. Retrieved 2025-07-23.
  41. ↑ "Beirut Port Explosion: Impact on Key Economic and Food Security Indicators - August 2020 - Lebanon". reliefweb.int. 2020-08-31. Retrieved 2025-07-23.
  42. ↑ "Impact of Beirut Explosion on Economic Activities Located in the Affected Neighborhoods - Socio-Economic Impact Assessment". 2021.
  43. 1 2 Miriam. "The impact of Lebanon's grey listing". Sqope Intelligence. Retrieved 2025-07-23.
  44. ↑ "Why Hezbollah Is Rich and Lebanon Is Poor". 2024.
  45. ↑ "Lebanon names new government after two-year caretaker cabinet". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2025-07-22.
  46. ↑ Easter, Reagan (2025-03-09). "Lebanon's new government, the absent "resistance" Clause, and Hezbollah's fate". FDD. Retrieved 2025-07-22.
  47. ↑ Beirut, Samer Al-Atrush (2025-02-03). "Lebanon has a shot at recovery, but Hezbollah isn't spent yet". www.thetimes.com. Retrieved 2025-07-22.
  48. ↑ "New Lebanese government non-partisan, to serve Lebanon: President". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 2025-07-22.
  49. 1 2 "US envoy visits Lebanon to discuss Hezbollah, cabinet formation: What we know - AL-Monitor: The Middle Eastʼs leading independent news source since 2012". www.al-monitor.com. Retrieved 2025-07-22.
  50. ↑ "A Window of Opportunity to Increase Pressure on Hezbollah". INSS. Retrieved 2025-07-23.
  51. ↑ Berman, Zachary (2025-05-02). "Beirut Official Claims Lebanese Army Has Dismantled 90 Percent of Hezbollah Infrastructure Near Israeli Border". FDD. Retrieved 2025-07-23.
  52. ↑ "Lebanese president says Hezbollah disarmament will come through dialogue not 'force'". AP News. 2025-04-14. Retrieved 2025-07-23.
  53. ↑ "Israel says it strikes Hezbollah missiles in southern Beirut". Reuters. 2025-04-27. Retrieved 2025-07-23.
  54. ↑ "Lebanese army dismantled 'over 90%' of Hezbollah sites near Israel, security official says". France 24. 2025-04-30. Retrieved 2025-07-23.
  55. ↑ Bassam, Laila; Gebeily, Maya; Gebeily, Maya (2025-07-04). "Hezbollah weighs scaling back its arsenal in wake of Israel conflict". Reuters. Retrieved 2025-07-23.
  56. ↑ "حزب الله وصفها بـ"الاستسلامية".. ما هي بنود الورقة الأميركية؟". العربية. July 5, 2025.
  57. ↑ Bassam, Laila; Gebeily, Maya; Gebeily, Maya (July 2025). "Lebanon drafts reply to US demand for Hezbollah to disarm, sources say". Reuters.
  58. ↑ US 'unbelievably satisfied' with Lebanon reply to proposal on disarming Hezbollah
  59. ↑ "Lebanese president rules out normalization with Israel". 11 July 2025.
  60. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Lebanon cabinet welcomes army plan to disarm Hezbollah, no timeline given". Reuters. 2025-09-05. Retrieved 2025-09-05.
  61. 1 2 "Shiite ministers walk out as Lebanon's Cabinet debates army plan to disarm Hezbollah". AP News. 2025-09-05. Retrieved 2025-09-05.
  62. 1 2 Gebeily, Maya; Bassam, Laila; Gebeily, Maya (2025-08-05). "Lebanon tasks army with limiting arms to state forces in challenge to Hezbollah". Reuters. Retrieved 2025-08-06.
  63. 1 2 "Post-Cabinet session: Key decisions, discussions, and stances". LBCIV7. Retrieved 2025-08-06.
  64. 1 2 "Hezbollah: Nawaf Salam's government committed 'major sin,' will treat decision as 'nonexistent'". LBCIV7. Retrieved 2025-08-06.
  65. 1 2 Sewell, Abby (2025-08-07). "Lebanese Shiite ministers walk out of a Cabinet meeting over plan to disarm Hezbollah". AP News. Retrieved 2025-08-08.
  66. 1 2 Staff, Al Jazeera. "The US asked Lebanon to disarm Hezbollah. How did Lebanon respond?". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2025-08-08.
  67. 1 2 "New disarmament push raises old question: How did Hezbollah keep its weapons?". LBCIV7. Retrieved 2025-08-08.
  68. 1 2 3 4 "Lebanese Officials Outraged over Iranian FM's 'Incitement' against State Decisions". english.aawsat.com. Retrieved 2025-08-08.
  69. 1 2 3 4 5 "Arms collection roadmap: Lebanese Army maps out multi-stage disarmament plan—Key phases". LBCIV7. Retrieved 2025-09-07.
  70. ↑ "Lebanese President Acknowledges 'Slow Progress' in Talks with Hezbollah on Disarmament". english.aawsat.com. Retrieved 2025-07-27.
  71. ↑ "Barrack Says Lebanon Has an Opportunity; Israel, Not US, Setting Deadline for Hezbollah Disarmament". english.aawsat.com. Retrieved 2025-07-27.
  72. ↑ "Lebanon's President Aoun urges Hezbollah to give up arms". Reuters. 2025-07-31. Retrieved 2025-07-31.
  73. ↑ "Lebanon". Security Council Report. Retrieved 2025-07-27.
  74. ↑ "Why Lebanon's fragile state hinges on Hezbollah's next move". Arab News Japan. Retrieved 2025-07-27.
  75. ↑ Abouzeid, Rania (2025-06-02). "Who Gets the Guns in Lebanon?". The New Yorker. ISSN   0028-792X . Retrieved 2025-07-27.
  76. ↑ "Nawaf Salam to Asharq Al-Awsat: No Lebanese wants to return to civil war". aawsat.com (in Arabic). Retrieved 2025-08-15.
  77. ↑ Easter, Reagan (2025-07-23). "Hezbollah Reups Its Refusal To Disarm in Lebanon". FDD. Retrieved 2025-07-27.
  78. ↑ Berman, Zachary (2025-07-07). "'Unbelievably Satisfied': U.S. Envoy Praises Lebanese Government Efforts to Disarm Hezbollah". FDD. Retrieved 2025-07-27.
  79. ↑ "Geagea: Hezbollah Set Lebanon Back a Hundred Years". english.aawsat.com. Retrieved 2025-08-03.
  80. ↑ "US envoy hails Lebanon's response to Hezbollah disarmament proposals". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2025-07-27.
  81. ↑ "Hezbollah chief rejects disarmament as 'serving Israel' amid pressure on Lebanon". 2025.
  82. ↑ "Hezbollah refuses to hand over its weapons to Lebanese government". euronews. 2025-08-15. Retrieved 2025-08-15.
  83. ↑ "Client Challenge". www.ft.com. Retrieved 2025-08-15.
  84. ↑ "Hezbollah vows to keep arms, says Lebanon's disarmament plan serves Israel". AP News. 2025-08-15. Retrieved 2025-08-15.
  85. ↑ "US envoy Barrack piles on pressure on Lebanon over Hezbollah disarmament". 2025.
  86. ↑ yrashed (2025-08-13). "What to know about the history (and future) of the Hezbollah disarmament question". Atlantic Council. Retrieved 2025-08-27.
  87. 1 2 Bassam, Laila (2025-08-07). "Exclusive: US plan sees Hezbollah disarmed by year-end, Israeli withdrawal". Reuters. Retrieved 2025-08-27.
  88. ↑ Stoil, Stoil (2025-08-25). "Hezbollah and Amal call Wednesday rally against disarmament decision" . Retrieved 2025-08-27.
  89. ↑ "Lebanon to present Hezbollah disarmament plan in coming days: US envoy". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2025-08-27.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.