Intent and incitement in the Gaza genocide

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In assessments of the Gaza genocide, experts have affirmed that statements by Israeli political and military leaders — coupled with eliminationist media rhetoric, and Israel’s conduct in Gaza — indicate genocidal intent and incitement against the Palestinian people in the Gaza Strip. [1]

Contents

Both a United Nations commission of inquiry and Amnesty International documented a "pattern of conduct" by Israeli authorities, concluding that genocidal intent is the "only reasonable inference" that could be drawn based on the evidence. [2] [3] A United Nations panel also concluded that statements made by Israeli officials indicate genocidal intent. [4] [5] Multiple experts in genocide studies, including the Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention [6] and Genocide Watch [7] [5] and others [8] [4] affirm genocidal intent to the actions or statements made by Israel officials. Genocidal intent and incitement have also been attributed to Israeli journalists and United States congressmen. [9] [4] [10] [11]

The attribution of genocidal intent to Israel often focuses on the multitude of verbal statements made by Israeli officials that dehumanize Palestinians and which incite, justify, or praise atrocities against them. [12] The United Nations commission of inquiry found that Israeli President Isaac Herzog, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, and former Defence Minister Yoav Gallant had engaged in the crime of "direct and public incitement to commit genocide" with their comments. Incitement to genocide is a stand-alone crime that is prosecutable even if genocide does not occur. [13]

Genocidal intent is also evidenced by the scale and systematic nature of actions that exceed any legitimate military objective [14] [15] [16] — including the extensive targeting of children, [17] widespread sexual violence, [18] the destruction of cultural heritage, [19] [6] and the imposition of life-destroying conditions [20] — together with the persistence of these practices despite full awareness of their catastrophic effects. [21]

According to a 2025 United Nations commission of inquiry that convened on Israel's actions in Gaza, genocidal intent can be established through "direct evidence, such as statements expressing an intent to destroy", or inferred from "circumstantial evidence, taking into account the totality of the evidence, by inference through the examination of the pattern of conduct". [22]

Overview

On 7 October, after armed incursions and massacres in Israel, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu vowed to exact a "huge price" by turning Hamas hideouts "into rubble", [23] [24] while Defense Minister Yoav Gallant declared, "We are fighting human animals and we are acting accordingly." [25] Professor Omer Bartov interprets these statements as genocidal intent. [26] Scholar Mark Levene noted the increasing rhetoric of genocide and ethnic cleansing under the preceding Netanyahu governments. [27]

The Israeli historian Raz Segal and legal scholar Luigi Daniele also pointed to increasing genocidal rhetoric before October 2023, highlighting a May 2023 Times of Israel article that said that the only way to achieve peace is to "obliterate" Palestine. [9] Segal and Daniele draw parallels between that article's rhetoric and scholarship that points to Russian media outlets' rhetoric in the Russian invasion of Ukraine as genocidal. [28]

Segal and Daniele also point to previous comments by National Security Minister Itamar Ben-Gvir, the former Knesset member Ayelet Shaked, and Smotrich, who in February 2023 called for the destruction of Palestinian villages in the West Bank. [9] The genocide scholar Shmuel Lederman detailed how these comments by Smotrich, alongside others denying Palestinian nationhood and calling for their destruction or removal from territory claimed by Israel, were in the consideration and mindset of Hamas's leadership in Gaza before October 2023. [29] News outlets at the time of Smotrich's comments also highlighted their genocidal nature. [30] [31] Segal also mentioned how children were targeted, as in the Rohingya genocide case. [1]

In a report presented to the UNHRC in March 2024, Francesca Albanese concluded that Israel was committing genocide. [32] [33] [34] She wrote that genocidal intent can be inferred from "the totality of conduct targeting the totality of Palestinians, in the totality of the occupied Palestinian territory". [35] Israel rejected the report. [36] [33] [34] Albanese later accused Israel of "carrying out a systematic campaign of forced displacement, destruction, and genocidal acts against Palestinians in Gaza and the West Bank". [37] [38]

In June 2024, historian Yoav Di-Capua said a "genocidal mindset" was pervasive among settler communities and politicians in Israel, often mirroring Hamas' own genocidal ideology. [39] He charted the history of this ideology among Israel's "ultra-orthodox Zionist nationalists", or Hardal, from the 1970s up to the Gaza war, and its influence on the politics of Netanyahu's government, particularly Bezalel Smotrich and Itamar Ben-Gvir. [40] According to Di-Capua, this genocidal ideology included Jewish supremacy and a desire for maximalist territorial expansion across the biblical Land of Israel. [41] Di-Capua described Netanyahu as a "political captive" of Hardal, saying he had "echoed" their rhetoric of "eradication". [41] He said Smotrich and Ben-Gvir seek the adoption of this ideology as national policy and are using the Gaza war to implement their plan. [42]

Professor Maryam Jamshidi cites Israel's stated goal to "destroy Hamas including both the extermination of its political and administrative leadership and the annihilation of its civilian police force and military wing", and its targeting of the "intellectual, cultural, and religious leadership of Gaza". She writes that genocidal intent can be proven "through evidence that the protected group's civilian leadership, as well as its military and law enforcement, have been targeted for elimination" when this renders the rest of the group more vulnerable to illegal abuses such as forced migration. Targeting civilian organisations controlled by Hamas is illegal under international law. [43]

Jamshidi argues that "the long-standing pattern of Israeli conduct towards Palestinians"—such as the blockade of Gaza, and destruction of civilian infrastructure during previous wars—high number of civilian deaths during the war, "mass forced displacement and ethnic cleansing" under the guise of humanitarian safe zones, "IDF practices that undercut Israel's claim that its 'war' is only against Hamas", abundance of recorded atrocities, and UN reports supporting a finding of genocide increase the likelihood that the ICJ will rule in South Africa's favour. [44]

Professor John B. Quigley argued that the living conditions the war has inflicted on Gaza could be used as proof of genocidal intent in the absence of direct evidence, as they are so destructive that Israel should have known they would result in the extermination of Palestinians in Gaza. [45] Melanie O'Brien said that, in addition to statements by Israeli leaders, "patterns of conduct" such as large-scale loss of life, mass bombings, and aid blockade show intent. [1] Iva Vukusic pointed to the "systematic deprivation of basic needs". [1]

The Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention states that Israel's deliberate destruction of cemeteries in Gaza is a crime indicative of genocidal intent "because of its erasure of a people's ancestors and therefore of their historical presence," [6] adding that "intentional murder and forced displacement of all Palestinians from their ancestral homes...has been going on since Israel's founding, but sped up significantly first after Netanyahu assumed power in 2022 and again after October 7, 2023." [46]

Genocide Watch, states that genocidal intent may be established either through "statements or orders" by state officials, or through a "systematic pattern" of acts listed in the Genocide Convention, and — contrary to common misconception — the Convention requires only an intent to destroy "part of a people." [7] [5] Genocide Watch further reports a database of "over 500" statements by Israeli officials indicating incitement and intent in Gaza; [47] however, Genocide Watch founder Gregory Stanton states that ICJ precedent suggests that genocide must be the "only intent" to warrant a conviction which could allow Israel to argue additional aims such as "defeating Hamas," thereby complicating proof of exclusive genocidal intent. [48]

Lederman has suggested that the determination of genocidal intent should be modified, in line with a suggestion by Ireland, to include "the foreseeable consequences of a given policy". This would consider the "structural nature of genocidal dynamics", rather than attempting to determine the "obscure mental states" of those engaged in genocide. [49]

Potential motive

Alongside but separate to intent is potential motive. The Israeli government has said that the military actions it has undertaken are in response to the October 7 attacks and sought to destroy Hamas and overthrow its governance of the Gaza Strip, [50] while denying that their military operations constitute genocide. [51] Multiple commentators argue that part of the motive is retaliation for the October 7 attacks. [52] [53] [54] Another stated purpose is to free the hostages taken in the October 7 attacks. [55] Nimer Sultany argues that anti-Palestinianism is in part the motive, [56] while historian Mark Levene points to Zionism. [27] Multiple genocide scholars argue that settler colonialism is an important motive. [57] Raz Segal and B'Tselem also highlight the increasing idea of Jewish supremacy in Israeli politics, [58] [59] while reports by Albanese and Amos Goldberg highlight the project of Greater Israel. [60] [61] [62]

Statements by Israeli officials

Israeli prime minister and cabinet ministers

"Davidster" by Dick Stins, also known as "the Amalek monument", is a Holocaust memorial in The Hague. The text at the side is from Deuteronomy 25:17, 19 - "Remember what Amalek has done to you ... do not forget." Davidster Dick Stins The Hague.jpg
"Davidster" by Dick Stins, also known as "the Amalek monument", is a Holocaust memorial in The Hague. The text at the side is from Deuteronomy 25:17, 19 – "Remember what Amalek has done to you ... do not forget."

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's repeated invocation of Amalek and the phrase "remember what Amalek did to you" [65] during the war has been considered evidence of genocidal intent by many critics, [66] including South Africa. [67] [68] [69] "Remember what Amalek did to you" [a] is used at Holocaust memorials, including Yad Vashem. [63] Amalek was "the foe that God ordered the ancient Israelites to genocide", [70] and scholars have called the verse an instance of "divinely mandated genocide". [71] [69] [26] In February 2025, Norman J. W. Goda argued that there was undue attention paid to this phrase to conclude genocidal intent. [72] Genocide Watch states that "That the President of Israel invoked this divine mandate [of Amalek] for genocide is evidence of his genocidal intent to destroy in part the Palestinian people of Gaza. The historical parallel is precise: Palestinians in Gaza live in nearly the same area as the ancient Amalekites." [5]

According to scholars Mark Levene and Abdelwahab El-Affendi, since 7 October 2023, official and semi-official sources have engaged in rhetoric suggestive of genocidal intent. [73] [74] The Israeli human rights lawyer Michael Sfard said that the 7 October attacks, the Gaza war hostage crisis, and Hamas's war crimes "generated rage that transformed what has been the rhetoric of marginalised groups into a flood of statements now made by politicians, journalists and celebrities, ... provid[ing] a tailwind" for others to find such speech acceptable. He added:

We have become accustomed to genocidal rhetoric that comes from Hamas. The Hamas covenant has obvious severe antisemitic articles, and also some that could be interpreted as expressing desire to eliminate the Jews in Israel. ... In the past, it was seen inside Israel as something that was beyond the borders of legitimacy to talk that way about Palestinians. ... But October 7th broke that red line. [75]

On 9 October 2023, Israeli Minister of Defense Yoav Gallant said:

I have ordered a complete siege on the Gaza Strip. There will be no electricity, no food, no fuel. Everything is closed. We are fighting human animals and we are acting accordingly. [76] [77]

The statement was characterised as dehumanisation. [26] [78] According to Kenneth Roth, while some excuse this remark as referring only to Hamas, the context makes clear that "human animals" refers to everyone in Gaza. [79] On 10 October, Gallant said: "Gaza won't return to what it was before. There will be no Hamas. We will eliminate everything." [80] [81] [63]

In May 2025, Netanyahu said in closed-door testimony to members of the Knesset that Israel was "destroying more and more houses [in Gaza, and Palestinians accordingly] have nowhere to return", and that "the only obvious result will be Gazans choosing to emigrate outside of the Strip". [82] The International Commission of Jurists characterised these statements as support for forced displacement, [83] and former UK Supreme Court justice Jonathan Sumption said that they would be likely to substantiate a case of genocidal intent. [b] [84]

In July 2025, Defense Minister Israel Katz instructed the IDF to relocate all Gazans to a "humanitarian zone" in the destroyed city of Rafah, in preparation for an unspecified "emigration plan". [85] [86] Legal experts condemned this as a violation of international law, including crimes against humanity, [85] and an open letter by Israeli legal scholars said that the plan "could amount to the crime of genocide". [87]

Israeli Minister of Agriculture Avi Dichter called for the war to be "Gaza's Nakba". [88] Following the October 7 attacks, then Minister of Intelligence Gila Gamliel recommended a plan which proposed the forced expulsion of Palestinians from Gaza into Egypt. [89] [90] Minister of Heritage Amihai Eliyahu called for dropping an atomic bomb on Gaza. [88] [91] Minister of Communications Shlomo Karhi advocated for the forced removal of civilians and for Israel to settle the region, a position that other ministers endorsed. [92] Dov Waxman said that some of the rhetoric right-wing ministers use can be seen as "potentially genocidal" in its dehumanisation of Palestinian civilians. He added that these statements can have only limited impact on Israeli policy, as they were made by ministers "not in the war cabinet", but are still concerning. [88] [93]

In February 2024, May Golan, the Minister for Social Equality and Minister for Women's Empowerment, made a speech in the Knesset in which she said:

I am personally proud of the ruins of Gaza, and that every baby, even 80 years from now, will tell their grandchildren what the Jews did when they murdered their families, raped them and kidnapped their citizens! Neither a dove nor an olive leaf, only a sword—to cut off Sinwar's head! [94]

Israeli energy (later defense) minister Israel Katz said: "All the civilian population in Gaza is ordered to leave immediately. We will win. They will not receive a drop of water or a single battery until they leave the world." [95] [96]

On 29 April 2024 Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich said, "There are no half measures ... Rafah, Deir al-Balah, Nuseirat – total annihilation. 'Thou shalt blot out the remembrance of Amalek from under heaven.'" [97] The Israeli newspaper Haaretz described his comments as a call to genocide. [98] In August, Smotrich said that "it might be justified and moral" to "starve 2 million people", lamenting that the world would not allow it. [99] [100] The Knesset member Ofer Cassif claims the plan for genocide dates back to Smotrich's Subjugation Plan in 2017, which he called the "prime exhibit" of Israel's genocidal intent. [101] On 6 May 2025 Smotrich said that Gaza would be "entirely destroyed" and that Palestinians would "leave in great numbers to third countries". [102] [103]

In August 2025, Eli Cohen, Minister of Energy and Infrastructure and former Minister of Foreign Affairs, called for Gaza City to be turned into a wasteland, saying “Gaza City itself should be exactly like Rafah, which we turned into a city of ruins." [104]

In September 2025, Zoé Samudzi said that most experts believed "annihilatory intent has rarely been more explicit than the repeated comments made by Israeli leadership in the progression of the state’s aggression from the days after 7 October 2023". [105]

Israeli president and members of Israeli parliament

An aerial view of the Flour Massacre captured by an Israeli drone. Aid trucks and Palestinian pedestrians (some dead) are visible. Palestinians during the Flour massacre.png
An aerial view of the Flour Massacre captured by an Israeli drone. Aid trucks and Palestinian pedestrians (some dead) are visible.

President Isaac Herzog blamed the "entire nation" of Palestine for the 7 October attack. [107] He added: "It is not true, this rhetoric about civilians being not aware, not involved." [8] Herzog later claimed that his remarks had been taken out of context, saying that he was attempting to highlight "the involvement of many residents" and that he accepted that there are innocent Palestinians in Gaza. [108]

Deputy Speaker of the Knesset Nissim Vaturi wrote that the government was allowing too much aid to enter Gaza and that the IDF should "burn Gaza now". [109] He said that Israel's goal was "erasing the Gaza Strip from the face of the Earth." [110] When asked to clarify his statements by Kol BaRama, Vaturi reiterated that Gaza and its inhabitants must be destroyed, saying: "I don't think there are any innocent people there now... If there is an innocent person there, we will know about them. Whoever stays there should be eliminated, period." [111] In 2025, Vaturi called Palestinians "scoundrels" and "subhumans" and called for the adult men in Gaza to be killed. [112] [113]

Yitzhak Kroizer, who represents the extreme-right Otzma Yehudit party in the Knesset, said that the "Gaza Strip should be flattened, and for all of them there is but one sentence, and that is death." [114] Tally Gotliv of the Likud party called for the use of nuclear weapons against Gaza. [114] Gotliv later praised the value of revenge in relation to the Gaza war, saying “‘May your village burn!’ Yes yes as far as I’m concerned it is a great chant to wish upon Gaza to be erased and go up in flames.". She further called to "Wipe out the memory of Amalek!" [115] [116] Likud Knesset member Boaz Bismuth said in relation to Gaza: “It is forbidden to take mercy on the cruel, there’s no place for any humanitarian gestures. The memory of Amalek must be erased.” [114] Moshe Saada, also of the Likud party, approvingly quoted an acquaintance who told him that everyone in Gaza should be killed. [117] Ariel Kallner of the Likud party wrote that there is "one goal: Nakba! A Nakba that will overshadow the Nakba of [1948]. Nakba in Gaza and Nakba to anyone who dares to join". [118] Galit Distel-Atbaryan of Likud wrote “Erase Gaza from the face of the earth. Let the Gazan monsters rush to the southern border and flee into Egypt, or die. And let them die badly. Gaza should be wiped off the map, and fire and brimstone on the heads of the Nazis in Judea and Samaria. Jewish wrath to shake the earth around the world. We need a cruel, vengeful IDF here. Anything less is immoral.” [119] In 2024, Keti Shitrit of Likud said “If you ask me personally, not as a member of the Knesset, I’d flatten Gaza. I have no sentimental feelings about it, because there’s no separating the murderers of women and children from the citizens of Gaza.” [120] Zvika Fogel of Otzma Yehudit called for the ethnic cleansing of Gaza, saying that not a single Palestinian should remain in the Gaza Strip at the war's conclusion. [121] In May 2025, Zvi Sukkot of the Religious Zionist party appeared to celebrate public indifference to Palestinian civilian casualties, saying "Last night, almost 100 Gazans were killed. And the question you asked me just now had nothing to do with Gaza. Do you know why? Because it doesn’t interest anyone. Everyone has gotten used to [the fact] that [we can] kill 100 Gazans in one night during a war and nobody cares." [122]

After Hamas released the bodies of the Bibas family, Ohad Tal of the Religious Zionist Party compared Gaza to the biblical city of Sodom, which was destroyed by God for its' wickedness. Tal said that “No one there in Gaza protested, no one in this Sodom condemned, no one tried to save them. A collective of murder, and there is no righteous person in Sodom.” Avihai Boaron of Likud compared Hamas to Amalek, saying “Only a neo-Nazi-Shiite ideology of systematic murder of Jews, based on a brutal and sadistic culture, can give rise to such animalistic barbarity. If they could, they would murder us all and rape all our daughters. This is the very nature of Amalek. His purpose. His whole essence, to hunt down the Jews and kill and destroy them.” [123] Boaron had previously, in 2011, published an editorial that called for Amalekites to be put in extermination camps. [124]

In January 2025, eight members of the Knesset's Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee signed a letter to Defense Minister Israel Katz proposing that Katz order the destruction of all of Gaza's food and power supplies and "kill anyone without a white flag". [125] [126] The Palestinian official Rawhi Fattouh said of the letter, "The Knesset has become a den for bloodthirsty extremists...now they are astonished that Palestinians in Gaza are still alive". [127]

The Knesset members Amit Halevi and Limor Son Har-Melech disagreed with a doctor who argued that suffering children in Gaza should receive "painkillers or minimal medical treatment". Halevi said, "When fighting a group like this, the distinctions that exist in a normal world don't exist." Halevi and Son Har-Melech both also claimed that reports of starvation in Gaza were Hamas lies. [128] Halevi had previously said: "We want to occupy the territory to cleanse it of the enemy; otherwise, it will kill your children and kidnap your grandchildren again." [129] [130] In May 2025, Simcha Rothman of the Religious Zionist Party said that the children of Gaza were his enemies and denied that children in Gaza were starving. [131]

Israeli army officers

Ghassan Alian, Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories, said: "There will be no electricity and no water [in Gaza], there will only be destruction. You wanted hell, you will get hell." [75] Giora Eiland wrote, "Gaza will become a place where no human being can exist" and "Creating a severe humanitarian crisis in Gaza is a necessary means to achieving the goal." [26] The Israeli scholar Omer Bartov noted that no Israeli politician nor anyone in the IDF denounced this statement. [26]

Of Israel's bombing of Gaza, Israeli army spokesperson Daniel Hagari said, "while balancing accuracy with the scope of damage, right now we're focused on what causes maximum damage". [132] Legal scholars interpreted this as intention to destroy Gaza. [8]

The legal scholar Nimer Sultany highlights statements by Israeli army commanders leading ground operations in northern Gaza that call for depopulation and a "scorched earth" approach. [133] Soldiers have echoed such sentiments on social media. [133] Former Israeli defence minister Moshe Ya'alon said, "The path we are currently being led down involves conquering, annexing, and ethnic cleansing." [134]

In comments published in August 2025, Aharon Haliva, the former head of Israel's Military Intelligence Directorate, said that 50 Palestinians should be killed for every Israeli killed on 7 October, "regardless of whether they are children or women", and called the killing of 50,000 Palestinians in Gaza "necessary and required so that future generations will say to them: you humiliated us and killed us, but that was the price". [135] [136] [137]

Other Israeli officials

On 11 June 2024, the official Israeli Twitter account posted that "Gazan civilians participated in the horrific events of October 7", later citing a statement that "there are no innocent civilians there". [138] Far-right politician Moshe Feiglin said: "There is one and only solution, which is to completely destroy Gaza before invading it." [139] [140] In May 2025, Feiglin said, "every child, every baby in Gaza is an enemy". [141] [142]

Statements by American officials

U.S. congressmen and senators

In the Florida legislature, Democratic Representative Angie Nixon, supporting a ceasefire resolution, highlighted the high death toll of Palestinians questioning how many had to die before a ceasefire was called for, Republican Representative Michelle Salzman replied instantly "All of them." Salzman's remark, perceived as a call for genocide, led to calls for censure or resignation from Nixon and the Florida chapter of the Council on American-Islamic Relations called for her to be censured or to resign. [143] [144] CAIR-Florida Executive Director Imam Abdullah Jaber said in a statement: "This chilling call for genocide by an American lawmaker is the direct result of decades of dehumanization of the Palestinian people by advocates of Israeli apartheid and their eager enablers in government and the media." [145]

In October 2023, Republican Florida governor Ron DeSantis said "If you look at how [people in Gaza] behave, not all of them are Hamas, but they are all anti-Semitic" and called for a "swift and lethal response." [146] Republican US Congressman Max Miller, on Fox News, stated that Palestine is "about to get eviscerated ... to turn that into a parking lot." He said there should be "no rules of engagement" during Israel's bombardment of Gaza. [147] Miller also questioned the accuracy of the Gaza Health Ministry's claim that 10,000 people have been killed in Gaza, saying that he believes many of those killed have been "Hamas terrorists" and not innocent civilians. [148]

Republican U.S. Representative Brian Mast compared all Palestinians to Nazis in November on the House floor, stating "I don’t think we would so lightly throw around the term 'innocent Nazi civilians' during World War II. It is not a far stretch to say there are very few innocent Palestinian civilians." [149] On January 31, 2024, Mast said that Palestinian babies are not innocent civilians but "terrorists" who should be killed, that more infrastructure in Gaza needs to be destroyed, and "It would be better if you kill all the terrorists and kill everyone who are supporters." [150] Republican Tennesse representative Andy Ogles said "I think we should kill them all." Arkansas senator Tom Cotton remarked "As far as I’m concerned, Israel can bounce the rubble in Gaza." Michigan representative Tim Walberg said "We shouldn’t be spending a dime on humanitarian aid. It [Gaza] should be like Nagasaki and Hiroshima. Get it over quick." South Carolina senator Lindsey Graham called the genocide a "religious war" and said he sides with Israel, calling on it to do "whatever the hell you have to do to defend yourself; level the place." [11]

Florida representative Randy Fine called for Gaza to be nuked like Nagasaki and Hiroshima and made numerous statements endorsing genocide and starvation in Gaza, such as "There is no suffering adequate for these animals. May the streets of Gaza overflow with blood," "Release the hostages. Until then, starve away," "There is no starvation. Everything about the 'Palestinian' cause is a lie," and "Kill. Them. All. #NoMercy #BombsAway." [151] [152]

Former U.S. President Joe Biden said "I have no notion that the Palestinians are telling the truth about how many people are killed. I’m sure innocents have been killed, and it’s the price of waging a war." [11] Former presidential candidate in the 2024 Republican Party presidential primaries, Nikki Haley, wrote "finish them" on an Israeli bomb bound for Gaza. [153]

Others

Former Republican Representative Michele Bachmann appearing in December on The Charlie Kirk Show claimed all Palestinians were "clever assassins" and that they should be forcefully relocated to Iran. She received a round of applause from the audience, while Charlie Kirk replied that U.S. policies should be more like those of the current Israeli government. [154] [155] Fox News commentator Jesse Watters claimed "This population in Palestine is hostile, it’s uneducated. It’s even more radicalized than they were at the beginning of this. I mean, now, they have no homes at all. They’re even more hateful of the Israelis. And their birthrate is explosive." [11]

Israeli media

In 2023, a group of over 55 scholars in genocide studies stated that there was widespread incitement to genocide in Israeli media since October 7, including calls to turn Gaza "into a slaughterhouse", "violate all norms on the way to victory" and "let there be a million bodies" of dead Palestinians. [4] [156] According to B'Tselem, incitement and dehumanisation play a role in the genocide. [157] Dehumanisation of Palestinians has been a long-term issue in Israel, [158] with the Israeli media contributing to it. [10] Ayala Panievsky, a researcher at Molad, compared Israel's Channel 14 to Radio Rwanda and believed they should be tried for incitement to genocide. [159]

Israeli public opinion

The Taking of Jericho, c. 1896-1902, by James Jacques Joseph Tissot Tissot The Taking of Jericho.jpg
The Taking of Jericho, c. 1896–1902, by James Jacques Joseph Tissot

The Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention states that "the vast majority of Israelis agree with...[Israel's] plan and clearly will support anything to see it realized – from apartheid to extermination." [160] A January 2024 Tel Aviv University poll of Israeli Jews found that 51% believed the IDF was using an appropriate amount of force in Gaza and 43% believed it was not using enough. [161] [162] In a February 2024 Israel Democracy Institute survey of Israelis, 68% of Jewish respondents supported preventing all international aid from entering Gaza. [163] [164] A March 2025 poll of Israeli Jews found that 82% supported the forced expulsion of Gaza residents; [165] [164] 47% responded affirmatively to the question: "When conquering an enemy city, should the IDF act like the Israelites led by Joshua when they conquered Jericho, that is, kill all its inhabitants?" [165] [166] A June 2025 poll by the Hebrew University of Jerusalem found that 64% of Israelis largely agreed with the statement "there are no innocent people in Gaza". [167] [10] A July 2025 Israel Democracy Institute poll found that 79% of Israeli Jews were "not so troubled" or "not troubled at all" by reports of famine and suffering in Gaza. [168]

Notes

  1. ↑ Hebrew: זכור את אשר עשה לך עמלק (zchor et asher ase lech amlak)
  2. ↑ Sumption wrote: "Statements like these from the prime minister and senior ministers in his cabinet have to be considered together with the sheer scale of the human casualties and the indiscriminate physical destruction inflicted on their orders. The most plausible explanation of current Israeli policy is that its object is to induce Palestinians as an ethnic group to leave the Gaza Strip for other countries by bombing, shooting and starving them if they remain. A court would be likely to regard that as genocide."

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Asem, Sondos (14 August 2025). "Israel's war on Gaza: Why do legal experts say it's genocide?". Middle East Eye . Archived from the original on 19 August 2025.
  2. ↑ Amnesty International report 2024 , p. 35: "The evidence presented in the report clearly shows that the destruction of Palestinians in Gaza, as such, was Israel's intent—either in addition to or as a means to achieve its military aims. There is only one reasonable inference that can be drawn from the evidence presented: genocidal intent has been part and parcel of Israel's conduct in Gaza since 7 October 2023, including its military campaign."
  3. ↑ UN Commission of Inquiry report 2025 , p. 64: "On the basis of fully conclusive evidence, the Commission finds that statements made by Israeli authorities are direct evidence of genocidal intent. Additionally, on the basis of circumstantial evidence, the Commission finds that genocidal intent was the only reasonable inference that could be drawn, based on the pattern of conduct of the Israeli authorities. Thus, the Commission concludes that the Israeli authorities and Israeli security forces have the genocidal intent to destroy, in whole or in part, the Palestinians in the Gaza Strip."
  4. 1 2 3 4 Kulkarni 2023.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Condon, Grace; Condon, Frankie (20 February 2024). "Genocide is Never Justifiable: Israel and Hamas in Gaza". Genocide Watch . Archived from the original on 25 August 2025. Retrieved 23 September 2025.
  6. 1 2 3 "Statement on Why We Call the Israeli Attack on Gaza Genocide". Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention . 29 December 2023. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2025.
  7. 1 2 Stanton, Gregory (17 September 2025). "The Double Genocide in Gaza by Dr. Gregory Stanton". Genocide Watch . Archived from the original on 19 September 2025. Retrieved 23 September 2025.
  8. 1 2 3 "Public Statement: Scholars Warn" 2023
  9. 1 2 3 Segal & Daniele 2024, pp. 1–2.
  10. 1 2 3 B'Tselem 2025, p. 67.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Harb, Ali. "'Not a punchline': 15 dehumanising quotes on Gaza atrocities by US figures". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 12 October 2025.
  12. ↑
    • UN Commission of Inquiry report 2025, p. 54: "The Commission finds that many statements made by Israeli officials contain dehumanising sentiments that encourage hatred toward Palestinians and violence against Palestinians and are consistent with the pattern of conduct...that point to an intent to destroy Palestinians in Gaza as a group. The Commission considers that these statements by Israeli officials are reasonably interpreted as statements expressing an intent to destroy the Palestinian group in Gaza and they have been acted on as such by Israeli security forces in the Gaza Strip. They are direct evidence of dolus specialis."
    • Amnesty International report 2024, pp. 26–35: "Bearing in mind that...the othering and dehumanization of the protected group and that the use of derogatory language...can provide evidence of genocidal intent, Amnesty International examined Israeli officials’ use of dehumanizing, racist and derogatory rhetoric against Palestinians.... It reviewed 102 statements made by Israeli government officials, high-ranking military officers and members of the Knesset made between 7 October 2023 and 30 June 2024 which dehumanized Palestinians, or called for, or justified, genocidal acts or other crimes under international law against them."
    • Kulkarni 2023: "Army's spokesperson Daniel Hagari, who bragged of dropping 'thousands of tons of munitions'...had no qualms admitting that 'we’re focused on what causes maximum damage', rather than 'accuracy'. Referring to Palestinians as 'human animals', Defense Minister Yoav Gallant, who prided in having 'released all the restraints' on the military, had said in the early days of the war that 'we will eliminate everything' in Gaza...Legitimizing the mass killing of civilians in Gaza, Israeli President Isaac Herzog had declared that 'an entire nation out there is responsible' for the October 7 attack on Israel by Hamas, arguing that the 'rhetoric' about innocent civilians is 'absolutely not true.'... 'This practice of casting an entire population as enemies, as legitimate military targets, is a common genocidal mechanism,' Raz Segal, a prominent Jewish Israeli scholar of Holocaust and Genocide Studies, said in his remarks at the panel discussion."
    • Gessen 2024
  13. ↑ UN Commission of Inquiry report 2025 , p. 64–67
  14. ↑ Al-Waheidi, Majd (25 September 2025). "A question of intent: Is what's happening in Gaza genocide?". NPR . Archived from the original on 26 September 2025. Retrieved 25 September 2025. Fyfe, the Washington and Lee University legal scholar, said, 'Genocide can occur within or outside of war. But it is never permissible, even if the war itself is. So war is not a defense...If a military leader intends to gain land and removing a group is the only way to do it, that's not necessarily genocide. But if the only reasonable inference from a siege or campaign is that the group itself is being destroyed as such, then that is genocidal intent...I do not think it is reasonable to claim that the siege is a military objective, given that Hamas is already crippled."
  15. ↑ Sumption, Jonathan (22 September 2025). "The genocide case is growing". New Statesman. Retrieved 29 September 2025. But it does not confront the fundamental problem that the scale and character of Israeli operations in Gaza go well beyond anything that can reasonably be explained by legitimate military objectives. This is why responsible organisations have concluded that the targeting and elimination of at least part of the Palestinian population is the only reasonable explanation of what is happening.
  16. ↑ "Gaza Tribunal: "We are witnessing genocide. The UK Government does not want to hear"". msf.org.uk. 3 September 2025. Retrieved 29 September 2025. There is no safe space in Gaza, and Israel's indiscriminate military assault across the strip demonstrates that it considers the entire population as a legitimate target.
  17. ↑ UN Commission of Inquiry report 2025 , p. 64: "The extensive and deliberate targeting of Palestinian children shows that the military operations were not conducted solely to defeat Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups, nor can they legitimately contribute to the other stated goals of defending the state of Israel and securing the release of Israeli hostages."
  18. ↑ UN Commission of Inquiry report 2025 , p. 25: "Whether targeting women, men, boys or girls, sexual violence was conducted not just to degrade and humiliate profoundly the direct victims but to punish the Palestinian group as a whole."
  19. ↑ Amnesty International report 2024 , p. 32:
  20. ↑ Amnesty International report 2024 , p. 213: "The nature of the conditions of life that Israel imposed on Palestinians in Gaza following 7 October 2023 indicates that the destruction of the group, as such, was their intended outcome. The Israeli authorities decided to impose a total siege on Gaza on 9 October 2023...fully aware that this would necessarily cause and exacerbate malnutrition, hunger, the outbreak of multiple diseases and, ultimately, bring Gaza to the brink of famine. Indeed, Israel must have been aware of the 'objective probability' that these conditions of life would lead to the physical destruction of Palestinians in Gaza, a factor identified as probative of intent."
  21. ↑ UN Commission of Inquiry report 2025 , p. 62: "The Commission finds that the Israeli authorities were aware that, by destroying the healthcare system throughout Gaza, their actions would lead to the destruction of Palestinians as a group... the systematic and complete destruction of the healthcare system in Gaza, the siege-induced deprivation of medical necessities... were part of the intent to destroy Palestinians in Gaza by preventing their capacity and possibility to heal, recover and live"
  22. ↑ UN Commission of Inquiry report 2025 , pp. 48–50
  23. ↑ Lis, Jonathan (7 October 2023). "'We Are at War; We Will Win' – Netanyahu: First Goal Is to Purge Israel From Enemies, Then Exact Huge Price". Haaretz . Archived from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
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  25. ↑ Peralta, Eyder (12 February 2024). "As Gaza strains under a food crisis, some Israeli protesters are trying to block aid". NPR . Archived from the original on 21 September 2025. Retrieved 23 September 2025.
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  27. 1 2 Levene 2024, p. 5.
  28. ↑ Segal & Daniele 2024, p. 1.
  29. ↑ Lederman 2024, pp. 1–2.
  30. ↑ Mack, Eitay (7 March 2023). "Israel: Evidence of Bezalel Smotrich's support for genocide is clear. The US must act". Middle East Eye . Archived from the original on 20 December 2023.
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  32. ↑ Albanese 2024a, p. 2.
  33. 1 2 Foulkes, Imogen (26 March 2024). "Gaza war: UN rights expert accuses Israel of acts of genocide". BBC News . Archived from the original on 12 June 2024.
  34. 1 2 "UN expert says she faces threats after Israel-Gaza genocide report". Al Jazeera . 27 March 2024. Archived from the original on 18 June 2024.
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    • Mackenzie & Lubell 2023: "Israel has tightened its blockade on and bombarded Gaza for three weeks after the Islamist group Hamas' Oct. 7 assault killed 1,400 Israelis ... Abbas ... said, 'Our people in the Gaza Strip are facing a war of genocide and massacres committed by the Israeli occupation forces in full view of the entire world.'"
    • Antonio 2023: "Israeli Ambassador to the Philippines Ilan Fluss rejected the notion that his country is committing genocide in Gaza City, where a two-week war has erupted ... their measures were targeting Hamas members, and they were 'taking all measures to avoid having civilians affected" by attacks. 'We are informing civilians even before attacks: keep away from Hamas' infrastructure and Hamas' facilities,' ... Hamas attacked Israel on Oct. 7, and killed at least 1,400 people, mostly civilians."
    • Chacar 2023
    • Smith et al. 2023
    • Nichols 2023
    • Bishara 2023
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  166. ↑ Rapoport, Nadav (24 May 2025). "Nearly half of Israelis support army killing Palestinians in Gaza, poll finds". Middle East Eye . Archived from the original on 25 May 2025. Retrieved 25 May 2025.
  167. ↑ Cohen, Ido David (10 June 2025). "64% of Israelis See No Need for More Reporting on Gazans' Sufferings". Haaretz . Archived from the original on 4 August 2025. Retrieved 1 August 2025.
  168. ↑ Dayan, Linda (5 August 2025). "Large Majority of Israeli Jews Untroubled by Reports of Famine in Gaza, Poll Finds". Haaretz . Archived from the original on 6 August 2025. Retrieved 6 August 2025.

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