Gregory Stanton

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Gregory Stanton
Gregory H. Stanton giving lecture at ICD Annual Conference on Cultural Diplomacy 2012.jpg
Stanton in 2012
Occupations

Gregory H. Stanton is an American jurist, academic and human rights activist. He is best known for his work in the area of genocide studies.

Contents

Stanton is a former research professor in Genocide Studies and Prevention at the George Mason University in Fairfax County, Virginia, United States. He is the founder and president of Genocide Watch, [1] the founder and director of the Cambodian Genocide Project, [2] [3] and the Chair of the Alliance Against Genocide. From 2007 to 2009 he was the president of the International Association of Genocide Scholars.

Early life and academic background

Stanton comes from the lineage of women's suffrage activist Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Henry Brewster Stanton, a notable Abolitionist. He worked as a voting rights worker in Mississippi, a Peace Corps Volunteer in the Ivory Coast, and as Church World Service/CARE Field Director in Cambodia in 1980. [4] [5]

Stanton was the research professor in Genocide Studies and Prevention at the School for Conflict Analysis and Resolution, George Mason University, Arlington, Virginia, until his retirement in 2019. [6] [7] From 2003 to 2009 he was the James Farmer Professor in Human Rights at the University of Mary Washington in Fredericksburg, Virginia. [8] He has been a Law Professor at Washington and Lee University, American University, and the University of Swaziland. He has degrees from Oberlin College, Harvard Divinity School, Yale Law School, and a Doctorate in Cultural Anthropology from the University of Chicago. He was a fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (2001–2002). [4]

Career

Stanton was a law professor at Washington and Lee University from 1985 to 1991, was a Fulbright Professor at the University of Swaziland, and was a professor of Justice, Law, and Society at the American University. From 2003 to 2009, he was the James Farmer Professor in Human Rights at the University of Mary Washington in Fredericksburg, Virginia.

Stanton founded the Cambodian Genocide Project at Yale in 1981 and since then has been a driving force to bring the Khmer Rouge to justice.

Stanton was the Chair of the American Bar Association Young Lawyer's Division Committee on Human Rights and a member of the A.B.A.'s Standing Committee on World Order Under Law. Stanton was a legal advisor to Rukh, the Ukrainian independence movement (1988–1992), work for which he was named the Ukrainian Congress Committee of America's 1992 Man of the Year.

Stanton served in the State Department (1992–1999). At the State Department he drafted the United Nations Security Council resolutions that created the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, the Burundi Commission of Inquiry, and the Central African Arms Flow Commission. He also drafted the U.N. Peacekeeping Operations resolutions that helped bring about an end to the Mozambican civil war. In 1994, Stanton won the American Foreign Service Association's W. Averell Harriman Award [9] for "extraordinary contributions to the practice of diplomacy exemplifying intellectual courage," based on his dissent from U.S. policy on the Rwandan genocide. [10]

Stanton wrote the State Department options paper on ways to bring the Khmer Rouge to justice in Cambodia. Stanton was deeply involved in the U.N.-Cambodian government negotiations that brought about the creation of the Khmer Rouge Tribunal, for which he drafted internal rules of procedure.

Stanton is best known for his authorship of The Ten Stages of Genocide, a model of the genocidal process that the US State Department and UN have used in predicting and taking steps to prevent genocide. His Ten Stage model is used in courses on genocide in schools and colleges around the world.

In 1999 Stanton founded Genocide Watch. [11] From 1999 to 2000, he also served as co-chair of the Washington Working Group for the International Criminal Court.

In 2004, Stanton published a proposal to establish an Office for Genocide Prevention at the UN. [12] With other members of the International Campaign to End Genocide, he met with UN officials to lobby for the proposal. In 2004 in Stockholm, Secretary General Kofi Annan announced the creation of the Office of the UN Special Advisor for the Prevention of Genocide. [13]

In 2007, Stanton was elected President of the International Association of Genocide Scholars, to serve until 2009. [14] He served as First Vice President of the Association from 2005 to 2007. In 2013, the organization gave Stanton its Distinguished Service Award and made him a Life Member. [15]

Rwanda

In 1989, after leading a genocide prevention training program for officials from Rwanda and surrounding countries, Stanton met with President Juvénal Habyarimana to ask him to remove ethnic identities from the Rwandan national identification cards because the ID cards could be used to identify people to be killed in a genocide. He advised President Habyarimana that if action were not taken to prevent it, Rwanda would have a genocide within five years. [16]

After the Genocide against the Tutsi broke out in Rwanda in 1994, the Director General of the US State Department Foreign Service, Genta Hawkins Holmes, ordered Stanton to Washington, DC and appointed him to the International Organizations UN Political bureau to guide US response in its aftermath. Stanton went to Rwanda with the UN Commission of Inquiry and co-authored its report, which recommended establishment of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR). Stanton drafted UN Security Council Resolutions 955 and 978, which established the ICTR and its jurisdiction and called on UN members to extradite persons in their territories suspected of participation in the genocide. When the ICTR had administrative problems in its first year, Stanton went to Arusha, Tanzania and Kigali, Rwanda and recommended reforms to the UN, including appointment of a new Registrar and new Deputy Prosecutor.[ citation needed ]

The ICTR convicted 62 defendants for genocide, finally fulfilling Raphael Lemkin's dream that the Genocide Convention would become enforceable law.[ citation needed ]

Zimbabwe

In 2010, Stanton demanded that Robert Mugabe be prosecuted for the crime of genocide. He proposed a "Mixed UN-Zimbabwean Criminal Tribunal" inspired by the Khmer Rouge Tribunal, adding, "Mugabe's reign of terror must end." [17]

In 2012, Stanton called for the United States to release "all diplomatic and intelligence cables relating to the Gukurahundi massacres" of Zimbabwe and to explain the U.S. decision "to remain silent", in order to "clear its conscience". [18]

Gaza

In December 2024, Stanton and the rest of the "Gaza taskforce" at Genocide Watch determined that Israel is committing a genocide of the Palestinian people in Gaza. They argue that Israel's intentional bombardment of civilian infrastructure and starvation of civilians fulfills the Genocide Convention's definition of genocide, which includes "Killing members of the group" and "Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part". [19]

While they condemned Hamas as a "genocidal terrorist organization that must be defeated", they also said that this does not excuse "committing genocide" against Palestinians or "dehumanizing" them. [19]

Stanton and the taskforce concluded that there should be an immediate ceasefire, release of all hostages, a surrender by Hamas, an end to Israel's blockade on Gaza, and global cooperation to diplomatically resolve the conflict. [19]

Iran

Stanton has accused Iran – particularly Mahmoud Ahmadinejad – of incitement to genocide, explaining that the constant calls by the Iranian regime to destroy Israel directly advocate genocide. [20] [21] Stanton referenced speeches by Ahmadinejad calling for the destruction of Israel and advocating that Israeli Jews should be transferred to Germany and Austria. He described Iran's proposals as incitement to genocide and advocacy of forced population transfer. [22] Stanton wrote:

Iran is the only country since Nazi Germany that has openly expressed its genocidal intent to wipe another nation off the map while pursuing a program to develop nuclear weapons. Few believed that Hitler was serious about his genocidal intentions until Nazis carried out the Holocaust. The Iranian President denies that the Holocaust even happened.

Stanton congratulated Angela Merkel for opposing Iran's nuclear program, and also praised Canada's Ministry of Foreign Affairs for recalling the Canadian Ambassador to Iran.

Stanton has condemned Iran's nuclear program, adding that NATO should protect Israel to safeguard the country from a possible nuclear missile strike. [21] [22]

Somaliland

In an article for the Mail and Guardian, Stanton acknowledged the Isaaq genocide that occurred in the Democratic Republic of Somalia under Siad Barre. He advocated for the recognition of Somaliland as a separate state from Somalia, arguing it could "help stave off conflict in a region that has suffered terribly." [23]

Genocide Watch

In 1999 Stanton founded Genocide Watch, [11] a non-governmental organization campaigning against genocide based in Washington, D.C. [24] [25] Genocide Watch is the chair and coordinator of the Alliance Against Genocide, which includes 125 organizations in 31 countries, including the Minority Rights Group, the International Crisis Group, the Aegis Trust, and Survival International. [26] Its board of advisers includes former commander of United Nations peacekeeping forces in Rwanda Roméo Dallaire, former Nuremberg Prosecutor Benjamin Ferencz, former US Ambassador to the United Nations and former Administrator of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) Samantha Power, [27] [28] and former UN Special Advisers for the Prevention of Genocide Adama Dieng and Alice Nderitu.

Stanton has formed alliances with dozens of human rights leaders, such as Baroness Kennedy and Ewelina Ochab from the Coalition for Genocide Response. [29] In 2020, Genocide Watch joined other human rights groups urging the U.N. Human Rights Council (UNHRC) to investigate the actions of the Chinese government regarding Uyghurs and other Turkic Muslim minorities in the Xinjiang region, and demand that China end persecution of Uyghurs that amount to acts of genocide. [30] In the case of Bosco Ntaganda within the International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Genocide Watch submitted amicus curiae observations [31] along with the Antiquities Coalition and Blue Shield International, on the interpretation of attacks on cultural property in the Rome Statute. [32]

Stanton has criticized the term "ethnic cleansing", calling it a term invented by Slobodan Milošević as a term used for the denial and cover-up of genocide, stating it whitewashes the crimes and impedes forceful action to stop genocide. [33] He also rejects the "only intent" doctrine that the International Court of Justice used in Bosnia v Serbia and Croatia v Serbia to find that because Serbia's intent was "ethnic cleansing," Serbia's "sole" and "only" intent was not genocide, Serbia had not violated the Genocide Convention, writing: [34]

The ICJ's doctrine of "only intent" for genocide is so wrong that if you liken it to, for instance, intent in ordinary criminal law, it's like saying that if somebody picks up a gun, shoots and kills someone, they can't be charged with murder because they also had the intent to rob the person.

It's a fact that the intent of a state has to be even more complicated and more complex than the intention of an individual. No individual can possibly commit an act, almost any act, that only has one intention. So, this doctrine by the ICJ, I think, is fatally flawed. It would make it impossible to find that any state has violated the Genocide Convention.


Publications

Articles

References

  1. ↑ "Genocide Watch | genocide prevention". genocidewatch.
  2. ↑ "A Quest for Justice". genocidewatch. Archived 16 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine , Washington and Lee Alumni Magazine, September–October 1987.
  3. ↑ "His Brother's Keeper". genocidewatch. Archived 14 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine , Student Lawyer (American Bar Association), Vol. 11, No. 6, February 1983, pp. 23-34.
  4. 1 2 "Biography, University of Mary Washington". www.umw.edu. Archived from the original on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 13 October 2009.
  5. ↑ "The Call". Genocide Watch. Retrieved March 24, 2019.
  6. ↑ "Gregory H. Stanton | The School for Conflict Analysis and Resolution". George Mason University. Archived from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved October 31, 2025.
  7. ↑ "Gregory H. Stanton". George Mason University . Archived from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved October 13, 2025.
  8. ↑ "Stanton Leaves After Six Years As Professor of Human Rights". University of Mary Washington. April 9, 2009. Archived from the original on February 5, 2013. Retrieved February 24, 2012.
  9. ↑ "Previous Recipients". Afsa.org. Retrieved March 24, 2019.
  10. ↑ Beaubien, Jason (December 20, 2018). "Is Genocide Predictable? Researchers Say Absolutely". NPR . Retrieved October 9, 2020.
  11. 1 2 "Gregory Stanton". Genocide Watch. Retrieved March 24, 2019.
  12. ↑ "Genocide Watch". genocidewatch. Archived from the original on January 31, 2019. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
  13. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect". Un.org. Retrieved March 24, 2019.
  14. ↑ "Past Boards | International Association of Genocide Scholars". Genocidescholars.org. December 9, 1948. Archived from the original on September 1, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2019.
  15. ↑ "IAGS Award Winners | International Association of Genocide Scholars". Genocidescholars.org. December 9, 1948. Archived from the original on January 31, 2019. Retrieved March 24, 2019.
  16. ↑ Melvern, Linda (2004). Conspiracy to Murder - The Rwandan Genocide. London, New York: Verso. p. 61. ISBN   1-85984-588-6.
  17. ↑ "Prosecute Zimbabwe's Robert Mugabe for genocide". archive.kubatana.net. September 16, 2010. Archived from the original on December 9, 2021. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
  18. ↑ Hill, Geoff (September 23, 2019). "U.S. told to come clean about knowledge of 1980s Mugabe massacres in Zimbabwe". The Washington Times . Retrieved October 10, 2020.
  19. 1 2 3 "Genocide Emergency: Gaza and the West Bank 2024". genocidewatch. December 30, 2024.
  20. ↑ Ginsburg, Mitch. "Genocides, unlike hurricanes, are predictable, says world expert. And Iran is following the pattern". The Times of Israel . ISSN   0040-7909 . Retrieved June 15, 2021.
  21. 1 2 Stanton, Gregory H. (May 5, 2009). "Taking Iran's Incitement to Genocide Seriously" (PDF). filesusr.com.
  22. 1 2 "Sticks and Stones May Break Your Bones, But Hateful Words Can Kill You" (PDF). filesusr.com.
  23. ↑ "We can't ignore the worrying signs of genocide in Africa". The Mail & Guardian. January 28, 2016.
  24. ↑ Çakmak, Cenap (2007), "Genocide Watch" , Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice, Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications, Inc., doi:10.4135/9781412956215.n351, ISBN   978-1-4129-1812-1 , retrieved October 9, 2020
  25. ↑ Totten, Samuel (2017). "4. The role of Nongovernmental Organizations in Addressing the Prevention, Intervention, and Punishment of Genocide in the 1980s, 1990s, and Early 2000s". Genocide at the millennium. Totten, Samuel,, Sherman, Marc I. Abingdon, Oxon: Rutledge. ISBN   978-1-351-51784-3. OCLC   1013927872.
  26. ↑ "ALLIANCE MEMBERS". against-genocide.org. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
  27. ↑ "Samantha Power". U.S. Agency for International Development. January 12, 2023. Archived from the original on December 14, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2023.
  28. ↑ "Professor John Packer named to Genocide Watch Board of Advisors". Faculty of Law - Common Law Section. February 5, 2019. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
  29. ↑ "StackPath". www.indcatholicnews.com. November 7, 2019. Retrieved January 31, 2021.
  30. ↑ Kashgarian, Asim (September 17, 2020). "Activists, Experts Call on UN to Recognize China's Uighur 'Genocide'". Voice of America . Retrieved October 9, 2020.
  31. ↑ "Amicus Curiae Observations Pursuant to Rule 103 of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence on Behalf of the Antiquities Coalition, Blue Shield International and Genocide Watch" (PDF). icc-cpi.int. ICC-01/04-02/06. International Criminal Court. September 18, 2020. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
  32. ↑ Karegeya, Portia (September 21, 2020). "21 September 2020 - ICC AC receives amicus curiae briefs in Ntaganda case". ICL Media Review. Archived from the original on October 6, 2020. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
  33. ↑ Blum, R.; Stanton, G. H.; Sagi, S.; Richter, E. D. (2007). "'Ethnic cleansing' bleaches the atrocities of genocide". The European Journal of Public Health. 18 (2): 204–209. doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckm011 . PMID   17513346.
  34. ↑ "Can the World Court stop Israel?". The Express Tribune. February 4, 2024. Retrieved November 30, 2025– via genocidewatch.
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