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The Cape Colony, also known as the Cape of Good Hope, was a British colony in present-day South Africa named after the Cape of Good Hope. It existed from 1795 to 1802, and again from 1806 to 1910, when it united with three other colonies to form the Union of South Africa, then became the Cape Province, which existed even after 1961, when South Africa had become a republic, albeit, temporarily outside the Commonwealth of Nations (1961–94).
Cape Coloureds are a South African ethnic classification consisting primarily of persons of mixed race African, Asian and European descent.
KhoisanKOY-sahn, or Khoe-Sān, is a catch-all term for the indigenous peoples of Southern Africa who traditionally speak non-Bantu languages, combining the Khoekhoen and the Sān peoples. Khoisan populations traditionally speak click languages and are considered to be the historical communities throughout Southern Africa, remaining predominant until European colonisation in areas climatically unfavorable to Bantu (sorghum-based) agriculture, such as the Cape region, through to Namibia, where Khoekhoe populations of Nama and Damara people are prevalent groups, and Botswana. Considerable mingling with Bantu-speaking groups is evidenced by prevalence of click phonemes in many especially Xhosa Southern African Bantu languages.
Coloureds refers to members of multiracial ethnic communities in South Africa who have ancestry from African, European, and Asian people. The intermixing of different races began in the Cape province of South Africa in the 17th & 18th century with European settlers intermixing with the indigenous Khoi tribes, Indian and Asian slaves of the region. Later various other European nationals also contributed to the growing mixed race people, who would later be officially classified as Coloured by the apartheid government in the 1950s.
Khoekhoe are the traditionally nomadic pastoralist indigenous population of South Africa. They are often grouped with the hunter-gatherer San peoples. The designation "Khoekhoe" is actually a kare or praise address, not an ethnic endonym, but it has been used in the literature as an ethnic term for Khoe-speaking peoples of Southern Africa, particularly pastoralist groups, such as the !Ora, !Gona, Nama, Xiri and ǂNūkhoe nations. The Khokhoe were once known as Hottentots, a term now considered offensive.
The San peoples, or Bushmen, are the members of any of the indigenous hunter-gatherer cultures of southern Africa, and the oldest surviving cultures of the region. Their recent ancestral territories span Botswana, Namibia, Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Lesotho, and South Africa.
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Brown is a racialized classification of people, usually a political and skin color-based category for specific populations with a light to moderate brown complexion.
The African People's Organisation (APO), also known by its original name African Political Organisation was a Coloured political organisation in early-20th-century South Africa. Founded in Cape Town in 1902, the organisation rallied South African Coloureds against the South Africa Act 1909.
The concept of the Northern Cape as a distinct geo-political region of South Africa coalesced in the 1940s when a "Northern Cape and Adjoining Areas Regional Development Association" was formed and the first map featuring the name "Northern Cape" was published. The geographic spread to which the term applied was not fixed until 1994, however, when it attained precise definition as the Northern Cape Province, one of South Africa's nine post-apartheid provinces. Since then there have been boundary adjustments to include parts of the former Bophuthatswana adjacent to Kuruman and Hartswater. Vryburg and Mafikeng, in the north eastern extremity of the former Cape Province - and hence regarded as part of the pre-1994 "Northern Cape" - are excluded, being part, now, of the North West Province in the North.
The Dutch Cape Colony was a Dutch United East India Company (VOC) colony in Southern Africa, centered on the Cape of Good Hope, from where it derived its name. The original colony and the successive states that the colony was incorporated into occupied much of modern South Africa. Between 1652 and 1691, it was a Commandment, and between 1691 and 1795, a Governorate of the VOC. Jan van Riebeeck established the colony as a re-supply and layover port for vessels of the VOC trading with Asia. The Cape came under VOC rule from 1652 to 1795 and from 1803 to 1806 was ruled by the Batavian Republic. Much to the dismay of the shareholders of the VOC, who focused primarily on making profits from the Asian trade, the colony rapidly expanded into a settler colony in the years after its founding.
Coloured people in Namibia are people with both European and African, especially Khoisan and Bantu ancestry, as well as Indian, Malay, and Malagasy ancestry especially along the coast and areas bordering South Africa. Coloureds have immigrated to Namibia, been born in Namibia or returned to the country. These distinctively different periods of arrivals, from diverse backgrounds and origins have led to a diverse Coloured population. This diversity was even further exploited by South African officials who referred to three distinct groups amongst the coloureds, namely: "Baster", "Cape Coloureds" and "Namibian Coloureds".
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Harold Cressy was a South African headteacher and activist. He was the first Coloured person to gain a degree in South Africa and he worked to improve education for non-white South Africans. He co-founded a teachers group which opposed the apartheid Bantu Education Act.
Harold Cressy High School is a secondary school in District Six of Cape Town in South Africa. It was founded in January 1951 as the Cape Town Secondary School. The school has played a substantial role in South African history during the apartheid period and the building is identified as an important landmark.
The Teachers' League of South Africa (TLSA) was an organization for coloured teachers founded in Cape Town in June of 1913. The group, while originally focused on issues surrounding education, became increasingly political in the mid-1940s and started to agitate against apartheid. Due to state suppression, the group became defunct in 1963.
Stephen Michael Fritz is a Khoi leader born in South Africa on 4 March 1970. He is a South African indigenous and traditional leader and Senior Chief of the South Peninsula Khoi Council, which is based in the Western Cape of South Africa. He is a well-known environmentalist and public speaker. He is an expert in the use of plants for medicinal purposes and he is a qualified indigenous guide and wildlife conservationist. He is also an activist for the rights of the indigenous people of South Africa. Chief Fritz is a founding member of the Pro Elephant Network and member of the Wildlife Animal Protection Forum South Africa.
Khoisan revivalism is the phenomenon of individuals claiming to be Khoisan (descendants) and defending indigenous rights. The Khoisan revival movement aims to confirm and demarginalize the cultural identity of the Khoisan in modern-day South Africa. Khoisan revival is most active and likely to impact policy-making in Cape Town, in the Western Cape province of South Africa. The Koranna, Nama, San, Griqua, and Cape Khoi are among the Khoisan revivalist groups of the Western Cape.
The genocide of Indigenous Australians is the systematic and deliberate actions taken primarily by European colonisers and their descendants, particularly during the 18th to the 20th centuries, aimed at eradicating Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures, languages, and people. Motivations for the genocide varied, and included motivations aimed at preserving a "white Australia", or assimilating Indigenous populations "for their own good".
References
- ↑ "A Short Life with a Long Reach into the Future: Harold Cressy". Jutalaw book review. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
- ↑ Jackson, Shannon (2006). "Not White Enough, Not Black Enough: Racial Identity in the South African Coloured Community". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 39 (3). New York: 537–538.
- ↑ Thomas, Cornelius (2007). "Not White Enough, Not Black Enough : Racial Identity in the South African Coloured Community, Mohamed Adhikari : review-article". Tydskrif vir Letterkunde. 44 (1): 340–346. doi:10.10520/EJC112190 (inactive 19 June 2024).
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 (link) - ↑ Magubane, Zine (2007). "Mohamed Adhikari. Not White Enough, Not Black Enough: Racial Identity in the South African Coloured Community. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2005. xv + 252 pp. Notes. Select Bibliography. Index. $24.00. Paper. – James Muzondidya. Walking a Tightrope: Towards a Social History of the Coloured Community of Zimbabwe. Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press, 2005. xvii + 323 pp. Tables. Photographs. Notes. References. Index. $29.95. Paper". African Studies Review . 50 (1): 177–179. doi:10.1353/arw.2005.0121.
- ↑ Muzondidya, James (2006). "Review of Not White Enough, Not Black Enough: Racial Identity in the South African Coloured Community". Kronos (32): 280–283. ISSN 0259-0190. JSTOR 41056576.
- ↑ McDonald, Jared (2013). "The Anatomy of a South African Genocide: The Extermination of the Cape San Peoples". South African Historical Journal . 65 (4): 666–670. doi:10.1080/02582473.2013.781212.
- ↑ Cavanagh, Edward (2013). "The Anatomy of a South African Genocide: The Extermination of the Cape San Peoples". Safundi . 14 (2): 232–234. doi:10.1080/17533171.2013.778106.
- ↑ "Kelly on Adhikari, 'Anatomy of a South African Genocide: The Extermination of the Cape San Peoples' | H-Genocide | H-Net". networks.h-net.org. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
- ↑ Erasmus, Piet (Summer 2012). "The Anatomy of a South African Genocide: The Extermination of the Cape San Peoples". African Studies Quarterly . 13 (3). Gainesville: 72–73.
- ↑ Lancaster, Guy (March 2016). "Genocide on Settler Frontiers: When Hunter-Gatherers and Commercial Stock Farmers Clash". International Journal on World Peace. 33 (1): 111+ – via Gale Academic OneFile.
- ↑ Lawson, Tom (2016). "Mohamed Adhikari (ed.), Genocide on Settler Frontiers: When Hunter Gatherers and Commercial Stock Farmers Clash : Collection of chapters at the cutting edge of genocide studies". Historia. 61 (1). doi: 10.17159/2309-8392/2016/v61n1a12 . ISSN 2309-8392.
- ↑ Melber, Henning (2015). "Book Review: Genocide on Settler Frontiers: When Hunter-Gatherers and Commercial Stock Farmers Clash". Africa Spectrum . 50 (2): 137–139. doi: 10.1177/000203971505000209 .
- ↑ Silverstein, Ben (2017). "Genocide on Settler Frontiers: When hunter-gatherers and commercial stock farmers clash ed. by Mohamed Adhikari". Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History . 18 (1). doi:10.1353/cch.2017.0012.
- ↑ McDonald, Jared (2021). "Civilian-Driven Violence and the Genocide of Indigenous Peoples in Settler Societies: Edited by MOHAMED ADHIKARI. Cape Town: UCT Press, 2020. xiii + 329 pp. ISBN 978 1 77582 231 1". South African Historical Journal . 73 (4): 948–950. doi:10.1080/02582473.2021.1941221.
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