Greater Israel

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Map of Israel and its neighboring countries and territories Israel - Location Map (2012) - ISR - UNOCHA.svg
Map of Israel and its neighboring countries and territories

Greater Israel (Hebrew : ארץ ישראל השלמה, romanized: Eretz Yisrael HaShlema) is an expression with several different biblical and political meanings over time. It is often used, in an irredentist fashion, to refer to the historic or desired borders of Israel.

Contents

Territorial claims of Israeli Nationalist or Zionist movements have varied, depending on the time period and different groups of proponents such as Labor Zionist, Revisionist Zionist, or Religious Zionist groups. [1] There are two different primary uses of the term Greater Israel – one referring more narrowly to the area internationally recognized as part of the State of Israel along with the Golan Heights, West Bank, and Gaza Strip; and a second definition referring to the much larger region stretching from the river Nile to the Euphrates. [2]

History

Promised Land

The "Royal Grant" to Abraham consisting of all the land east of the Brook of Egypt and west of the Euphrates, north of Kadesh and south of Hamath, from a 1919 book by Clarence Larkin. The Book of Revelation; a study of the last prophetic book of Holy Scripture (1919) (14803713123).jpg
The "Royal Grant" to Abraham consisting of all the land east of the Brook of Egypt and west of the Euphrates, north of Kadesh and south of Hamath, from a 1919 book by Clarence Larkin.

The Bible contains three geographical definitions of the Land of Israel:

  1. The first definition (Genesis 15:18–21) seems to define the land that was given to all of the children of Abram (Abraham), including Ishmael, Zimran, Jokshan, Midian, etc. It describes a large territory, "from the brook of Egypt to the Euphrates".
  2. A narrower definition (Numbers 34:1–15 and Ezekiel 47:13–20) refers to the land that was divided between the original Twelve tribes of Israel after they were delivered from Egypt.
  3. A wider definition (Deuteronomy 11:24, Deuteronomy 1:7) indicating the territory that will be given to the children of Israel slowly throughout the years, as explained in Exodus 23:29 and Deuteronomy 7:22).[ citation needed ]

Land of Israel

The Land of Israel (Hebrew : אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל, Modern: ʾEreṣ Yīsraʾel, Tiberian: ʾEreṣ Yīsrāʾēl) is the traditional Jewish name for an area of the Southern Levant. Related biblical, religious and historical English terms include the Land of Canaan, the Promised Land, the Holy Land, and Palestine. The definitions of the limits of this territory vary between passages in the Hebrew Bible, with specific mentions in Genesis 15, Exodus 23, Numbers 34 and Ezekiel 47. Nine times elsewhere in the Bible, the settled land is referred as "from Dan to Beersheba", and three times it is referred as "from the entrance of Hamath unto the brook of Egypt" (1 Kings 8:65, 1 Chronicles 13:5 and 2 Chronicles 7:8).

These biblical limits for the land differ from the borders of established historical Israelite and later Jewish kingdoms, including the United Kingdom of Israel, the two kingdoms of Israel (Samaria) and Judah, the Hasmonean Kingdom, and the Herodian kingdom. At their heights, these realms ruled lands with similar but not identical boundaries.

Judaism defines the land as where Jewish religious law prevailed and excludes territory where it was not applied. [3] It holds that the area is a God-given inheritance of the Jewish people based on the Torah, particularly the books of Genesis, Exodus, Numbers and Deuteronomy, as well as Joshua and the later Prophets. [4] According to the Book of Genesis, the land was first promised by God to Abram's descendants; the text is explicit that this is a covenant between God and Abram for his descendants. [5] Abram's name was later changed to Abraham, with the promise refined to pass through his son Isaac and to the Israelites, descendants of Jacob, Abraham's grandson.

Kingdom of Israel

Second Temple period

Return to Zion (Hebrew : שִׁיבָת צִיּוֹן or שבי ציון, Shivat Tzion or Shavei Tzion, lit. ' Zion returnees') is an event recorded in Ezra–Nehemiah of the Hebrew Bible, in which the Jews of the Kingdom of Judah—subjugated by the Neo-Babylonian Empire—were freed from the Babylonian captivity following the Persian conquest of Babylon. In 539 BCE, the Persian king Cyrus the Great issued the Edict of Cyrus allowing the Jews to return to Jerusalem and the Land of Judah, which was made into a self-governing Jewish province known as Yehud under the new Persian Achaemenid Empire.

The Second Temple period or post-exilic period in Jewish history denotes the approximately 600 years (516 BCE–70 CE) during which the Second Temple stood in the city of Jerusalem. It began with the return to Zion and subsequent reconstruction of the Temple in Jerusalem, and ended with the First Jewish–Roman War and the Roman siege of Jerusalem.

Palestine under British rule 1917–1948

Balfour Declaration

The 1917 Balfour Declaration by the British government promising all of Palestine to the Jews. Balfour declaration unmarked.jpg
The 1917 Balfour Declaration by the British government promising all of Palestine to the Jews.

The Balfour Declaration was a public statement issued by the British Government in 1917 during the First World War announcing its support for the establishment of a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine, then an Ottoman region with a small minority Jewish population. The declaration was contained in a letter dated 2 November 1917 from the United Kingdom's Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour to Lord Rothschild, a leader of the British Jewish community, for transmission to the Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland. The text of the declaration was published in the press on 9 November 1917.

On the military front in Palestine, the Sinai and Palestine campaign was part of the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I, taking place between January 1915 and October 1918. It brought Palestine under British control that ended with the Armistice of Mudros in 1918, leading to the cession of Ottoman Syria that included most of western Palestine.

During British Mandate for Palestine

1931 propaganda poster of the Irgun showing a map labelled "Land of Israel" covering the borders of both Mandatory Palestine and the Emirate of Transjordan, which the Irgun claimed in their entirety for a future Jewish state. Irgun poster Erez Jisrael.jpg
1931 propaganda poster of the Irgun showing a map labelled "Land of Israel" covering the borders of both Mandatory Palestine and the Emirate of Transjordan, which the Irgun claimed in their entirety for a future Jewish state.

Early Revisionist Zionist groups such as Betar and Irgun Zvai-Leumi regarded the territory of the Mandate for Palestine, including Transjordan, as Greater Israel. [6]

In 1937, the Peel Commission recommended partition of Mandatory Palestine. In a letter to his son later that year, David Ben-Gurion stated that partition would be acceptable but as a first step. Ben-Gurion wrote that

This is because this increase in possession is of consequence not only in itself, but because through it we increase our strength, and every increase in strength helps in the possession of the land as a whole. The establishment of a state, even if only on a portion of the land, is the maximal reinforcement of our strength at the present time and a powerful boost to our historical endeavors to liberate the entire country. [7] [8] [9]

The same sentiment was recorded by Ben-Gurion on other occasions, such as at a meeting of the Jewish Agency executive in June 1938, [10] as well as by Chaim Weizmann. [9] [11] Ben Gurion said:

We shall smash these frontiers which are being forced upon us, and not necessarily by war. I believe an agreement between us and the Arab State could be reached in a not too distant future." [12]

During early period of the State of Israel

Joel Greenberg writing in The New York Times notes: "At Israel's founding in 1948, the Labor Zionist leadership, which went on to govern Israel in its first three decades of independence, accepted a pragmatic partition of what had been British Palestine into independent Jewish and Arab states. The opposition Revisionist Zionists, who evolved into today's Likud party, sought Eretz Yisrael Ha-Shlema—Greater Israel, or literally, the Whole Land of Israel (shalem, meaning complete)." [13] The capture of the West Bank and Gaza Strip from Jordan and Egypt during the Six-Day War in 1967 led to the growth of the non-parliamentary Movement for Greater Israel and the construction of Israeli settlements. The 1977 elections, which brought Likud to power also had considerable impact on acceptance and rejection of the term. Greenberg notes:

THE seed was sown in 1977, when Menachem Begin of Likud brought his party to power for the first time in a stunning election victory over Labor. A decade before, in the 1967 war, Israeli troops had in effect undone the partition accepted in 1948 by overrunning the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Ever since, Mr. Begin had preached undying loyalty to what he called Judea and Samaria (the West Bank lands) and promoted Jewish settlement there. But he did not annex the West Bank and Gaza to Israel after he took office, reflecting a recognition that absorbing the Palestinians could turn Israel into a bi-national state instead of a Jewish one. [13]

Yitzhak Shamir was a dedicated proponent of Greater Israel and as Israeli Prime Minister gave the settler movement funding and Israeli governmental legitimisation. [14]

Movement for Greater Israel and Gush Emunim

The Movement for Greater Israel (Hebrew : התנועה למען ארץ ישראל השלמה, HaTenu'a Lema'an Eretz Yisrael HaSheleima), also known as the Land of Israel Movement, was a political organisation in Israel during the 1960s and 1970s which subscribed to an ideology of Greater Israel. The organization was formed in July 1967, a month after Israel captured the Gaza Strip, the Sinai Peninsula, the West Bank, and the Golan Heights in the Six-Day War. It called on the Israeli government to keep the captured areas and to settle them with Jewish populations.[ citation needed ] Despite the decrease in support of a Jewish homeland stretching from "the River of Egypt to ... the River Euphrates" among the Religious Zionists, Gush Emunim persisted in that belief in the 1970s and 1980s. [15]

Today

Today the term "Greater Israel" is generally used among Israelis to refer to the territory of the State of Israel and the area internationally recognized as the Palestinian territories, which together form the combined territory of the former Mandatory Palestine minus Trans-Jordan (modern-day Jordan), which was already separated from Palestine by the British in the early 1920s. However, because of ambiguity and controversy surrounding the term, those areas are instead often referred to as the Land of Israel.[ citation needed ] Some Israelis still interpret "Greater Israel" to include the Golan Heights and Sinai Peninsula, or even as a promise of dominion over the entire area from the Nile River (in modern Egypt) to the Euphrates River (which flows through today's Turkey, Syria, and Iraq). [2] [16] In the present day, the Hardal section of the Religious Zionist movement has brought back claims of a Jewish homeland extending from "the River of Egypt to ... the River Euphrates". [17]

In the 2000s, the annexation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip was part of the platform of the mainstream Israeli Likud party, and of some other, often more extreme Israeli political parties. [18] On September 14, 2008, Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, formerly of Likud, remarked that "Greater Israel is over. There is no such thing. Anyone who talks that way is deluding themselves", [19] making this statement just two days before privately reaching out to the Palestinian President with a comprehensive plan that ultimately never was implemented. [20]

Meir Kahane, an ultra-nationalist Knesset member, who founded the American Jewish Defense League and the banned Israeli Kach party, worked towards Greater Israel and other Religious Zionist goals. Kach, [21] [22] Tehiya, [23] [24] and the National Religious Party [25] [26] are parties which supported the idea of a Greater Israel.

In March 2023, the Israeli Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich, leader of the far-right National Religious Party–Religious Zionism, spoke at a Paris memorial behind a podium featuring a 'Greater Israel' map including Trans-Jordan. This speech has led to tensions with Jordan, while his spokesperson attributed the symbol's presence to the organizers of the event, which was dedicated to a man connected to the Irgun (see above for Irgun emblem). In response to the diplomatic controversy, Israel's Foreign Ministry stated that Israel adheres to the 1994 peace treaty and respects Jordan's sovereignty. [27] [28] [29]

In August 2025, Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu said in an interview with i24NEWS that he was on a "historic and spiritual mission" and that he is "very" attached to the vision of Greater Israel, which includes Palestinian areas and possibly also places that are part of Jordan, Egypt, Syria, and Lebanon. [30] [31] He stated that the generation of his parents was responsible for establishing the state, and it is now his duty, as well as that of his generation, to guarantee the survival of this state (Greater Israel). [32] In response to Netanyahu's statements, the foreign ministers from Arab and Muslim nations denounced his assertion regarding "Greater Israel" as a blatant infringement of international law. The nations that expressed this condemnation included Saudi Arabia, Algeria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Gambia, Indonesia, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Maldives, Mauritania, Morocco, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Qatar, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. [33]

Proposed inclusion of areas beyond the borders of the Mandate

Some on the Israeli far right advocate for a “Greater Israel” that includes territories outside the historical Palestinian Mandate. Israeli Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich has suggested that Israel is destined to expand to include Jordan, and even beyond, to parts of Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Egypt and even Iraq. On Sunday, March 19, 2023, Smotrich gave a speech in Paris while standing at a podium that featured a map of Israel including Jordan and the occupied West Bank. During the speech he claimed that Palestinian people were “an invention.” [34] In a documentary film by Arte in 2024, Smotrich said “it is written that the future of Jerusalem is to expand to Damascus.” [35] [36] This view has support in some parts of Israeli society. Israel’s incursions into Jordan and Syria has intensified international concerns that some actors in Israel are pursuing expansion into other countries. [37]

In academia

Hillel Weiss, a professor at Bar-Ilan University, has promoted the "necessity" of rebuilding the Temple and of Jewish rule over Greater Israel. [38] [39] [40] Francesca Albanese and Amos Goldberg have said that an aim towards a Greater Israel is a factor during what they consider as a genocide in Gaza. [41] [42] According to Yoav Di-Capua, one of the beliefs of the Hardal movement is "the obligation to retrieve the biblical land of Israel in its entirety as a pre-requisite for collective redemption which heralds the arrival of the Messiah". [43]

Controversies

Zionists, and the State of Israel, have been accused of plotting to expand Israel from the Nile to the Euphrates. This so-called 10 agorot controversy is named after the Israeli coin [44] brandished by PLO chairman Yasser Arafat in 1988 as evidence for this accusation. The Bank of Israel denies this conspiracy theory since the coin is a replica of a historical coin dating from 37 to 40 BCE and the alleged "map" is actually the irregular shape of the ancient coin. [45]

Conspiracy theorists have suggested the blue strips of the Israeli flag represent the Nile and Euphrates as the boundaries of Eretz Isra'el as promised to the Jews by God according to religious scripture. [46] This claim was at a time made by Yasser Arafat, [47] Iran and Hamas. [48] However, Danny Rubinstein points out that "Arafat ... added, in interviews that he gave in the past, that the two blue stripes on the Israeli flag represent the Nile and the Euphrates. ... No Israeli, even those who demonstrate understanding for Palestinian distress, will accept the ... nonsense about the blue stripes on the flag, which was designed according to the colours of the traditional tallit (prayer shawl) ..." [49]

According to Nadav Shelef, a minority of Religious Zionist groups supported a Jewish homeland extending from "the River of Egypt to ... the River Euphrates" in 1925, whereas modern-day such groups changed the claims to present-day Israel, the Golan Heights, Gaza Strip, and West Bank by 2005. [50] However, the Hardal section of the Religious Zionist groups still supports "the River of Egypt to ... the River Euphrates" claims. [17] In 2024, during Israel's potential genocide against the Palestinians in Gaza, Daniella Weiss said "We know from the Bible that the real borders of Greater Israel are the Euphrates and the Nile", and argued for making Gaza Jewish. [51]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Shelef 2018 , p.  5
  2. 1 2 "What is the 'Greater Israel' movement?". The Week. 18 October 2024. Retrieved 29 January 2025.
  3. ↑ Rachel Havelock, River Jordan: The Mythology of a Dividing Line, University of Chicago Press, 2011 p.210.
  4. ↑ "Exodus 6:4 I also established my covenant with them to give them the land of Canaan, where they resided as foreigners". Bible.cc. Retrieved 2013-08-11.
  5. ↑ "Gen 15:18–21; NIV; - On that day the LORD made a covenant". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 2013-08-11.
  6. ↑ Pappé, Ilan (1994). The Making of the Arab–Israeli Conflict, 1947–1951. London: I.B.Tauris. p. 21. ISBN   978-1-85043-819-9.
  7. ↑ Letter from David Ben-Gurion to his son Amos, written 5 October 1937, Obtained from the Ben-Gurion Archives in Hebrew, and translated into English by the Institute of Palestine Studies, Beirut
  8. ↑ Morris, Benny (2011). Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881-1998. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 138 Quote: "No Zionist can forgo the smallest portion of the Land Of Israel. [A] Jewish state in part [of Palestine] is not an end, but a beginning. … Our possession is important not only for itself … through this we increase our power, and every increase in power facilitates getting hold of the country in its entirety. Establishing a [small] state … will serve as a very potent lever in our historical effort to redeem the whole country". ISBN   9780307788054.
  9. 1 2 Finkelstein, Norman (2005), Beyond Chutzpah: On the Misuse of Anti-semitism and the Abuse of History, University of California Press, p. 280, ISBN   9780520245983
  10. ↑ Quote from a meeting of the Jewish Agency executive in June 1938: "[I am] satisfied with part of the country, but on the basis of the assumption that after we build up a strong force following the establishment of the state, we will abolish the partition of the country and we will expand to the whole Land of Israel." in
    Masalha, Nur (1992), Expulsion of the Palestinians: The Concept of "Transfer" in Zionist Political Thought, 1882-1948, Inst for Palestine Studies, p.  107, ISBN   9780887282355 ; and
    Segev, Tom (2000), One Palestine, Complete: Jews and Arabs Under the British Mandate, Henry Holt and Company, p.  403, ISBN   9780805048483
  11. ↑ From a letter from Chaim Weizmann to Arthur Grenfell Wauchope, High Commissioner for Palestine, while the Peel Commission was convening in 1937: "We shall spread in the whole country in the course of time ... this is only an arrangement for the next 25 to 30 years." Masalha, Nur (1992), Expulsion of the Palestinians: The Concept of "Transfer" in Zionist Political Thought, 1882-1948, Inst. for Palestine Studies, p.  62, ISBN   9780887282355
  12. ↑ Howard M. Sachar History of Israel from the rise of Zionism to our Time pp. 207-208
  13. 1 2 Greenberg, Joel (22 November 1998). "The World: Pursuing Peace; Netanyahu and His Party Turn Away from 'Greater Israel'". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  14. ↑ Mordechai Bar-On (2004) A Never-Ending Conflict: A Guide to Israeli Military History Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN   0-275-98158-4 p 219
  15. ↑ Shelef 2018 , p.  76: "Gush Emunim's ability to appeal credibly to the old map image of the homeland as extending from 'the River of Egypt to ... the River Euphrates,' despite its decline among the rest of the Religious Zionist movement, is a function of the fact that evolution is a story of shifts in frequency distributions."
  16. ↑ Stein, Adrian (8 Jan 2024). "Greater Israel—From the Euphrates to the Nile". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 5 June 2025.
  17. 1 2 Shelef 2018 , p.  80: "While the change progressed widely among Gush Emunim's constituency, it is not yet finished, nor is it irreversible. The old map image is still available in the repertoire of Religious Zionism. This leaves an opening for a new attempt to successfully reenergize the old map image where Gush Emunim failed. Indeed, the Hardal wing of the movement (see chapter 6) has revived the claim to the land from "the River of Egypt to ... the River Euphrates" as part of its bid for the leadership of Religious Zionism. To the extent that it succeeds, the claim to the biblical map image as the appropriate extent of the state of Israel will become more prominent within the movement once again."
  18. ↑ "Likud - Platform". www.knesset.gov.il. Retrieved 2008-09-04.
  19. ↑ Ha'aretz 14 September 2008 Olmert: There's no such thing as 'Greater Israel' any more. By Barak Ravid. "Prime Minister Ehud Olmert on Sunday reiterated his position that the vision of Israel holding onto the West Bank and Gaza Strip as part of its sovereign territory was finished."
  20. ↑ Adams, Paul (2025-02-24). "The two-state solution map that promised to solve Middle East crisis". BBC. Retrieved 2025-03-19.
  21. ↑ The SAGE Encyclopedia of Terrorism, Second Edition. SAGE Publications. 2011. p. 321.
  22. ↑ Politics of Terrorism A Survey. Taylor & Francis. 2010. p. 166.
  23. ↑ Pedahzur, Ami (2012). The Triumph of Israel's Radical Right. Oxford University Press. p. 101.
  24. ↑ Atkins, Stephen E. (2004). Encyclopedia of Modern Worldwide Extremists and Extremist Groups. Greenwood Press. p. 316.
  25. ↑ Yishai, Yael. "Israeli Annexation of East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights: Factors and Processes." Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 21, no. 1, 1985, pp. 45–60. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/4283045. Accessed 27 Mar. 2023.
  26. ↑ "National Religious Party: Greater Israel, Religious Status Quo". Haaretz. 22 December 2002.
  27. ↑ Lazaroff, Tovah (March 20, 2023). "Smotrich violated Israel-Jordan peace treaty with expanded Israel map - Amman". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
  28. ↑ Ben Samuels and Reuters (March 20, 2023). "https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-03-20/ty-article/.premium/jordan-condemns-smotrich-racist-statements-that-violate-peace-agreement-with-israel/00000186-ff79-d31e-a9ef-ff7bd2830000" . Haaretz . Archived from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2025.{{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help); External link in |title= (help)
  29. ↑ Schwaeber-Issan, Cookie (24 March 2023). "Why does Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich think he can bring about the Greater Israel dream?". All Israel News.
  30. ↑ "Netanyahu says he backs 'Greater Israel', which includes parts of Jordan and Egypt". Middle East Eye. 13 August 2025. Retrieved 13 August 2025.
  31. ↑ "Netanyahu says he's on a 'historic and spiritual mission,' also feels a connection to vision of Greater Israel". The Times of Israel. 12 August 2025.
  32. ↑ "Netanyahu says he's on a 'historic and spiritual mission,' also feels a connection to vision of Greater Israel". Times of Israel.
  33. ↑ "Arab, Islamic foreign ministers condemn Netanyahu's 'Greater Israel' remark". Arab news.
  34. ↑ Ravid, Barak (2023-03-20). "Jordan slams far-right Israeli minister after he said "no such thing as a Palestinian people"". Axios. Retrieved 2025-06-10.
  35. ↑ "Smotrich calls for 'bit by bit' Israeli expansion to Damascus". The New Arab. 2024-10-10. Retrieved 2025-06-10.
  36. ↑ "Israel: Extremists in Power". ARTE. 2025-06-10. Retrieved 2025-06-10.
  37. ↑ Muaddi, Qassam (2024-12-17). "Inside 'Greater Israel': myths and truths behind the long-time Zionist fantasy". Mondoweiss. Retrieved 2025-06-10.
  38. ↑ Haaretz "Weiss versa" by Avi Garfunkel, 30 January 2004
  39. ↑ "Website Disabled". friendvill0104.homestead.com. Archived from the original on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  40. ↑ Brown, Matt (4 May 2007). "Rabbis call for re-establishment of Jewish court" . Retrieved 31 January 2019– via www.abc.net.au.
  41. ↑ Albanese, Francesca (1 October 2024). Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, Francesca Albanese: Genocide as colonial erasure (Report). United Nations Special Rapporteur on the occupied Palestinian territories. pp. 20–22. Archived from the original on 20 July 2025.
  42. ↑ Goldberg, Amos (15 October 2024). "The Problematic Return of Intent". Journal of Genocide Research : 9. doi: 10.1080/14623528.2024.2413175 .
  43. ↑ Di-Capua, Yoav (2024). "Genocidal Mirroring in Israel/Palestine". Journal of Genocide Research: 3. doi:10.1080/14623528.2024.2361978.
  44. ↑ "Bank of Israel - Current Notes & Coins - Current Currency Series". www.boi.org.il. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  45. ↑ Daniel Pipes (1998). The Hidden Hand: Middle East Fears of Conspiracy . St. Martin's Griffin. p.  51. ISBN   9780312176884 . Retrieved 22 April 2016. In fact, the coin contains no map; the outline behind the menorah traces the shape of the surviving Hasmonean coin.
  46. ↑ Genesis 15.18: "The Lord made a covenant with Abram, saying unto thy seed have I given this land from the river of Egypt [the Nile] unto the great river, the River Euphrates."
  47. ↑ Playboy Interview: Yasir Arafat, Playboy , September 1988.
  48. ↑ Raczka, Witt (2015-11-30). Unholy Land: In Search of Hope in Israel/Palestine. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN   9780761866732.
  49. ↑ Rubinstein, Danny. Inflammatory legends, Haaretz , November 15, 2004.
  50. ↑ Shelef 2018 , pp.  5 – 7
  51. ↑ Omer, Atalia (2025). "Turning Palestine into a Terra Nullius : On Amalek and "Miracles"". Journal of Genocide Research: 17. doi:10.1080/14623528.2025.2504737.

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