United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379

Last updated

UN General Assembly
Resolution 3379
A forest of national flags welcomed a delegation of US Senators who came to Israel (FL62043414).jpg
Flag of Israel
Date10 November 1975
Meeting no.2400
CodeA/RES/3379 (Document)
SubjectElimination of all forms of racial discrimination
Voting summary
  • 72 voted for
  • 35 voted against
  • 32 abstained
ResultAdopted, but revoked on 16 December 1991

United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379, adopted on 10 November 1975, "Determines that Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination" with 72 votes in favour, 35 votes against, and 32 abstentions. It was revoked by Resolution 46/86, adopted on 16 December 1991 with 111 votes in favour, 25 votes against, and 13 abstentions. [1] The vote for Resolution 3379 was held nearly one year after the adoption of Resolution 3236 and Resolution 3237: the former recognized the "Question of Palestine" and invited the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) to participate in international diplomacy; and the latter designated the PLO as a non-member Assembly observer following the "Olive Branch Speech" by Palestinian political leader Yasser Arafat.

Contents

In the context of the Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, adopted on 10 November 1963, Resolution 3379 officially condemned the national ideology of the State of Israel. It was sponsored by the Arab League and a number of Muslim-majority countries, and was chiefly supported by in-favour votes from the Second World and many African countries. Israel, which had been granted United Nations membership in 1949, voted against Resolution 3379 and subsequently condemned it, and was chiefly supported by the First World.

Background

Jewish nationalism in Palestine

In July 1920, at the San Remo conference, a Class "A" League of Nations mandate over Palestine was allocated to the British. The preamble of the mandate document declared:

Whereas the Principal Allied Powers have also agreed that the Mandatory should be responsible for putting into effect the declaration originally made on November 2nd, 1917, by the Government of His Britannic Majesty, and adopted by the said Powers, in favour of the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, it being clearly understood that nothing should be done which might prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country. [2]

UN Partition Plan for Palestine

On 29 November 1947, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution recommending "to the United Kingdom, as the mandatory Power for Palestine, and to all other Members of the United Nations the adoption and implementation, with regard to the future government of Palestine, of the Plan of Partition with Economic Union" as Resolution 181 (II). [3] The plan contained a proposal to terminate the British Mandate for Palestine and partition Palestine into "independent Arab and Jewish States and the Special International Regime for the City of Jerusalem." On 14 May 1948, the day on which the British Mandate over Palestine expired, the Jewish People's Council gathered at the Tel Aviv Museum, and approved a proclamation which declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel . [4]

On 11 May 1949, Israel was admitted to membership in the United Nations. [5]

Text of Resolution 3379

The full text of Resolution 3379: [6] [7]

3379 (XXX). Elimination of all forms of racial discrimination

The General Assembly,

Recalling its resolution 1904 (XVIII) of 20 November 1963, proclaiming the United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, and in particular its affirmation that "any doctrine of racial differentiation or superiority is scientifically false, morally condemnable, socially unjust and dangerous" and its expression of alarm at "the manifestations of racial discrimination still in evidence in some areas in the world, some of which are imposed by certain Governments by means of legislative, administrative or other measures",

Recalling also that, in its resolution 3151 G (XXVIII) of 14 December 1973, the General Assembly condemned, inter alia, the unholy alliance between South African racism and zionism,

Taking note of the Declaration of Mexico on the Equality of Women and Their Contribution to Development and Peace 1975, proclaimed by the World Conference of the International Women's Year, held at Mexico City from 19 June to 2 July 1975, which promulgated the principle that "international co-operation and peace require the achievement of national liberation and independence, the elimination of colonialism and neo-colonialism, foreign occupation, zionism, apartheid and racial discrimination in all its forms, as well as the recognition of the dignity of peoples and their right to self-determination",

Taking note also of resolution 77 (XII) adopted by the Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the Organization of African Unity at its twelfth ordinary session, held at Kampala from 28 July to 1 August 1975, which considered "that the racist regime in occupied Palestine and the racist regime in Zimbabwe and South Africa have a common imperialist origin, forming a whole and having the same racist structure and being organically linked in their policy aimed at repression of the dignity and integrity of the human being",

Taking note also of the Political Declaration and Strategy to Strengthen International Peace and Security and to Intensify Solidarity and Mutual Assistance among Non-Aligned Countries, adopted at the Conference of Ministers for Foreign Affairs of Non-Aligned Countries held at Lima from 25 to 30 August 1975, which most severely condemned zionism as a threat to world peace and security and called upon all countries to oppose this racist and imperialist ideology,

Determines that Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination.

Votes of Resolution 3379

Voting record UNGA 3379 Map.png
Voting record
In favour (72)
25 states sponsoring
Abstaining (32)Against (35)
Flag of Afghanistan (1974-1978).svg Afghanistan
Flag of Albania (1946-1992).svg  Albania
Flag of Algeria.svg Algeria
Flag of Bahrain.svg Bahrain
Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh
Flag of Brazil (1968-1992).svg Brazil
Flag of Bulgaria (1971-1990).svg  Bulgaria
Flag of Burundi.svg Burundi
Flag of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1951-1991).svg Byelorussian SSR
Flag of Cameroon.svg Cameroon
Flag of Cape Verde (1975-1992).svg Cape Verde
Flag of Chad.svg Chad
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China
Flag of the People's Republic of the Congo.svg  Congo
Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba
Flag of Cyprus (1960-2006).svg Cyprus
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechoslovakia
Flag of Benin.svg Dahomey
Flag of South Yemen.svg South Yemen
Flag of Egypt (1972-1984).svg Egypt
Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg Equatorial Guinea
Flag of The Gambia.svg The Gambia
Flag of East Germany.svg East Germany
Flag of Grenada.svg Grenada
Flag of Guinea.svg Guinea
Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg Guinea-Bissau
Flag of Guyana.svg Guyana
Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary
Flag of India.svg India
Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia
State flag of Iran (1964-1980).svg  Iran
Flag of Iraq (1963-1991).svg  Iraq
Flag of Jordan.svg Jordan
Flag of Cambodia.svg Kampuchea
Flag of Kuwait.svg Kuwait
Flag of Laos (1952-1975).svg  Laos
Flag of Lebanon.svg Lebanon
Flag of Libya (1972-1977).svg Libya
Flag of Madagascar.svg Madagascar
Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia
Flag of Maldives.svg Maldives
Flag of Mali.svg Mali
Flag of Malta.svg Malta
Flag of Mauritania (1959-2017).svg Mauritania
Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico
Flag of the People's Republic of Mongolia (1945-1992).svg  Mongolia
Flag of Morocco.svg Morocco
Flag of Mozambique (1975-1983).svg Mozambique
Flag of Niger.svg Niger
Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria
Old Flag of Oman.svg Oman
Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan
Flag of Poland (1928-1980).svg  Poland
Flag of Portugal (official).svg Portugal
Flag of Qatar.svg Qatar
Flag of Rwanda (1961-2001).svg Rwanda
Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg São Tomé and Príncipe
Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Arabia
Flag of Senegal.svg Senegal
Flag of Somalia.svg Somalia
Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union
Flag of Sri Lanka.svg Sri Lanka
Flag of Sudan.svg Sudan
Flag of Syria (1972-1980).svg Syria
Flag of Tunisia.svg Tunisia
Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey
Flag of Uganda.svg Uganda
Flag of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1949-1991).svg Ukrainian SSR
Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg United Arab Emirates
Flag of Tanzania.svg Tanzania
Flag of the Yemen Arab Republic.svg Yemen
Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg  Yugoslavia
Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina
Flag of Bhutan.svg Bhutan
Flag of Bolivia.svg Bolivia
Flag of Botswana.svg Botswana
Flag of Myanmar (1974-2010).svg Burma
Flag of Chile.svg Chile
Flag of Colombia.svg Colombia
Flag of Ecuador (1900-2009).svg Ecuador
Flag of Ethiopia (1975-1987).svg Ethiopia
Flag of Gabon.svg Gabon
Flag of Ghana.svg Ghana
Flag of Greece.svg Greece
Flag of Guatemala.svg Guatemala
Flag of Jamaica.svg Jamaica
Flag of Japan (1870-1999).svg Japan
Flag of Kenya.svg Kenya
Flag of Lesotho (1966-1987).svg Lesotho
Flag of Mauritius.svg Mauritius
Flag of Nepal.svg  Nepal
Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg Papua New Guinea
Flag of Paraguay (1954-1988).svg Paraguay
Flag of Peru.svg Peru
Flag of the Philippines (navy blue).svg Philippines
Flag of Sierra Leone.svg Sierra Leone
Flag of Singapore.svg Singapore
Flag of Thailand (1917-2017).svg Thailand
Flag of Togo (3-2).svg Togo
Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg Trinidad and Tobago
Flag of Upper Volta.svg Upper Volta
Flag of Venezuela (1954-2006).svg Venezuela
Flag of Zaire (1971-1997).svg Zaire
Flag of Zambia (1964-1996).svg Zambia
Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia
Flag of Austria.svg Austria
Flag of the Bahamas.svg Bahamas
Flag of Barbados.svg Barbados
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada
Flag of the Central African Republic.svg Central African Republic
Flag of Costa Rica.svg Costa Rica
Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark
Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Dominican Republic
Flag of El Salvador.svg El Salvador
Flag of Fiji.svg Fiji
Flag of Finland.svg Finland
Flag of France.svg France
Flag of Germany.svg West Germany
Flag of Haiti (1964-1986).svg Haiti
Flag of Honduras (1949-2022).svg Honduras
Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland
Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland
Flag of Israel.svg Israel
Flag of Italy (1946-2003).svg Italy
Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg Ivory Coast
Flag of Liberia.svg Liberia
Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg
Flag of Malawi.svg Malawi
Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands
Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand
Flag of Nicaragua.svg Nicaragua
Flag of Norway.svg Norway
Flag of Panama.svg Panama
Flag of Eswatini.svg Swaziland
Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom
Flag of the United States (Web Colors).svg United States
Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay
Source: United Nations Bibliographic Information System [8]

Response

Israel

In his address to the United Nations General Assembly the same day, 10 November 1975, Israeli Ambassador Chaim Herzog stated: [9]

"I can point with pride to the Arab ministers who have served in my government; to the Arab deputy speaker of my Parliament; to Arab officers and men serving of their own volition in our border and police defense forces, frequently commanding Jewish troops; to the hundreds of thousands of Arabs from all over the Middle East crowding the cities of Israel every year; to the thousands of Arabs from all over the Middle East coming for medical treatment to Israel; to the peaceful coexistence which has developed; to the fact that Arabic is an official language in Israel on a par with Hebrew; to the fact that it is as natural for an Arab to serve in public office in Israel as it is incongruous to think of a Jew serving in any public office in an Arab country, indeed being admitted to many of them. Is that racism? It is not! That ... is Zionism."

Herzog ended his statement, while holding a copy of the resolution, with these words:

"For us, the Jewish people, this resolution based on hatred, falsehood and arrogance, is devoid of any moral or legal value. For us, the Jewish people, this is no more than a piece of paper and we shall treat it as such."

As he concluded his speech, Herzog tore the resolution in half.

The name of the "UN Avenue" in Haifa, Jerusalem and Tel Aviv was switched to the "Zionism Avenue" as a response to the UN's decision. [10]

United States

Before the vote, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, the United States ambassador to the United Nations, warned that, "The United Nations is about to make anti-Semitism international law." [11] He delivered a speech against the resolution, including the famous line, "[The United States] does not acknowledge, it will not abide by, it will never acquiesce in this infamous act ... A great evil has been loosed upon the world." [12]

In Campbell, California, in the United States, a group of high school students attempted to solicit signatures on the premises of a local shopping center for a petition against Resolution 3379. The result was the landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision in Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins (1980) that supported states' rights to expand the exercise of free speech, which California held was legal in what were considered public areas of a shopping mall. [13]

Mexico's vote in favor of the resolution led some United States Jews to organize a tourism boycott of Mexico. This ended after Mexican foreign minister Emilio Óscar Rabasa made a trip to Israel (Rabasa shortly afterward was forced to resign). [14] [15]

Revocation

UN General Assembly
Resolution 46/86
Date16 December 1991
Meeting no.74
CodeA/RES/46/86 (Document)
SubjectElimination of racism and racial discrimination
Voting summary
  • 111 voted for
  • 25 voted against
  • 13 abstained
ResultAdopted

United Nations General Assembly Resolution 46/86, adopted on 16 December 1991, revoked Resolution 3379's designation of Zionism as a form of racism and racial discrimination. [1] Israel had made the revocation a condition for its participation in the Madrid Conference of 1991. [16] The vote on Resolution 46/86 was held shortly after the Gulf War with sponsorship by 88 countries, including the overwhelming majority of both the First World and the Second World, and was chiefly supported by many African countries. The Arab League, most Muslim-majority countries, and four other countries (Cuba, North Korea, Sri Lanka, and Vietnam) voted against it.

In total, the motion to revoke Resolution 3379 received 111 votes in favour, 25 votes against, and 13 abstentions.

Motion by the United States

Resolution 46/86 was raised under pressure from the United States, [17] and American president George H. W. Bush personally introduced the motion to revoke Resolution 3379 with the following statement:

UNGA Resolution 3379, the so-called "Zionism is racism" resolution, mocks this pledge and the principles upon which the United Nations was founded. And I call now for its repeal. Zionism is not a policy; it is the idea that led to the creation of a home for the Jewish people, to the State of Israel. And to equate Zionism with the intolerable sin of racism is to twist history and forget the terrible plight of Jews in World War II and, indeed, throughout history. To equate Zionism with racism is to reject Israel itself, a member of good standing of the United Nations. This body cannot claim to seek peace and at the same time challenge Israel's right to exist. By repealing this resolution unconditionally, the United Nations will enhance its credibility and serve the cause of peace. [17]

Text of Resolution 46/86

The full text of the revocation was simply: [18] [19]

"The General Assembly decides to revoke the determination contained in its resolution 3379 (XXX) of 10 November 1975."

Votes of Resolution 46/86

Voting record UNGA 4686 Map.png
Voting record
In favour (111)
88 states sponsoring
Abstaining (13)Against (25)Absent (15)
Flag of Albania (1946-1992).svg  Albania
Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg Antigua and Barbuda
Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina
Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia
Flag of Austria.svg Austria
Flag of the Bahamas.svg Bahamas
Flag of Barbados.svg Barbados
Flag of Belarus (1918, 1991-1995).svg Belarus
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium
Flag of Belize.svg Belize
Flag of Benin.svg Benin
Flag of Bhutan.svg Bhutan
Flag of Bolivia.svg Bolivia
Flag of Botswana.svg Botswana
Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil
Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria
Flag of Burundi.svg Burundi
Flag of the State of Cambodia.svg Cambodia
Flag of Cameroon.svg Cameroon
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada
Flag of Cape Verde (1975-1992).svg Cape Verde
Flag of the Central African Republic.svg Central African Republic
Flag of Chile.svg Chile
Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg Congo
Flag of Costa Rica.svg Costa Rica
Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg Côte d’Ivoire
Flag of Cyprus (1960-2006).svg Cyprus
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czechoslovakia
Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark
Flag of Dominica.svg Dominica
Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Dominican Republic
Flag of Ecuador.svg Ecuador
Flag of El Salvador.svg El Salvador
Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia
Flag of Fiji.svg Fiji
Flag of Finland.svg Finland
Flag of France.svg France
Flag of Gabon.svg Gabon
Flag of The Gambia.svg The Gambia
Flag of Germany.svg Germany
Flag of Greece.svg Greece
Flag of Grenada.svg Grenada
Flag of Guatemala.svg Guatemala
Flag of Guyana.svg Guyana
Flag of Haiti.svg Haiti
Flag of Honduras (1949-2022).svg Honduras
Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary
Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland
Flag of India.svg India
Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland
Flag of Israel.svg Israel
Flag of Italy (1946-2003).svg Italy
Flag of Jamaica.svg Jamaica
Flag of Japan (1870-1999).svg Japan
Flag of Kenya.svg Kenya
Flag of Lesotho (1987-2006).svg Lesotho
Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia
Flag of Liberia.svg Liberia
Flag of Lithuania (1988-2004).svg Lithuania
Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg
Flag of Madagascar.svg Madagascar
Flag of Malta.svg Malta
Flag of Malawi.svg Malawi
Flag of the Marshall Islands.svg Marshall Islands
Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico
Flag of the People's Republic of Mongolia (1945-1992).svg  Mongolia
Flag of the Federated States of Micronesia.svg Micronesia
Flag of Mozambique.svg Mozambique
Flag of Namibia.svg Namibia
Flag of Nepal.svg  Nepal
Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands
Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand
Flag of Nicaragua.svg Nicaragua
Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria
Flag of Norway.svg Norway
Flag of Panama.svg Panama
Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg Papua New Guinea
Flag of Paraguay (1988-1990).svg Paraguay
Flag of Peru.svg Peru
Flag of the Philippines (navy blue).svg Philippines
Flag of Poland.svg Poland
Flag of Portugal (official).svg Portugal
Flag of South Korea (1984-1997).svg South Korea
Flag of Romania.svg Romania
Flag of Rwanda (1961-2001).svg Rwanda
Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg Saint Kitts and Nevis
Flag of Saint Lucia (1979-2002).svg Saint Lucia
Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg São Tomé and Príncipe
Flag of Seychelles (1977-1996).svg Seychelles
Flag of Sierra Leone.svg Sierra Leone
Flag of Singapore.svg Singapore
Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg Solomon Islands
Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union
Flag of Spain.svg Spain
Flag of Suriname.svg Suriname
Flag of Eswatini.svg Swaziland
Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden
Flag of Thailand.svg Thailand
Flag of Togo (3-2).svg Togo
Flag of Ukraine (1991-1992).svg Ukraine
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom
Flag of the United States.svg United States
Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay
Flag of Venezuela (1954-2006).svg Venezuela
Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg Yugoslavia
Flag of Zaire (1971-1997).svg Zaire
Flag of Zambia (1964-1996).svg Zambia
Flag of Angola.svg Angola
Flag of Burkina Faso.svg Burkina Faso
Flag of Ethiopia (1991-1996).svg Ethiopia
Flag of Ghana.svg Ghana
Flag of Laos.svg Laos
Flag of Maldives.svg Maldives
Flag of Mauritius.svg Mauritius
Flag of Myanmar (1974-2010).svg Myanmar
Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg Trinidad and Tobago
Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey
Flag of Uganda.svg Uganda
Flag of Tanzania.svg Tanzania
Flag of Zimbabwe.svg Zimbabwe
Flag of Afghanistan (1987-1992).svg Afghanistan
Flag of Algeria.svg Algeria
Flag of Brunei.svg Brunei
Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh
Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba
Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea
Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia
Flag of Iran.svg Iran
Flag of Iraq (1963-1991).svg  Iraq
Flag of Jordan.svg Jordan
Flag of Lebanon.svg Lebanon
Flag of Libya (1977-2011).svg Libya
Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia
Flag of Mali.svg Mali
Flag of Mauritania (1959-2017).svg Mauritania
Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan
Flag of Qatar.svg Qatar
Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Arabia
Flag of Somalia.svg Somalia
Flag of Sri Lanka.svg Sri Lanka
Flag of Sudan.svg Sudan
Flag of the United Arab Republic (1958-1971), Flag of Syria (1980-2024).svg Syrian Arab Republic
Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg United Arab Emirates
Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam
Flag of Yemen.svg Yemen
Flag of Bahrain.svg Bahrain
Flag of Chad.svg Chad
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China
Flag of the Comoros (1978-1992).svg Comoros
Flag of Djibouti.svg Djibouti
Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt
Flag of Guinea.svg Guinea
Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg Guinea-Bissau
Flag of Kuwait.svg Kuwait
Flag of Morocco.svg Morocco
Flag of Niger.svg Niger
Flag of Oman.svg Oman
Flag of Senegal.svg Senegal
Flag of South Africa (1982-1994).svg South Africa
Flag of Tunisia.svg Tunisia
Flag of Vanuatu.svg Vanuatu
Source: United Nations Bibliographic Information System [20]

Legacy

On 21 June 2004, while inaugurating the first United Nations conference on the issue of antisemitism, the Secretary-General of the United Nations Kofi Annan stated that "the actions of the United Nations on the issue of antisemitism have not always been worthy of its ideals. It is deplorable that the General Assembly adopted in 1975 a resolution which assimilated Zionism with racism and I welcome that it later came back on its position". [21]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Lewis, Paul (17 December 1991). "U.N. Repeals Its '75 Resolution Equating Zionism With Racism". The New York Times . Archived from the original on 11 January 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
  2. "The Avalon Project : The Palestine Mandate" . Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  3. "Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel". United Nations. 29 November 1947. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
  4. "Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel". GxMSDev. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  5. Admission of Israel to UN: Retrieved 24 May 2013 Archived 15 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  6. Resolution 3379: Elimination of all forms of racial discrimination Archived 6 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine . UNGA, 10 November 1975 (doc.nr. A/RES/3379 (XXX))
  7. "Elimination of all forms of racial discrimination: Zionism as racism - GA resolution". Question of Palestine. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  8. "UNBISnet". Archived from the original on 31 December 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  9. Blaisdell, Bob (18 August 2014). Great Speeches of the 20th Century. Courier Corporation. p. 163. ISBN   9780486315560 . Retrieved 9 November 2017.
  10. פדן, יחיעם (2005). Tel Aviv-Jaffa Streets Guide (PDF). p. 158.
  11. Gil Troy, "Moynihan's Moment: America's Fight Against Zionism is Racism", page 134
  12. Stanley Meisler, United Nations: A History, 2011, page 215
  13. "Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  14. "Mexican Heritage Almanac". Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
  15. "Estudios Interdisciplinarios de América Latina y el Caribe" . Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  16. "260 General Assembly Resolution 46-86- Revocation of Resolution 3379- 16 December 1991- and statement by President Herzog". GxMSDev. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  17. 1 2 Address to the 46th Session of the United Nations General Assembly in New York City. 23 September 1991. The American Presidency Project
  18. "A/RES/46/86 of 16 December 1991". 7 December 2012. Archived from the original on 7 December 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  19. "Racism and racial discrimination/Revocation of resolution 3379 ("Zionism as racism") - GA resolution". Question of Palestine. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  20. "UNBISnet" . Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  21. "Message du Secrétaire général : L'antisémitisme a été le signe avant-coureur d'autres formes de discrimination". United Nations . 21 June 2004.