Chaim Herzog

Last updated • 9 min readFrom Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Aura Ambache
(m. 1947)
Chaim Herzog
חיים הרצוג
Chaim herzog.jpeg
Herzog in 1954
6th President of Israel
In office
5 May 1983 13 May 1993
Children4, including Isaac and Michael
Relatives Herzog family
Alma mater University College London
University of London
Signature Chaim Herzog Signature from the Goldman Collection.png
Nickname"Vivian"
Military service
AllegianceUnited Kingdom (1943–47)
Israel (1948–62)
Branch/service British Army
Israel Defence Forces
Rank Major (UK)
Major-general (Israel)
Battles/wars World War II
1948 Arab–Israeli War

Chaim Herzog (Hebrew : חיים הרצוג; 17 September 1918 – 17 April 1997) [1] was an Israeli politician, military officer, lawyer and author who served as the sixth president of Israel between 1983 and 1993. Born in Belfast and raised primarily in Dublin, the son of Ireland's Chief Rabbi Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog, he immigrated to Mandatory Palestine in 1935 and served in the Haganah Jewish paramilitary group during the 1936–1939 Arab revolt. He returned to Palestine after the war and, following the end of the British Mandate and Israel's Declaration of Independence in 1948, fought in the Battles of Latrun during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. He retired from the Israel Defence Forces in 1962 with the rank of major-general.

Contents

After leaving the military, Herzog practised law. In 1972 he was a co-founder of Herzog, Fox & Ne'eman, which would become one of Israel's largest law firms. Between 1975 and 1978 he served as Israel's Permanent Representative to the United Nations, in which capacity he denounced UN General Assembly Resolution 3379—the "Zionism is Racism" resolution—and symbolically tore it up before the assembly. Herzog entered politics in the 1981 elections, winning a Knesset seat as a member of the Alignment. Two years later, in March 1983, he was elected to the largely ceremonial role of President. He served for two five-year terms before retiring in 1993. He died four years later and was buried on Mount Herzl, Jerusalem.

His son Isaac Herzog, who between 2013 and 2017 led the Israeli Labor Party and was the parliamentary Opposition in the Knesset, is the incumbent President of Israel. The pair are the first father and son to have served as the nation's president. [1]

Biography

Chaim Herzog was born on Cliftonpark Avenue in Belfast in Ulster as the son of Rabbi Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog, who was Chief Rabbi of Ireland from 1919 to 1937 (and later of Mandatory Palestine and the State of Israel), and his wife Sarah (née Hillman). [2] [3] His father was born in Łomża in what was then Congress Poland, part of the Russian Empire, and his mother Sarah Herzog was born in Radviliškis in Lithuania, also part of the Russian Empire at that time; his maternal grandfather was the Orthodox Jewish Talmudic scholar Shmuel Yitzchak Hillman. The family home from 1919 was at 33 Bloomfield Avenue, Portobello, Dublin.

Herzog with his mother (1945) CHAIM HERZOG IN A BRITISH ARMY UNIFORM POSING WITH HIS MOTHER, RABBANIT SARA HERZOG. KHyym hrTSvg bmdy hTSbA hbryty `m Amv hrbnyt SHrh hrTSvg.D63-095.jpg
Herzog with his mother (1945)

Herzog's father, a fluent Irish speaker, was known as "the Sinn Féin Rabbi" for his support of the First Dáil and the Irish republican cause during the Irish War of Independence. [4] Herzog studied at Wesley College, Dublin, and was involved with the Federation of Zionist Youth and Habonim Dror , the Labour Zionist movement, during his teenage years.

He emigrated to Mandatory Palestine in 1935; Herzog subsequently served in the Jewish paramilitary group Haganah during the 1936–39 Arab revolt. He studied at University College, London (UCL), and was awarded Bachelor of Laws from the University of London in 1941.

Herzog upon completion of his Law Degree CHAIM HERZOG UPON COMPLETION OF HIS LAW DEGREE IN LONDON. KHyym hrTSvg lAKHr syvm lymvdy hmSHptym blvndvn.D63-099.jpg
Herzog upon completion of his Law Degree

He later qualified as a barrister at Lincoln's Inn. Following his time at university, Herzog held the position of Chairman of the Union of Jewish Students (at that time named the Inter-University Jewish Federation). [5]

Military career

Herzog in the British Army CHAIM HERZOG IN BRITISH ARMY UNIFORM. KHyym hrTSvg bmdy hTSbA hbryty.D63-097.jpg
Herzog in the British Army

Herzog joined the British Army during the Second World War, operating primarily in Germany as a tank commander in the Royal Armoured Corps. [2] There, he was given his lifelong parallel name of "Vivian" because his first commander could not pronounce "Chaim"; but another Jewish soldier explained to the commander that "Vivian" was the English equivalent of "Chaim". [6] He was commissioned into the Intelligence Corps in 1943. [7] Herzog participated in the liberation of several Nazi concentration camps as well as identifying a captured German soldier as Heinrich Himmler. [8] He left the British Army in March 1947 as a war substantive captain and was granted the honorary rank of Major. [9]

Immediately following the war, he returned to Palestine. After the establishment of the State of Israel, he fought in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, serving as an officer in the battles for Latrun. His intelligence experience during the Second World War was seen as a valuable asset, and he subsequently became head of the IDF Military Intelligence Branch, a position in which he served from 1948 to 1950 and again from 1959 to 1962. From 1950 to 1954, he served as defence attaché at the Israeli Embassy in the United States. Herzog left Washington in September 1954. A State Department official had informed him that he was about to be declared persona non grata . The decision to expel him had been taken following an FBI investigation into his attempt to recruit a Jordanian diplomat. [10] He retired from the IDF in 1962 with the rank of major-general.

After leaving the army, Herzog opened a private law practice. He returned to public life in 1967, when the Six-Day War broke out, as a military commentator for Kol Israel radio news. Following the capture of the West Bank, he was appointed Military Governor of the West Bank, including East Jerusalem.

Herzog in 1969 Dan Hadani collection (990044420180205171).jpg
Herzog in 1969

In 1972, he went into partnership with Michael Fox and Yaakov Neeman, and established the law firm of Herzog, Fox & Neeman, one of the largest law firms in Israel. [11]

Diplomatic and political career

Herzog visiting Beit Yitzhak in 1985 PikiWiki Israel 7348 Visiting President Herzog in Beit-itzhak.jpg
Herzog visiting Beit Yitzhak in 1985

In 1975, Herzog was appointed Israel's Ambassador to the United Nations, in which capacity he served until 1978. During his term the UN adopted the "Zionism is Racism" resolution (General Assembly Resolution 3379), which Herzog condemned and symbolically tore up (as his father had done to one of the British white papers regarding the British Mandate in Palestine), saying: "For us, the Jewish people, this resolution based on hatred, falsehood and arrogance, is devoid of any moral or legal value. For us, the Jewish people, this is no more than a piece of paper and we shall treat it as such." In recent years British historians headed by Simon Sebag-Montefiore have included this speech in a book on speeches that changed the world, which includes others by Martin Luther King Jr., Nelson Mandela, Winston Churchill and John F. Kennedy. [12] Furthermore, Herzog raised the voice against the indifference of some Jewish leaders who seemed "to act with indifference" to the light of the said condemnation against Zionism, he asked then: "Where is the Jewish people?" in The New York Times article titled: "Herzog Asserts Jews Didn't Aid Israelis in U.N. Zionism Debate". [13] After the publication of the editorial, "several letters of support arrived to the Israel delegation at the United Nations", he had become a hero for the common Jewish American citizen. [14]

In the 1981 elections, Herzog entered politics for the first time, winning a seat in the Knesset as a member of the Alignment, the predecessor to the Labor Party.

President of Israel

Herzog in his later years Presidherzog.jpg
Herzog in his later years

On 22 March 1983, Herzog was elected by the Knesset to serve as the sixth President of Israel, by a vote of 61 to 57, against Menachem Elon, the candidate of the right and the government coalition. He assumed office on 5 May 1983 and served two five-year terms (then the maximum permitted by Israeli basic law), retiring from political life in 1993. As president of Israel, Herzog made a number of visits abroad, being the first Israeli president to make an official visit to Germany, as well as visiting several far-east countries, such as Singapore, Australia, and New Zealand. He was also noted for pardoning the Shin Bet agent involved in the Kav 300 affair.

In 1985, during his state visit to the Republic of Ireland, Herzog visited Wesley College, Dublin, opened the Irish Jewish Museum in Dublin, and unveiled a sculpture in honour of his childhood friend, Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh, former Chief Justice of Ireland and, later, the fifth President of Ireland, in Sneem Culture Park, County Kerry.

Herzog was an opponent of Saddam Hussein's regime in Iraq, to which he referred to as a nest "of world terror". He said the world largely dismissed Israel's warnings that Baghdad was becoming a capital of world terrorism, adding that some Western countries helped Hussein develop into a military power. [15]

President Herzog reduced the sentences of Menachem Livni, Uzi Sharbaf and Shaul Nir, members of the Jewish Underground, who were sentenced to life imprisonment for the 1984 murder of four Palestinians in the West Bank town of Hebron. Herzog reduced the sentences, first to 24 years, then to 15 years, and in 1989, to 10 years, which enabled the men to be released two years later on good behaviour. [16] [17]

Commemoration

In 1998, the Ulster History Circle unveiled a commemorative blue plaque to Herzog at his birthplace on Cliftonpark Avenue, Belfast. The plaque was removed in August 2014 because it had been repeatedly vandalised with anti-Israel slogans. DUP councillor Brian Kingston said, "This is a shocking indication of the level of tension and anti-Semitism which currently exists in parts of Belfast." [18] [19]

A park is also named for him, Herzog Park, in Rathgar in south Dublin. [20]

A major thoroughfare in Jerusalem, Shderot Hanassi Hashishi (Sixth President Boulevard) is named for him. [21]

Personal life

Herzog's grave on Mount Herzl Chaim Herzog gravestone.jpg
Herzog's grave on Mount Herzl

Death

Herzog died on 17 April 1997 in Tel Aviv, from heart failure caused by pneumonia, at the age of 78. [1] He is buried on Mount Herzl in Jerusalem.

Family

Herzog's father was Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog, chief rabbi of Ireland and later Israel. His brother Yaakov Herzog served as Israel's ambassador to Canada and later as Director General of the Prime Minister's Office. His brother-in-law was diplomat Abba Eban, their wives being sisters. He had four children, including Isaac Herzog, a politician who was the chairman of the Israeli Labor Party and chairman of the Jewish Agency and is now President of Israel, the first son of a president to serve as such. [22]

Works and publications

Chaim Herzog Memorial stone in Auschwitz.JPG
Herzog memorial stone in Auschwitz
Herzog plaque.png
Plaque on the Belfast house in which Herzog was born, 2011

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References

  1. 1 2 3 Pace, Eric (18 April 1997). "Chaim Herzog, Former Israeli President, Dies at 78". The New York Times . Retrieved 6 June 2016.
  2. 1 2 "Herzog, Chaim (1918–1997)". Israel and Zionism. The Department for Jewish Zionist Education. Archived from the original on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 5 November 2007.
  3. "Sara Herzog Dead at 82". JTA. 16 January 1979. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  4. Benson, Asher (2007). Jewish Dublin. Dublin: A&A Farmer Ltd. p. 22. ISBN   978-1-906353-00-1.
  5. Sunshine, Nick (27 June 2019). "UJS celebrates its centenary today, and we feel blessed". www.thejc.com. Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 6 December 2021.
  6. Herzog, Living History, p. 47.
  7. "Supplement 36274". The London Gazette. 3 December 1943. p. 5331. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  8. "Israeli statesman Chaim Herzog dies". The Washington Post. 18 April 1997. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  9. "No. 37899". The London Gazette (Supplement). 4 March 1947. p. 1116.
  10. Middle East International No 266, 10 January 1986, Publishers Lord Mayhew, Dennis Walters MP; Wilbur Crane Eveland III p. 14
  11. Noam Sharvit (26 June 2006). "BDI: Herzog, Fox & Neeman remains top Israeli law firm". Globes. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  12. "Herzog speech on Zionism makes history". Ynetnews. 26 June 2007. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  13. "Herzog Asserts Jews Didn't Aid Israelis in U.N. Zionism Debate". The New York Times. 25 October 1975.
  14. Katz Gugenheim, Ariela (2019). Boicot. El pleito de Echeverría con Israel (in Spanish). Mexico: Universidad Iberoamericana/Cal y Arena. ISBN   978-607-8564-17-0. Archived from the original on 10 April 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
  15. Steve Padilla; Ronald L. Soble (19 November 1990). "Herzog Calls Iraq a Nest of Terrorism". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
  16. "3 Israeli Terrorists Are Released In 4th Reduction of Their Terms". The New York Times. Associated Press. 27 December 1990. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  17. Alan Cowell (7 June 1989). "Documents given to Arabs in Gaza". The New York Times . Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  18. "A distant conflict resonates in Northern Ireland". The Economist. 3 August 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  19. "Chaim Herzog son saddened that Belfast plaque removed". BBC News. 13 August 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  20. "Herzog Park | Dublin City Council". www.dublincity.ie. 21 May 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  21. Let us tour Eretz Yisroel
  22. Hoffman, Gil (2 June 2021). "Isaac Herzog elected 11th President of Israel by wide margin". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
Military offices
Preceded by Head of Southern Command
1958
Succeeded by
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by Permanent Representative of Israel to the
United Nations

1975–1978
Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by President of Israel
1983–1993
Succeeded by