The 2017 International Court of Justice election took place from 9 to 20 November 2017 at the United Nations Headquarters in New York City. [1] [2] In the set of triennial elections, the General Assembly and the Security Council concurrently elect five judges to the Court for nine-year terms, in this case beginning on 6 February 2018. From the seven candidates, the five winners were Abdulqawi Yusuf (Somalia), Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade (Brazil), Nawaf Salam (Lebanon), Ronny Abraham (France) and Dalveer Bhandari (India). [3]
The International Court of Justice (ICJ), based in The Hague, is one of the principal organs of the United Nations. Also known as the World Court, it adjudicates legal disputes between states, and provides advisory opinions on legal questions submitted by other UN organs or agencies.
The court consists of 15 judges, with five judges elected every three years. (In the case of death or other vacancy, a judge is elected for the remainder of the term.) Judges are required to be independent and impartial; they may not exercise any political or administrative function, and do not act as a representative of their home state.
Elections of members of the Court are governed by articles 2 through 15 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice.
Prior to the election, the composition of the Court was as follows:
Judge | Term starts / renewed | Term ends |
---|---|---|
Ronny Abraham , President | 2005, [4] 2009 | 2018 |
Abdulqawi Yusuf , Vice-President | 2009 | 2018 |
Christopher Greenwood | 2009 | 2018 |
Dalveer Bhandari | 2012 [4] | 2018 |
Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade | 2009 | 2018 |
Peter Tomka | 2003, 2012 | 2021 |
Hisashi Owada | 2003, 2012 | 2021 |
Xue Hanqin | 2010, [4] 2012 | 2021 |
Julia Sebutinde | 2012 | 2021 |
Giorgio Gaja | 2012 | 2021 |
Mohamed Bennouna | 2006, 2015 | 2024 |
Joan Donoghue | 2010, [4] 2015 | 2024 |
Patrick Lipton Robinson | 2015 | 2024 |
Kirill Gevorgian | 2015 | 2024 |
James Crawford | 2015 | 2024 |
Unusually, all the five judges whose term was to expire, were candidates for re-election.
The General Assembly and the Security Council proceed, independently of one another, to elect five members of the Court.
To be elected, a candidate must obtain an absolute majority of votes both in the General Assembly and in the Security Council. The words “absolute majority” are interpreted as meaning a majority of all electors, whether or not they vote or are allowed to vote. Thus 97 votes constitute an absolute majority in the General Assembly and 8 votes constitute an absolute majority in the Security Council (with no distinction being made between permanent and non-permanent members of the Security Council).
Only those candidates whose names appear on the ballot papers are eligible for election. Each elector in the General Assembly and in the Security Council may vote for not more than five candidates on the first ballot and, on subsequent ballots for five less the number of candidates who have already obtained an absolute majority.
When five candidates have obtained the required majority in one of the organs, the president of that organ notifies the president of the other organ of the names of the five candidates. The president of the latter does not communicate such names to the members of that organ until that organ itself has given five candidates the required majority of votes.
After both the General Assembly and the Security Council have produced a list of five names that received an absolute majority of the votes, the two lists are compared. Any candidate appearing on both lists is elected. But if fewer than five candidates have been thus elected (as happened in 2017), the two organs proceed, again independently of one another, at a second meeting and, if necessary, a third meeting to elect candidates by further ballots for seats remaining vacant, the results again being compared after the required number of candidates have obtained an absolute majority in each organ.
If after the third meeting, one or more seats still remain unfilled, the General Assembly and the Security Council may form a joint conference consisting of six members, three appointed by each organ. This joint conference may, by an absolute majority, agree upon one name for each seat still vacant and submit the name for the respective acceptance of the General Assembly and the Security Council. If the joint conference is unanimously agreed, it may submit the name of a person not included in the list of nominations, provided that candidate fulfills the required conditions of eligibility to be a judge on the ICJ.
If the General Assembly and the Security Council ultimately are unable to fill one or more vacant seats, then the judges of the ICJ who have already been elected shall proceed to fill the vacant seats by selection from among those candidates who have obtained votes either in the General Assembly or in the Security Council. In the event of a tie vote among the judges, the eldest judge shall have a casting vote. [3] This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain : United Nations document A/72/182–S/2017/620
Article 2 of the Statute of the ICJ provides that judges shall be elected “from among persons of high moral character, who possess the qualifications required in their respective countries for appointment to the highest judicial offices, or are jurisconsults of recognized competence in international law”.
Nominations of candidates for election to the ICJ are made by individuals who sit on the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA). [5] For this purpose, members of the PCA act in "national groups" (i.e. all the PCA members from any individual country). (In the case of UN member states not represented in the PCA, the state in question may select up to four individuals to be its "national group" for the purpose of nominating candidates to the ICJ.)
Every such "national group" may nominate up to four candidates, not more than two of whom shall be of their own nationality. [6] Before making these nominations, each "national group" is recommended to consult its highest court of justice, its legal faculties and schools of law, and its national academies and national sections of international academies devoted to the study of law. [7]
By a communication dated 1 February 2017, the Secretary-General of the United Nations invited the "national groups" to undertake the nomination of persons as judges of the ICJ, and submit the nominations no later than 3 July 2017.
The nominated candidates for the 2017 election (grouped according to the informal distribution of seats among United Nations Regional Groups) were as follows: [3]
Regional group | Vacancy | Candidate | Nominating national groups |
---|---|---|---|
Africa | Abdulqawi Yusuf | Chaloka Beyani | Zambia |
Abdulqawi Yusuf | Australia, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Denmark, Finland, France, Hungary, Italy, Liechtenstein, Malta, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Somalia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom | ||
Asia-Pacific | Dalveer Bhandari | Dalveer Bhandari | Australia, Bangladesh, Colombia, India, Israel |
Nawaf Salam | France, Lebanon | ||
GRULAC | Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade | Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade | Argentina, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Finland, Greece, Hungary, Liechtenstein, Mexico, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden |
WEOG | Ronny Abraham | Ronny Abraham | Australia, Austria, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Costa Rica, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Liechtenstein, Malta, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom |
Christopher Greenwood | Christopher Greenwood | Australia, Austra, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), China, Denmark, Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, Liechtenstein, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Singapore, Slovakia, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States |
The first meeting in order to elect judges of the Court was held simultaneously at the General Assembly and the Security Council on 9 November 2017. [8] [9] [10] The Zambian delegation withdrew the candidacy of Chaloka Beyani prior to the first round of voting.
Candidate | General Assembly majority = 97 | Security Council majority = 8 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | R5 | R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | |
Ronny Abraham | 165 | 159 | 144 | 137 | 139 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 |
Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade | 153 | 150 | 131 | 131 | 127 | 11 | 11 | 8 | 10 |
Dalveer Bhandari | 149 | 141 | 120 | 121 | 118 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 7 |
Nawaf Salam | 148 | 150 | 136 | 136 | 135 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 12 |
Christopher Greenwood | 147 | 137 | 109 | 102 | 96 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 12 |
Abdulqawi Yusuf | 144 | 141 | 141 | 136 | 135 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 10 |
During the first three rounds of balloting at the Security Council and the first four rounds of balloting at the General Assembly, all six candidates received an absolute majority of votes. Therefore, each body proceeded to further rounds of balloting until only five candidates received majority support.
After each body chose five candidates, the lists were compared, resulting in Ronny Abraham, Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade, Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf and Nawaf Salam being elected to the Court after receiving majority support in both bodies. The General Assembly and Security Council then proceeded to another meeting in order to fill the fifth vacant seat, choosing between Dalveer Bhandari and Christopher Greenwood.
After the first meeting was inconclusive, the Council and the Assembly convened a second meeting on the same day. [11] [12]
Candidate | GA | SC |
---|---|---|
Dalveer Bhandari | 115 | 6 |
Christopher Greenwood | 76 | 9 |
No candidate received the required absolute majorities in both bodies.
After several rounds of voting on 9 November 2017 left one seat vacant, the General Assembly and the Security Council reconvened in order to fill that remaining vacancy, on 13 November 2017. Several rounds of voting were held, each one technically constituting a separate meeting of each body. In all rounds of voting Dalveer Bhandari received the majority of votes in the General Assembly and Christopher Greenwood received the majority of votes in the Security Council (note that the total number of votes at the Security Council was 14 rather than 15, as one of the members abstained at every round of voting). After the first round of voting on 13 November, technically the 3rd meeting of these elections, the statutory possibility emerged to convene a joint conference of representatives of the Assembly and the Council; however, no delegation raised the matter during the third or any subsequent meeting.
Candidate | Meeting 3 | Meeting 4 | Meeting 5 | Meeting 6 | Meeting 7 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GA | SC | GA | SC | GA | SC | GA | SC | GA | SC | |
Dalveer Bhandari | 110 | 5 | 113 | 5 | 111 | 5 | 118 | 5 | 121 | 5 |
Christopher Greenwood | 79 | 9 | 76 | 9 | 79 | 9 | 72 | 9 | 68 | 9 |
After several inconclusive rounds of voting on 13 November 2017, the Assembly and the Council postponed the procedure. They reconvened in order to fill the remaining vacant seat at the Court on 20 November 2017. Prior to the meeting the UK withdrew the candidacy of Christopher Greenwood. Dalveer Bhandari was elected to the last vacant seat.
Candidate | Meeting 8 | |
---|---|---|
GA | SC | |
Dalveer Bhandari | 183 | 15 |
The composition of the Court following the election was as follows:
Judge | Term starts / renewed | Term ends |
---|---|---|
Peter Tomka | 2003, 2012 | 2021 |
Hisashi Owada | 2003, 2012 | 2021 |
Xue Hanqin | 2010, [4] 2012 | 2021 |
Julia Sebutinde | 2012 | 2021 |
Giorgio Gaja | 2012 | 2021 |
Mohamed Bennouna | 2006, 2015 | 2024 |
Joan Donoghue | 2010, [4] 2015 | 2024 |
Patrick Lipton Robinson | 2015 | 2024 |
Kirill Gevorgian | 2015 | 2024 |
James Crawford | 2015 | 2024 |
Ronny Abraham | 2005, [4] 2009, 2018 | 2027 |
Abdulqawi Yusuf | 2009, 2018 | 2027 |
Nawaf Salam | 2018 | 2027 |
Dalveer Bhandari | 2012, [4] 2018 | 2027 |
Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade | 2009, 2018 | 2027 |
Christopher Greenwood's defeat marked the first time the United Kingdom would not have a judge at the International Court of Justice, [17] the first time a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council would not have a judge at the Court [18] and the first time a sitting member to the court lost to another sitting member. Bhandari's election also upset the tradition of five seats being occupied by the Western European and Others Group and three seats being occupied by the Asia-Pacific Group. [19]
Following the election, which was seen as a loss by the UK, the Foreign Affairs Select Committee of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom published a report, containing its conclusions and recommendations to the UK government regarding the election. [20]
The International Court of Justice, also called the World Court, is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN). It settles disputes between states in accordance with international law and gives advisory opinions on international legal issues. The ICJ is the only international court that adjudicates general disputes between countries, with its rulings and opinions serving as primary sources of international law.
The United Nations General Assembly is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN), serving as its main deliberative, policymaking, and representative organ. Currently in its 78th session, its powers, composition, functions, and procedures are set out in Chapter IV of the United Nations Charter. The UNGA is responsible for the UN budget, appointing the non-permanent members to the Security Council, appointing the UN secretary-general, receiving reports from other parts of the UN system, and making recommendations through resolutions. It also establishes numerous subsidiary organs to advance or assist in its broad mandate. The UNGA is the only UN organ where all member states have equal representation.
Sir Christopher John Greenwood is Master of Magdalene College, Cambridge and a former British judge at the International Court of Justice. Prior to his election, he was professor of international law at the London School of Economics and a barrister who regularly appeared as counsel before the International Court of Justice, the European Court of Human Rights, the English courts, and other tribunals.
Abdul Gadire Koroma is a Sierra Leonean jurist. He was the ambassador of Sierra Leone to the United Nations between 1981 and 1985. He served two terms as judge at the International Court of Justice.
Xue Hanqin is a Chinese jurist at the International Court of Justice. On 29 June 2010, she was elected to fill the vacancy created by Shi Jiuyong's resignation on 28 May 2010. She is one of three female judges serving on the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and one of only four women elected as members of the Court to date. Xue is the fifth Chinese judge at the ICJ, and the third representing the People's Republic of China.
Dalveer Bhandari is one of the judges of the International Court of Justice. He is a former judge of the Supreme Court of India. He is also the former chief justice of the Bombay High Court and a judge of the Delhi High Court.
Joan E. Donoghue is an American lawyer, international legal scholar, former U.S. State Department official, and the current president of the International Court of Justice (ICJ). She was first elected to the court in 2010, re-elected in 2014, and elected by the ICJ judges to be president of the ICJ in 2021. She is the third woman to be elected to the ICJ and the first American woman elected as president of the Court.
Julia Sebutinde is a Ugandan judge serving her second term on the International Court of Justice following her re-election on November 12, 2020. She also is the current chancellor of Muteesa I Royal University, a university owned by Buganda kingdom. She has been a judge on the court since March 2012. She is the first African woman to sit on the ICJ. Before being elected to the ICJ, Sebutinde was a judge of the Special Court for Sierra Leone. She was appointed to that position in 2007.
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