UN Women

Last updated
هيئة الأمم المتحدة للمرأة
妇女署
UN Women
ONU Femmes
ООН-Женщины
ONU Mujeres
Formation2 July 2010;13 years ago (2010-07-02)
TypeUN entity
HeadquartersNew York City, United States
Official languages
6 [1]
  • English
  • French
  • Spanish
  • Chinese
  • Arabic
  • Russian
Head
 Sima Sami Bahous [2]
Website www.unwomen.org

The United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women, also known as UN Women, is a United Nations entity charged with working for gender equality and the empowerment of women. UN Women is charged with advocating for the rights of women and girls, and focusing on a number of issues, including violence against women and violence against LGBT people.

Contents

UN Women was established by a merger of the UN Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM, established in 1976) and other entities and became operational in 2011. [3] The organization operates under a governance structure and has an executive board representing different regions. Former President of Chile Michelle Bachelet was its inaugural executive director and Jordanian Sima Sami Bahous is its current executive director. [2] [4] UN Women is a member of the UN Development Group. [5]

UN Women faced criticism for its response to the Hamas attack on Israel in 2023, with accusations of not condemning Hamas's gender-based war crimes adequately. [6]

History

In response to UN General Assembly resolution 63/311, in January 2010 the Secretary-General presented report A/64/588, entitled Comprehensive Proposal for the Composite Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women. In his report, the Secretary-General resolved that, rather than relieving other parts of the United Nations system of their responsibility for contributing to the promotion of gender equality and women's empowerment, the new entity should seek to sharpen the focus and impact of the gender equality activities of the entire United Nations system. Additionally, Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon estimated that approximately $125 million per annum were needed for operating costs and "start-up" capacity at the country, regional, and headquarters levels. Moreover, an additional $375 million per annum were needed in the initial phase to respond to country-level requests for programmatic support. [7]

After years of negotiations between UN member states, women's groups, and civil society, on 2 July 2010 the General Assembly unanimously adopted resolution 64/289, thus creating UN Women by merging the Division for the Advancement of Women (DAW); the International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women (INSTRAW, established in 1976); the Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women (OSAGI, established in 1997), and the UN Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM, established in 1976). Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon announced at the founding of the movement that he was "grateful to Member States for having taken this major step forward for the world's women and girls. UN Women will significantly boost UN efforts to promote gender equality, expand opportunity, and tackle discrimination around the globe." [8]

On 14 September 2010, it was announced that former President of Chile Michelle Bachelet was appointed as head of UN Women. [9] Various countries supported the creation of the body and welcomed Bachelet as chief. [10] During General Debate at the opening of the 65th General Assembly of the UN, world leaders commended the creation of the body and its intention to "empower women", as well as welcoming Bachelet as the inaugural head. [11] On 11 March 2011, John Hendra of Canada and Lakshmi Puri of India were appointed as first deputy executive directors at the level of UN Assistant Secretary-General. [12]

The provisions set forth by resolution 63/311 on system-wide coherence, adopted by the General Assembly on 2 October 2010, constituted the blueprint for UN Women. Seeking to strengthen the UN's institutional arrangements for gender equality and women empowerment, resolution 63/311 supported the consolidation of four distinct parts of the UN system that focused exclusively on gender equality and women's empowerment into a composite entity to be led by an Under-Secretary-General. Moreover, the resolution requested that the Secretary-General produce a proposal specifying the mission statement of the composite entity and its organizational arrangements, including an organizational chart, funding, and the executive board to oversee its operational activities. [13]

Structure and functioning

Resolution 64/289 determined that the entity should be headed by an Under-Secretary-General, to be appointed by the Secretary-General in consultation with member states, for a term of four years, with the possibility of renewal for one term.[ citation needed ]

The organization is governed by a multi-tiered intergovernmental governance structure in charge of providing normative and operational policy guidance. The General Assembly, Economic and Social Council, and the Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) constitute the governance structure that sets forth the normative policy guiding principles of the Entity. The intergovernmental governance structure in charge of providing operational policy guidance to UN Women includes the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and the organization's executive board.[ citation needed ] The latter consist of 41 members, elected by the Economic and Social Council for a term of three years and distributed as follows:

The resources required to fund all normative processes are obtained from the Entity's regular budget and approved by the General Assembly, whereas the budget for service operational processes and activities at all levels are funded from voluntary contributions and approved by the executive board of UN Women. [14]

Executive Board

The IWD 2014 parade. IWD 2014- Parade, official launch, and UN Women stall (14229457541).jpg
The IWD 2014 parade.

Jordanian Sima Sami Bahous is the executive director of UN Women as of 2023. [2] The 2020 executive board consists of: [15]

Mandate

The mandate and functions of UN Women consist of the consolidated mandates and functions of the Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women, the Division for the Advancement of Women, the United Nations Development Fund for Women, and the International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women. In addition, the entity must lead, coordinate, and promote the accountability of the United Nations system in its work on gender equality and women's empowerment. The goal of UN Women is to "enhance, not replace, efforts by other parts of the UN system (such as UNICEF, UNDP, and UNFPA), which will continue to have a responsibility to work for gender equality and women's empowerment in their areas of expertise." [3]

In accordance with the provisions of resolution 64/289, UN Women is to work within the framework of the UN Charter and the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, including its 12 critical areas of concern and the outcome of the 23rd special session of the General Assembly, as well as other applicable UN instruments, standards, and resolutions that address gender equality and the empowerment and advancement of women. [14]

UN Women executive director Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka speaking at Girl Summit 2014 Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka, Executive Director, UN Women, speaking at Girl Summit 2014 (14538232760).jpg
UN Women executive director Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka speaking at Girl Summit 2014

UN Women's main areas of work include:

In late 2013, a series of ads used genuine Google searches to reveal the widespread prevalence of sexism and discrimination against women [24] The ads featured the faces of four women and where their mouths should be were Google auto-complete suggestions. The suggestions were all sexist or misogynist. [25] A similar campaign was also run to raise awareness for gay rights. [26]

UN Women promotes the rights of LGBTIQ people. [27]

UN Women advocates an intersectional feminism. [28]

Also in late 2013, UN Women launched a constitutional database that examines constitutions through a gender lens. The first of its kind, this database maps the principles and rules that guarantee, deny, or protect the rights of women and girls around the world. This tool for gender equality and human rights activists is annually updated and searchable, and provides a comprehensive overview of the current status of provisions relevant to women's rights and gender equality across various countries throughout the world. Users can search though the database by keyword, and legal provisions are grouped into 16 categories that were carefully defined by reviewing the constitutions from a human rights perspective. [29]

UN Women is one of the lead agencies coordinating International Women's Day events [30] as well as the Commission on the Status of Women. [31]

The year 2015 marked a number of milestones, such as the 20th anniversary of the Fourth World Conference on Women and adoption of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, [32] which was the focus of the 59th session of the Commission on the Status of Women (CSW59) from 9–20 March 2015, [33] where global leaders took stock of progress and remaining challenges for implementing this landmark agreement for gender equality and women's rights. UN Women played an active role in major intergovernmental negotiations and processes including the Financing for Development Conference in Addis Ababa in July 2015, the outcome of which was strong on the need to adequately fund gender equality and incorporate it in development planning, [34] as well as the negotiations and successful adoption of the new post-2015 development agenda on 25 September 2015. [35] The new global development roadmap includes a stand-alone goal on gender equality and women's empowerment (Sustainable Development Goal 5), [36] and mainstreams these priorities throughout all 17 goals. [37]

Sustainable Development Goal #5: Gender Equality Sustainable Development Goal 05GenderEquality.svg
Sustainable Development Goal #5: Gender Equality

Goals

UN Women is empowered to: [3]

Criticism

Hamas attacks on women

Following the Hamas attack on Israel on 7 October 2023, women's rights groups criticized UN Women for not issuing a timely and clear condemnation of Hamas's gender-based war crimes on Israeli women. [38] Sarah Weiss Maudi, senior adviser to the president of the 77th Session of the U.N. General Assembly, said that UN Women refused to acknowledge that atrocities were committed against Israeli women and young girls despite many of the atrocities having been filmed by Hamas and other Palestinian terrorists themselves. [39]

On 13 October, an initial statement by UN Women condemned the attack on Israeli civilians but did not mention women. Subsequent posts and comments by the organization focused only on the impact of the conflict on Palestinian women. [40] A month after the attack, the UN Women's website contained only one reference to women and girls stating the following, “devastating impact of the crisis in Gaza on women and girls.” [41] [42] [39] Michal Herzog, First Lady of Israel, criticized UN Women for having a "double standard" and has lobbied openly about the topic. [40] Several women's rights group criticized UN Women, [43] as did Canadian Anne Bayefsky, director of the Touro University Institute on Human Rights and the Holocaust." [39] [40]

On 29 November, over 80 members of the U.S. House of Representatives accused UN Women of disregarding Hamas’s gender based violence on Israeli females and minors in a bipartisan letter driven by Representatives Young Kim (R-California) and Sheila Cherfilus-McCormick (D-Florida). [44] [45] The 80 Representatives wrote to UN Women Executive Director Sima Bahous stating, "The failure by UN Women to publicly stand up for Israeli women and condemn Hamas’ systematic atrocities undermines UN Women and highlights its one-sided approach." [44]

UN Women states that it was one of the first organisations to condemn the attacks by Hamas and their use of gender-based violence. [45] [46] In regards to a deleted post condemning the Hamas attacks, a representative for UN Women gave a statement to the Jewish Telegraphic Agency saying, “In any social media team managing multiple campaigns and during a very busy time like the one we are now in with 16 Days of Activism, mistakes can occur.” [40]

Israel's ambassador to the UN criticized UN Women and UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres for the delay in calling an investigation into the sexual violence committed by Hamas on 7 October 2023. [6]

A corresponding protest event took place at the UN on December 4, 2023. [47]

See also

Related Research Articles

Issues relating to the State of Israel and aspects of the Arab–Israeli conflict and more recently the Iran–Israel conflict occupy repeated annual debate times, resolutions and resources at the United Nations. Since its founding in 1948, the United Nations Security Council, has adopted 79 resolutions directly related to the Arab–Israeli conflict as of January 2010.

Gender equality, also known as sexual equality or equality of the sexes, is the state of equal ease of access to resources and opportunities regardless of gender, including economic participation and decision-making; and the state of valuing different behaviors, aspirations and needs equally, regardless of gender.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Nations Development Fund for Women</span>

The United Nations Development Fund for Women was established in December 1976 originally as the Voluntary Fund for the United Nations Decade for Women in the International Women's Year. Its first director was Margaret C. Snyder. UNIFEM provided financial and technical assistance to innovative programmes and strategies that promoted women's human rights, political participation and economic security. Since 1976 it supported women's empowerment and gender equality through its programme offices and links with women's organizations in the major regions of the world. Its work on gender responsive budgets began in 1996 in Southern Africa and expanded to include East Africa, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central America and the Andean region. It worked to increase awareness throughout the UN system of gender responsive budgets as a tool to strengthen economic governance in all countries. In 2011, UNIFEM merged with some other smaller entities to become UN Women.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka</span> South African politician

Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka is a South African politician and former United Nations official, who served as the Executive Director of UN Women with the rank of Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women</span> 25th November

The United Nations General Assembly has designated November 25 as the International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women. The premise of the day is to raise awareness around the world that women are subjected to rape, domestic violence and other forms of violence; furthermore, one of the aims of the day is to highlight that the scale and true nature of the issue is often hidden. For 2014, the official theme framed by the UN Secretary-General’s campaign UNiTE to End Violence against Women, was Orange your Neighbourhood. For 2018, the official theme was "Orange the World:#HearMeToo", for 2019 it was "Orange the World: Generation Equality Stands Against Rape", for 2020 it was "Orange the World: Fund, Respond, Prevent, Collect!", for 2021 it was "Orange the World: End Violence against Women Now!", for 2022 the theme was "UNiTE! Activism to end violence against women and girls" and for 2023 it is "UNiTE! Invest to Prevent Violence Against Women & Girls! #No Excuse".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations</span> Senior official in the United Nations

An under-secretary-general of the United Nations (USG) is a senior official within the United Nations System, normally appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the secretary-general for a renewable term of four years. Under-secretary-general is the third highest rank in the United Nations, after the secretary-general and the deputy secretary-general. The rank is held by the heads of different UN entities, certain high officials of the United Nations Secretariat, and high-level envoys. The United Nations regards the rank as equal to that of a cabinet minister of a member state, and under-secretaries-general have diplomatic immunity under the UN Charter.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">World Conference on Women, 1995</span> United Nations conference

The Fourth World Conference on Women: Action for Equality, Development and Peace was the name given for a conference convened by the United Nations during 4–15 September 1995 in Beijing, China.

International Women's Year (IWY) was the name given to 1975 by the United Nations. Since that year March 8 has been celebrated as International Women's Day, and the United Nations Decade for Women, from 1976 to 1985, was also established.

United Nations Action Against Sexual Violence in Conflict a cross-UN initiative that unites the work of 24 United Nations entities tasked with the goal of ending sexual violence in conflict. The 24 UN entities are from sectors that include peacekeeping, political affairs, justice, human rights, humanitarian, health, gender equality and women's empowerment. The Special Representative of the Secretary-General Pramila Patten chairs the network, which represents an effort by the UN to improve its coordination and accountability, amplify advocacy, and support national efforts to prevent sexual violence and respond effectively to the needs of survivors. The UN Action Secretariat is based in the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights at the United Nations</span>

Discussions of LGBT rights at the United Nations have included resolutions and joint statements in the United Nations General Assembly and the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC), attention to the expert-led human rights mechanisms, as well as by the UN Agencies.

The Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women was adopted without a vote by the United Nations General Assembly in the 48/104 resolution of 20 December 1993. Contained within it is the recognition of "the urgent need for the universal application to women of the rights and principles with regard to equality, security, liberty, integrity and dignity of all human beings". It recalls and embodies the same rights and principles as those enshrined in such instruments as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and Articles 1 and 2 provide the most widely used definition of violence against women.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gender Equality Architecture Reform</span> Campaign

The Gender Equality Architecture Reform (GEAR) campaign was a network of over 300 women's, human rights and social justice groups around the world. The GEAR campaign urged UN Member States and the UN Secretariat to move swiftly forward to create a new UN gender equality entity. GEAR also urges the UN to set up a transparent process now for recruiting the best qualified Under Secretary-General to head this agency. The United Nations must move without further delay to implement changes that it has repeatedly recognized as critical to fulfilling its mandate of working for gender equality as a crucial component of development, human rights, peace, and security.

The Secretary's Office of Global Women's Issues is located within the United States Department of State. In 2009, Melanne Verveer was appointed to be the first Ambassador-at-Large for Global Women's Issues. From September 2013 to May, 2017, Catherine M. Russell was appointed to this position. From May 2017 through December 2019, there was no ambassador for this office. Kelley Currie, a political appointee, joined the Global Women's Issues Office as U.S. Ambassador-at-Large in January 2020. Geeta Rao Gupta is the current Ambassador-at-Large for the office as of May 18th, 2023.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">EGM: prevention of violence against women and girls</span>

The Expert Group Meeting (EGM): prevention of violence against women and girls was convened as part of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women's multi-year programme of work for 2010-2014. The "Elimination and prevention of all forms of violence against women and girls" forms a priority theme for its fifty-seventh session in 2013 (CSW57). The meeting took place in Bangkok, Thailand, 17–20 September 2012 and was organised by the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women, in collaboration with the following organisations:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Global Implementation Plan to End Violence against Women and Girls</span>

The Global Implementation Plan to End Violence Against Women and Girls was a recommendation from the multi-agency Expert Group Meeting (EGM) on the prevention of violence against women and girls. The meeting was convened as part of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women's multi-year programme of work for 2010–2014.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mereseini Vuniwaqa</span> Fijian politician (born 1974)

Mereseini Rakuita Vuniwaqa is a Fijian politician, who served as the Minister for Women, Children and Poverty Alleviation from 2016 until her resignation from the Fiji First Party in 2021. In November 2021, she was appointed as the Global Chair of the Family Planning 2030.

Rima Salah is currently the chair of the Early Childhood Peace Consortium (ECPC) and is an assistant clinical professor at the Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sima Sami Bahous</span> United Nations Diplomat

Sima Sami Bahous is a Jordanian diplomat and women’s rights advocate, and has served as Executive Director of UN Women since 2021. She previously served as Jordan's Ambassador to the United Nations from 2016 to 2021. Earlier, she was Assistant Secretary-General of the Arab League in Cairo, Egypt.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict</span> Office of the United Nations Secretariat

The Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict (OSRSG-SVC) is an office of the United Nations Secretariat tasked with serving the United Nations' spokesperson and political advocate on conflict-related sexual violence, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict (SRSG-SVC). The Special Representative holds the rank of Under-Secretary-General of the UN and chairs the UN Action Against Sexual Violence in Conflict. The mandate of the SRSG-SVC was established by Security Council Resolution 1888, introduced by Hillary Clinton, and the first Special Representative, Margot Wallström, took office in 2010. The current Special Representative is Pramila Patten of Mauritius, who was appointed by UN Secretary General António Guterres in 2017. The work of the SRSG-SVC is supported by the UN Team of Experts on the Rule of Law/Sexual Violence in Conflict, co-led by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPO), Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) and the UN Development Programme (UNDP), also established under Security Council Resolution 1888.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sustainable Development Goal 5</span> Global goal to achieve gender equality by 2030

Sustainable Development Goal 5 concerns gender equality and is fifth of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by United Nations in 2015. The 17 SDGs recognize that action in one area will affect outcomes in others, and that development must balance social, economic and environmental sustainability.

References

  1. ↑ "Official Languages". United Nations. Retrieved 2023-12-31.
  2. 1 2 3 "Secretary-General Appoints Sima Sami Bahous of Jordan Executive Director of UN-Women | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases". un.org. Retrieved 2021-09-17.
  3. 1 2 3 "Frequently Asked Questions". UN Women - Asia and the Pacific. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
  4. ↑ "Gender equality 'champion' Sima Sami Bahous to lead UN Women". UN News. 2021-09-13. Retrieved 2021-09-17.
  5. ↑ "UNDG Members". Archived from the original on 2011-05-11.
  6. 1 2 Spiro, Amy (November 30, 2023). "After 7 weeks of silence, UN chief calls to investigate Hamas sex crimes on Oct 7". The Times of Israel. Retrieved December 2, 2023.
  7. ↑ "Report on the Secretary General: Comprehensive proposal for the composite entity for gender equality and the empowerment of women". United Nations. 2010-01-06. Retrieved 2011-03-15.
  8. ↑ "Welcome to UN Women". Unwomen.org. 2010-07-02. Retrieved 2010-09-15.
  9. ↑
  10. ↑ "General Debate: 65th Session". Gadebate.un.org. 2010-09-29. Retrieved 2011-03-11.
  11. ↑ The various speeches from all the world leader from 23-25 & 27–30 September 2010 are listed at http://gadebate.un.org/
  12. ↑ "UN Women Assistant Secretaries-General Appointed". Un Women – Headquarters.
  13. ↑ "Resolution on 6/311 on system-wide coherence". United Nations General Assembly. 2010-11-09. Retrieved 2011-03-13.
  14. 1 2 "Resolution on 64/289 on system-wide coherence". United Nations General Assembly. 2010-07-21. Retrieved 2011-03-13.
  15. ↑ "Executive Board". UN Women. 2010-11-10. Retrieved 2015-11-05.
  16. ↑ UN Women Leadership and political participation, November 5, 2015.
  17. ↑ UN Women Economic Empowerment, UN Women, November 5, 2015.
  18. ↑ UN Women Ending Violence against Women, November 5, 2015.
  19. ↑ UN Women Humanitarian Action, UN Women, November 5, 2015.
  20. ↑ UN Women Peace and Security, UN Women, November 5, 2015.
  21. ↑ UN Women Governance and National Planning, UN Women, November 5, 2015.
  22. ↑ UN Women 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda, UN Women, November 5, 2015.
  23. ↑ UN Women Leadership and political participation, UN Women, November 5, 2015.
  24. ↑ UN Women ad series reveals widespread sexism, UN Women, October 21, 2013.
  25. ↑ Google's auto-complete spells out our darkest thoughts, The Guardian, Oct 22, 2013.
  26. ↑ UN Campaign Reveals Shocking, Depressing Gay Google Auto-Complete Function, The Huffington Post, Oct 24, 2013.
  27. ↑ "Promoting and Protecting the Rights of Lesbians, Bisexual Women, Transgender and Intersex Persons". UN Women. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
  28. ↑ "Intersectional feminism: what it means and why it matters right now". July 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
  29. ↑ UN Women Constitutional Database UN Women, December 13, 2013
  30. ↑ UN Women International Women's Day editorial package March 1, 2014
  31. ↑ UN Women CSW In Focus UN Women, November 5, 2015
  32. ↑ Beijing+20 UN Women, March 23, 2015
  33. ↑ UN Women at CSW59 In Focus UN Women, March 23, 2015
  34. ↑ Financing for Gender Equality In Focus UN Women, November 5, 2015
  35. ↑ 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development UN Women, November 5, 2015
  36. ↑ SDG 5, Women and the Sustainable Development Goals UN Women, November 5, 2015
  37. ↑ Women and the Sustainable Development Goals UN Women, November 5, 2015
  38. ↑ Greenaway, Naomi (2023-11-29). "The UN's silence on the rape of Israeli women makes a mockery of its campaign against violence". The Telegraph. ISSN   0307-1235 . Retrieved 2023-12-01.
  39. 1 2 3 Eglash, Ruth Marks (November 19, 2023). "United Nations slammed for silence over Hamas rapes, mutilation and murder of Israeli women, critics say". Fox News.
  40. 1 2 3 4 Hajdenberg, Jackie (November 28, 2023). "Amid outcry over silence, UN Women posts, then deletes, condemnation of Hamas attack". The Times of Israel. Retrieved December 1, 2023.
  41. ↑ Algemeiner, The (2023-11-20). "UN, Campus Women's Groups Silent on, Deny Hamas Rapes of Israelis in Oct. 7 Onslaught - Algemeiner.com". Algemeiner. Retrieved 2023-11-21.
  42. ↑ "Opinion | Why Don't Israeli Women Count for 'UN Women'?". Fathom. Retrieved 2023-11-21.
  43. ↑ ""Israeli women are under brutal attack and there is complete silence"". ctech. 2023-10-30. Retrieved 2023-11-21.
  44. 1 2 Sforza, Lauren (November 30, 2023). "House lawmakers accuse UN Women of disregarding Hamas attack".
  45. 1 2 "Uproar Mounts Over UN Women's Failure To Single Out Hamas for Its Sexual Crimes Against Israeli Civilians". The New York Sun. 2023-12-01. Retrieved 2023-12-01.
  46. ↑ "Speech: A call for urgent, transformative action". UN Women – Headquarters. 2023-10-25. Retrieved 2023-12-01.
  47. ↑ Hear Our Voices: Sexual and gender-based violence in the October 7th Hamas terror attack, UN-Web-TV (video-conference), December 4, 2023.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.