United Nations General Assembly observers

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The United Nations General Assembly has granted observer status to international organizations, entities, and non-member states, to enable them to participate in the work of the United Nations General Assembly, though with limitations. The General Assembly determines the privileges it will grant to each observer, beyond those laid down in a 1986 Conference on treaties between states and international organizations. [1] Exceptionally, the European Union (EU) was in 2011 granted the right to speak in debates, to submit proposals and amendments, the right of reply, to raise points of order and to circulate documents, etc. As of May 2011, the EU is the only international organization to hold these enhanced rights, which has been likened to the rights of full membership, [2] short of the right to vote.

Contents

Observer status may be granted by a United Nations General Assembly resolution. The status of a permanent observer is based purely on practice of the General Assembly, and there are no provisions for it in the United Nations Charter. [3] The practice is to distinguish between state and non-state observers. Non-member states are members of one or more specialized agencies, and can apply for permanent observer state status. [3] Non-state observers are the international organizations and other entities.

Non-member observers

The General Assembly may invite non-member entities to participate in the work of the United Nations without formal membership, and has done so on numerous occasions. Such participants are described as observers, some of which may be further classified as non-member state observers. Most former non-member observer states accepted observer status at a time when they had applied for membership but were unable to attain it, due to the actual or threatened veto by one or more of the permanent members of the Security Council. The grant of observer status is made by the General Assembly only; it is not subject to a Security Council veto.

In some circumstances a state may elect to become an observer rather than full member. For example, to preserve its neutrality while participating in its work, Switzerland chose to remain a permanent non-member state observer from 1948 until it became a member in 2002.

Current non-member observers

As of 2019, there are two permanent non-member observer states in the General Assembly of the United Nations: the Holy See and the State of Palestine. Both were described as "Non-Member States having received a standing invitation to participate as Observers in the sessions and the work of the General Assembly and maintaining Permanent Observer Missions at Headquarters". [4]

The Holy See uncontroversially obtained its non-member observer state status in 1964. The Holy See did not wish to join the United Nations as a member because "Membership in the organization would not seem to be consonant with the provisions of Article 24 of the Lateran Treaty, particularly as regards spiritual status and participation in possible use of force." [5] Since April 6, 1964, the Holy See has accepted permanent observer state status, which was regarded as a diplomatic courtesy, to enable the Holy See to participate in the UN's humanitarian activities and in the promotion of peace.

In 2012, Palestine's observer status was changed from "non-member observer entity" to "non-member observer state", which many called "symbolic". [6] The change followed an application by Palestine for full UN membership in 2011 [7] as part of the Palestine 194 campaign, to provide additional leverage to the Palestinians in their dealings with Israel. [8] The application had not been put to a UN Security Council vote. [9] With the change in status, the United Nations Secretariat held that Palestine was entitled to become a party to treaties for which the UN Secretary-General is the depositary. [10] On 17 December 2012, UN Chief of Protocol, Yeocheol Yoon, declared that "the designation of 'State of Palestine' shall be used by the Secretariat in all official United Nations documents." [11]

The seating in the General Assembly Hall is arranged with non-member observer states being seated immediately after UN member states, and before other observers. [12] On 10 September 2015, the General Assembly resolved to approve the raising at the UN of the flags of non-member observer states alongside those of the 193 UN member states. [13]

Non-Member State [4] Date observer status was grantedAdditional timeline and details
Flag of Vatican City (2023-present).svg Holy See 6 April 1964: granted permanent observer state status
1 July 2004: gained all the rights of full membership except voting rights, submission of resolution proposals without co-sponsoring, and putting forward candidates (A/RES/58/314) [12] 		The sovereign entity with statehood over the territory of the Vatican City State.
Flag of Palestine.svg State of Palestine

14 October 1974: the United Nations General Assembly recognized the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) as the representative of the Palestinian people, and granted it the right to participate in the deliberations of the General Assembly on the question of Palestine in plenary meetings (A/RES/3210 (XXIX)) [14]
22 November 1974: non-state observer status granted to the PLO (A/RES/3237 (XXIX)) [15]
9 December 1988: granted the right to circulate communications without an intermediary (A/RES/43/160) [16]
15 December 1988: designation changed to "Palestine" (A/RES/43/177) [17]
7 July 1998: granted additional rights, including the right to participate in general debate (A/RES/52/250) [18]
29 November 2012: status changed to non-member observer state (A/RES/67/19): [19] [20]
16 October 2018: temporarily granted additional rights while Palestine was Chair of the Group of 77 for 2019 (A/RES/73/5). [21]
10 May 2024: granted additional rights, including being seated with member states, the right to introduce proposals and agenda items, and participate in committees, but not the right to vote (A/ES-10/23). [22]

28 October 1974: PLO recognized as "sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people", by states of the seventh Arab summit (and later by over 100 states with which it holds diplomatic relations and by Israel). [23] [24] [25] [26]
22 November 1974: PLO recognized as competent on all matters concerning the question of Palestine by the UN General Assembly in addition to the right of the Palestinian people in Palestine to national independence and sovereignty.
15 November 1988: PLO unilaterally declared the State of Palestine.
4 May 1994: PLO established the Palestinian National Authority territorial administration as result of the Oslo Accords signed by the PLO itself, Israel, United States and Russia.
7 July 1998: PLO has been assigned seating in the General Assembly Hall immediately after non-member States and before the other observers. [18] [27]
23 September 2011: State of Palestine applies for UN membership [28]
17 December 2012: UN Chief of Protocol Yeocheol Yoon decides that "the designation of 'State of Palestine' shall be used by the Secretariat in all official United Nations documents." [29]
Notes

Former non-member observers

Sixteen former non-member states were also granted observer status. [39] [40] Fourteen of those states eventually became members of the United Nations. The other two constitute a single special case. [Note 1]

Most of the former non-member observer states accepted this status at a time when they had applied for membership but were unable to attain it, due to the (actual or threatened) veto of one or more of the permanent members of the Security Council. The vetoes were later overcome either by changes in geopolitical circumstances, or by "package deals" under which the Security Council approved multiple new member states at the same time, as was done with a dozen countries in 1955 and with East and West Germany in 1973.[ citation needed ]

StateGrantedBecame full memberPeriod
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 195219553 years
Flag of Bangladesh.svg  Bangladesh 197319741 year
Flag of North Korea.svg Democratic People's Republic of Korea 1973199118 years
Flag of North Vietnam (1955-1975).svg Democratic Republic of Vietnam 1975 — [Note 1] 1 year
Flag of Germany.svg  Federal Republic of Germany 1952197321 years
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland 195219553 years
Flag of East Germany.svg  German Democratic Republic 197219731 year
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 195219553 years
Flag of Japan.svg  Japan 195219564 years
Flag of Kuwait.svg  Kuwait 196219631 year
Flag of Monaco.svg  Monaco 1956199337 years
Flag of South Korea (1949-1984).svg Republic of Korea 1949199142 years
Flag of South Vietnam.svg  State of Vietnam
Flag of South Vietnam.svg  Republic of Vietnam 		1952 — [Note 1] 23 years
Flag of Spain (1945-1977).svg  Spain 195519550 years
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland 1946200256 years
Flag of Vietnam.svg  Vietnam 1976 [Note 1] 1977
Notes
  1. 1 2 3 4 On 30 April 1975 South Vietnam was taken over by North Vietnamese forces and on 2 July 1976 it united with North Vietnam to form modern Vietnam, which was granted observer status in 1976. The UN General Assembly resolutions and decisions for the 30th and 31st sessions do not record the decision to grant observer status, but Resolution 31/21 of 26 November 1976 does refer to the "Permanent Observer of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam to the United Nations". Viet Nam became a member of the UN on 20 September 1977. [41]

Entities and international organizations

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Many intergovernmental organizations and a few other entities (non-governmental organizations and others with various degrees of statehood or sovereignty), are invited to become observers at the General Assembly. Some of them maintain a permanent office in the United Nations headquarters in New York City, while others do not; however, this is the choice of the organization and does not imply differences in their status. [42]

Regional organization allowed by their member states to speak on their behalf

While the EU is an observer, it is party to some 50 international UN agreements as the only non-state participant. It is a full participant on the Commission on Sustainable Development, the Forum on Forests and the Food and Agriculture Organization. It has also been a full participant at certain UN summits, such as the Rio and Kyoto summits on climate change, including hosting a summit. Furthermore, the EU delegation maintains close relations with the UN's aid bodies. [43] In 2011 the EU was granted enhanced powers in the General Assembly; the right to speak in debates, to submit proposals and amendments, the right of reply, to raise points of order and to circulate documents. These rights were also made open to other international organizations who requested them, [44] [2] if their members have given them the right to speak on their behalf. [45]

In the resolution adopted in May 2011 granting additional rights to the European Union the UNGA decided that similar arrangements may be adopted for any other regional organization that is allowed to speak on behalf of its member states. [45]

Organization or entityDate observer status was grantedEntity type
Flag of Europe.svg European Union [note 1] 11 October 1974 (A/RES/3208 (XXIX)): observer status [46]
10 May 2011 (A/RES/65/276): [45] additional rights 		The only observer that operates through a hybrid system of intergovernmentalism and supranationalism, giving it some state-like qualities.

Intergovernmental organizations

Those organizations that have permanent offices at the UN headquarters are marked with an asterisk (*).

OrganizationDate observer status was granted
Logo Afrikanische Entwicklungsbank.svg African Development Bank 28 Oct 1987 (A/RES/42/10) [47]
Flag of the African Union.svg African Union *
formerly the Organisation of African Unity 		11 Oct 1965 (A/RES/2011(XX)) [48]
15 Aug 2002 (General Assembly decision 56/475)
Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean 17 Oct 1988 (A/RES/43/6) [49]
Flag of the Andean Community of Nations.svg Andean Community 22 Oct 1997 (A/RES/52/6) [50]
Flag of the Arab League.svg Arab League, formally the League of Arab States*1 Nov 1950 (A/RES/477 (V))
ASEAN+3 Macroeconomic Research Office7 Dec 2017 (A/RES/72/126) [51]
Asian–African Legal Consultative Organization *
formerly the Asian–African Legal Consultative Committee		13 Oct 1980 (A/RES/35/2) [52]
Asian Development Bank logo.svg Asian Development Bank 19 Nov 2002 (A/RES/57/30) [53]
AFoCO Flag.png Asian Forest Cooperation Organization (AFoCO)15 Dec 2020 (A/RES/75/149) [54]
AIIB logo.svg Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank 20 Dec 2018 (A/RES/73/216) [55]
Bandera.AEC.jpg Association of Caribbean States 15 Oct 1998 (A/RES/53/5) [56]
Infobox ASEAN flag.svg Association of Southeast Asian Nations 4 Dec 2006 (A/RES/61/44) [57]
Flag of CARICOM.svg Caribbean Community (CARICOM)*17 Oct 1991 (A/RES/46/8) [58]
Logotipo CAF -banco de desarrollo de AMerica Latin-.png CAF – Development Bank of Latin America and the Caribbean
formerly the Andean Development Corporation		14 Dec 2012 (A/RES/67/101) [59]
Central American Bank for Economic Integration 13 Dec 2016 (A/RES/71/157)
Flag of the Central American Integration System.svg Central American Integration System (SICA)*19 Oct 1995 (A/RES/50/2) [60]
Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Program (CAREC)22 Dec 2020 (A/RES/75/148)
Central European Initiative logo.png Central European Initiative 13 Jan 2012 (A/RES/66/111)
Flag of the Collective Security Treaty Organization.svg Collective Security Treaty Organization 2 Dec 2004 (A/RES/59/50)
Common Fund for Commodities 23 Nov 2005 (A/RES/60/26)
Flag of the CIS.svg Commonwealth of Independent States 24 Mar 1994 (A/RES/48/237)
Infobox Commonwealth of Nations flag.svg Commonwealth Secretariat *18 Oct 1976 (A/RES/31/3) [61]
Flag CPLP.svg Community of Portuguese Language Countries 26 Oct 1999 (A/RES/54/10)
Community of Sahel–Saharan States 12 Dec 2001 (A/RES/56/92)
Conference of Ministers of Justice of the Ibero-American Countries  [ es ]21 Dec 2016 (A/RES/71/153) [62]
Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia logo.svg Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia 6 Dec 2007 (A/RES/62/77)
Flag of Europe.svg Council of Europe 17 Oct 1989 (A/RES/44/6) [63]
Official logo for D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation.png Developing Eight Countries Organization for Economic Cooperation 18 Dec 2014 (A/RES/69/129)
East African Community 9 Dec 2003 (A/RES/58/86)
Economic Community of Central African States *12 Dec 2000 (A/RES/55/161) [64]
Economic Community of Western African States *2 Dec 2004 (A/RES/59/51) [65]
Economic Cooperation Organization 13 Oct 1993 (A/RES/48/2)
Energy Charter Conference 6 Dec 2007 (A/RES/62/75)
Eurasian Development Bank 6 Dec 2007 (A/RES/62/76)
Flag of the Eurasian Economic Union.svg Eurasian Economic Union
formerly the Eurasian Economic Community		9 Dec 2003 (A/RES/58/84)
Eurasian Group on Combating Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorism  [ ru ]7 Dec 2017 (A/RES/72/127)
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) 14 Dec 2012 (A/RES/67/102)
European Public Law Organization 11 Jan 2019 (A/RES/73/215)
Fund for the Development of the Indigenous Peoples of Latin America and the Caribbean 18 Dec 2017 (A/RES/72/128)
Global Dryland Alliance 22 Dec 2020 (A/RES/75/150)
Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria 16 Dec 2009 (A/RES/64/122)
Global Green Growth Institute 16 Aug 2013 (A/RES/68/191)
Group of Seven Plus 18 Dec 2019 (A/RES/74/196)
GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development 9 Dec 2003 (A/RES/58/85)
Flag of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf.svg Gulf Cooperation Council, formally the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf*6 Dec 2007 (A/RES/62/78) [66]
Hague Conference on Private International Law 23 Nov 2005 (A/RES/60/27)
Ibero-American Conference 23 Nov 2005 (A/RES/60/28)
Indian Ocean Commission 4 Dec 2006 (A/RES/61/43)
Indian Ocean Rim Association 18 Dec 2015 (A/RES/70/123)
Inter-American Development Bank 12 Dec 2000 (A/RES/55/160)
International Centre for Migration Policy Development 19 Nov 2002 (A/RES/57/31)
Icc-logo.svg International Chamber of Commerce *21 Dec 2016 (A/RES/71/156) [67]
International Conference on the Great Lakes Region (ICGLR)16 Dec 2009 (A/RES/64/123)
International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol)*15 Oct 1996 (A/RES/51/1)
International Development Law Organization *12 Dec 2001 (A/RES/56/90)
International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea (IFAS)11 Dec 2008 (A/RES/63/133)
International Hydrographic Organization 12 Dec 2001 (A/RES/56/91)
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance *9 Dec 2003 (A/RES/58/83)
International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT) 18 Dec 2013 (A/RES/68/121)
International Network for Bamboo and Rattan 7 Dec 2017 (A/RES/72/125)
Flag of La Francophonie.svg International Organization of the Francophonie *10 Nov 1978 (A/RES/33/18) [68]
18 December 1998 (General Assembly decision 53/453)
International Renewable Energy Agency Logo.png International Renewable Energy Agency *13 Jan 2012 (A/RES/66/110) [69]
International Solar Alliance 10 Dec 2021 (A/RES/76/123) [70]
IUCN logo.svg International Union for Conservation of Nature *17 Dec 1999 (A/RES/54/195)
Logo OIJ-01 opt (1).png International Youth Organization for Ibero-America  [ es ]*21 Dec 2016 (A/RES/71/154)
Islamic Development Bank Group (IDB)28 Mar 2007 (A/RES/61/259)
Italian–Latin American Institute 6 Dec 2007 (A/RES/62/74)
Latin American Economic System (SELA)13 Oct 1980 (A/RES/35/3)
Latin American Integration Association 23 Nov 2005 (A/RES/60/25)
Latin American Parliament 13 Oct 1993 (A/RES/48/4)
OPEC Fund for International Development 4 Dec 2006 (A/RES/61/42)
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)*15 Oct 1998 (A/RES/53/6)
African-Caribbean-And-Pacific-Group-Of-States-ACP-Flag.svg Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States

formerly the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States

15 Oct 1981 (A/RES/36/4)
Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States 2 Dec 2004 (A/RES/59/52)
OIC Logo since 2011.svg Organisation of Islamic Cooperation *
formerly the Organisation of the Islamic Conference		10 Oct 1975 (A/RES/3369 (XXX))
Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation 8 Oct 1999 (A/RES/54/5)
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)13 Oct 1993 (A/RES/48/5)
Flag of the Organization of American States.svg Organization of American States (OAS)*16 Oct 1948 (A/RES/253 (III))
Pacific Islands Forum 17 Oct 1994 (A/RES/49/1)
PAM LOGO HR.svg Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean *16 Dec 2009 (A/RES/64/124)
Partners in Population and Development *19 Nov 2002 (A/RES/57/29)
Permanent Court of Arbitration 13 Oct 1993 (A/RES/48/3)
Regional Centre on Small Arms and Light Weapons in the Great Lakes Region, the Horn of Africa and Bordering States (RECSA)6 Dec 2007 (A/RES/62/73)
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation 2 Dec 2004 (A/RES/59/48)
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation 2 Dec 2004 (A/RES/59/53)
South Centre *11 Dec 2008 (A/RES/63/131)
Flag of SADC.svg Southern African Development Community (SADC)2 Dec 2004 (A/RES/59/49)
Union for the Mediterranean (UfM)18 Dec 2015 (ARES/70/124)
Flag of UNASUR.svg Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)9 Dec 2011 (A/RES/66/484) [71]
Universidad para la Paz.svg University for Peace *11 Dec 2008 (A/RES/63/132)
World Customs Organization
formerly the Customs Cooperation Council		23 Mar 1999 (A/RES/53/216)

Some of UN Specialized agencies and related organizations are having permanent offices at the UN headquarters, some were auto-granted since their establishment (i.e. without passing General Assembly resolutions).

Organization or entityDate observer status was granted
FAO logo.svg Food and Agriculture Organization
Flag of IAEA.svg International Atomic Energy Agency
Flag of the International Criminal Court.svg International Criminal Court 13 Sep 2004 (A/RES/58/318) [72]
International Fund for Agricultural Development
Flag of ILO.svg International Labour Organization
IMF-Seal ENG RGB.svg International Monetary Fund
International Organization for Migration 16 Oct 1992 (A/RES/47/4)
International Seabed Authority 24 Oct 1996 (A/RES/51/6)
International Telecommunication Union logo.svg International Telecommunication Union
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea 17 Dec 1996 (A/RES/51/204)
Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization
Flag of UNESCO.svg United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
Flag of UNIDO.svg United Nations Industrial Development Organization
World Bank logo.svg World Bank
Flag of WHO.svg World Health Organization
World Intellectual Property Organization
Flag of the World Meteorological Organization.svg World Meteorological Organization

Other entities

All five entities are maintaining permanent offices at the UN headquarters.

Organization or entityDate observer status was granted
Emblem of the ICRC.svg International Committee of the Red Cross 16 Oct 1990 (A/RES/45/6) [73]
Emblem of the IFRC.svg International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies 19 Oct 1994 (A/RES/49/2) [74]
Olympic flag.svg International Olympic Committee 20 Oct 2009 (A/RES/64/3) [75]
Logo of the Inter-Parliamentary Union.svg Inter-Parliamentary Union 19 Nov 2002 (A/RES/57/32) [76]
Flag of the Order of St. John (various).svg Sovereign Military Order of Malta 24 Aug 1994 (A/RES/48/265) [77]

Former observers

Organization or entityDate observer status was grantedEntity type
Flag of South West Africa People's Organisation.svg South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO)1976 (A/RES/31/152) [16] [78] SWAPO, a liberation movement in South West Africa, held observer status with the right to circulate communications without intermediary beginning in 1976. This terminated in 1990[ citation needed ] when the Republic of Namibia attained independence and was granted full membership in the United Nations and SWAPO was transformed into a political party.

Additionally, in 1974, the African National Congress and Pan Africanist Congress of Azania were invited as observers "on a regular basis" [79] to subsidiaries of the General Assembly, such as UNCTAD. [80]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Originally under the designation of European Communities. The EC formally became the EU on 1 December 2009 and was acknowledged by 2011.

References

  1. ↑ Robbie Sabel (14 December 2017). Rules of Procedure at the UN and at Inter-Governmental Conferences. Cambridge University Press. p. 55. ISBN   978-1-316-78210-1.
  2. 1 2 Phillips, Leigh (3 May 2011), "EU wins new powers at UN, transforming global body", EU Observer. Archived 2011-07-27 at the Wayback Machine .
  3. 1 2 "About Permanent Observers". United Nations. Archived from the original on 2 May 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  4. 1 2 "Non-Member States". United Nations.
  5. ↑ James Crawford, The Creation of States in International Law, (1979) p. 156.
  6. ↑ American Society of International Law, 7 December 2012: Legal Implications of the UN General Assembly Vote to Accord Palestine the Status of Observer State Archived 2015-09-29 at the Wayback Machine , by John Cerone
  7. ↑ "Ban sends Palestinian application for UN membership to Security Council". United Nations. 23 September 2011. Archived from the original on 3 July 2017.
  8. ↑ CNN, 30 November 2012, U.N. approves Palestinian 'observer state' bid Archived 2015-09-29 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ↑ McGreal, Chris (11 November 2011). "UN vote on Palestinian state put off amid lack of support". The Guardian . Retrieved 27 October 2018.
  10. ↑ O'Brien, Patricia (2013-02-06). "EU Council Working Group on Public International Law – COJUR" (PDF). United Nations Office of Legal Affairs. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-11. Retrieved 2016-04-25.
  11. ↑ Ali (20 December 2012). "U.N. Adds New Name: "State of Palestine"". The Daily Beast . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
  12. 1 2 United Nations General Assembly Session 58 Resolution314. Participation of the Holy See in the work of the United NationsA/RES/58/314 2004-07-16. Retrieved 2016-04-24.
  13. ↑ Anna, Cara; Lederer, Edith (2015-09-11). "UN strongly approves Palestinian proposal to raise flag". AP News. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
  14. ↑ UNGA, 14 October 1974; Resolution 3210 (XXIX). Invitation to the Palestine Liberation Organization (doc.nr.A/RES/3210 (XXIX)) Archived 3 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ↑ United Nations General Assembly Session 29 Resolution3237. Observer status for the Palestine Liberation OrganizationA/RES/3237(XXIX) 1974-11-22. Retrieved 2016-04-24.
  16. 1 2 United Nations General Assembly Session 43 Resolution160. Observer status of national liberation movements recognized by the Organization of African Unity and/or by the League of Arab StatesA/RES/43/160 1988-12-09. Retrieved 2016-04-24.
  17. ↑ United Nations General Assembly Session 43 Resolution177. Question of PalestineA/RES/43/177 1988-12-15. Retrieved 2016-04-24.
  18. 1 2 United Nations General Assembly Session 52 Resolution250. Participation of Palestine in the work of the United NationsA/RES/52/250 1998-07-13. Retrieved 2016-04-24.
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  20. ↑ Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations Archived January 31, 2013, at the Wayback Machine : "since ... Vote in the United Nations General Assembly which accorded to Palestine Observer State Status, the official title of the Palestine mission has been changed to The Permanent Observer Mission of the State of Palestine to the United Nations."
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  25. ↑ Madiha Rashid Al-Madfai, Jordan, the United States and the Middle East Peace Process, 1974–1991, Cambridge Middle East Library, Cambridge University Press (1993). ISBN   0-521-41523-3. p. 21:"On 28 October 1974, the seventh Arab summit conference held in Rabat designated the PLO as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people and reaffirmed their right to establish an independent state of urgency."
  26. ↑ Geldenhuys, Deon (1990). Isolated states: a comparative analysis. Cambridge University Press. p. 155. ISBN   9780521402682.
  27. ↑ UN observers: Non-member States and Entities Archived May 2, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Palestine is listed immediately after non-member States (on the same page) and before the other observers (that are on the next page).
  28. ↑ United Nations General Assembly Session 66 Agenda item116. Application of Palestine for admission to membership in the United NationsA/66/371 2011-09-23. Retrieved 2016-04-16.
  29. ↑ Gharib, Ali (20 December 2012). "U.N. Adds New Name: "State of Palestine"". The Daily Beast . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
  30. ↑ "Organs Supplement", Repertory of Practice (PDF), UN, p. 10, archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-19
  31. ↑ The World today (PDF), UN, archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-03-19
  32. ↑ "NZ PM rules out discussion on Cooks UN membership". Radio New Zealand. 2015-06-19. Archived from the original on 2016-04-27. Retrieved 2016-04-16.
  33. ↑ Lindemann, Björn Alexander (2014). Cross-Strait Relations and International Organizations: Taiwan's Participation in IGOs in the Context of Its Relationship with China. Springer Science+Business Media. p. 258. ISBN   9783658055271.
  34. ↑ Winkler, Sigrid (2012-06-20). "Taiwan's UN Dilemma: To Be or Not To Be". Washington D.C.: Brookings . Retrieved 2019-03-07.
  35. ↑ "U.N. again throws out Taiwan bid for recognition". Reuters . 18 September 2008. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2013.: "This time, Taiwan was not applying for membership, just to take part in unspecified U.N. 'activities'."
  36. ↑ "Taiwan drops annual U.N. bid as China relations warm". Reuters . 4 February 2009. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  37. ↑ "Final Clauses of Multilateral Treaties" (PDF). United Nations. 2003. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-31. Retrieved 2016-04-25. Hence, instruments received from the Taiwan Province of China will not be accepted by the Secretary-General in his capacity as depositary.
  38. ↑ UN THE WORLD TODAY (PDF) Archived 2015-03-19 at the Wayback Machine showing UN member states (blue), non-member states (green and yellow), non-self-governing territories (red) and the Occupied Palestinian Territory (gray).
  39. ↑ Connie L. McNeely (1995). Constructing the nation-state: international organization and prescriptive action. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 44–45. ISBN   978-0-313-29398-6 . Retrieved 1 May 2011.
  40. ↑ "Status of Palestine at the United Nations". Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
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  42. ↑ United Nations http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/INF/63/6&Lang=E Archived 2010-11-10 at the Wayback Machine
  43. ↑ Description of the European Union Delegation in New York Archived 2010-05-30 at the Wayback Machine , EU Delegation to the UN
  44. ↑ Phillips, Leigh (15 July 2010) EU reaches out for new powers at United Nations Archived 2010-12-15 at the Wayback Machine , EU Observer
  45. 1 2 3 United Nations General Assembly Session 65 Resolution276. Participation of the European Union in the work of the United NationsA/RES/65/276 Retrieved 10 September 2011.
  46. ↑ "3208 (XXIX). Status of the European Economic Community in the General Assembly" (PDF). 11 October 1974. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  47. ↑ "42/10. Observer status for the African Development Bank in the General Assembly" (PDF). 28 October 1987. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  48. ↑ "2011 (XX). Co-operation between the United Nations and the Organization of African Unity" (PDF). 11 October 1965. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  49. ↑ "43/6. Observer status for the Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean in the General Assembly" (PDF). 17 October 1988. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
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