The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria

Last updated

The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
FoundedJanuary 28, 2002 (2002-01-28) (first Board of Directors meeting)
FocusAccelerating the end of AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria as epidemics
Location
Key people
 Peter Sands, (Executive Director, March 2018 – present)
Website www.theglobalfund.org

The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (or simply the Global Fund) is an international financing and partnership organization that aims to "attract, leverage and invest additional resources to end the epidemics of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria to support attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations". [1] This multistakeholder international organization maintains its secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland. [2] The organization began operations in January 2002. [2] Microsoft founder Bill Gates (through the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation) was one of the first donors to provide seed money for the partnership. [3] From January 2006 it has benefited from certain US Privileges, Exemptions, and Immunities under executive order 13395, which conferred International Organizations Immunities Act status on it. [4]

Contents

The Global Fund is the world's largest financier of AIDS, TB, and malaria prevention, treatment, and care programs. [5] As of June 2019, the organization had disbursed more than US$41.6 billion to support these programs. [6] According to the organization, in 2018 it helped finance the distribution of 131 million insecticide-treated nets to combat malaria, provided anti-tuberculosis treatment for 5.3 million people, supported 18.9 million people on antiretroviral therapy for AIDS, and since its founding saved 32 million lives worldwide. [7]

The Global Fund is a financing mechanism rather than an implementing agency. Programs are implemented by in-country partners such as ministries of health, while the Global Fund secretariat, whose staff only have an office in Geneva, monitor the programs. Implementation is overseen by Country Coordinating Mechanisms, country-level committees consisting of in-country stakeholders that need to include, according to Global Fund requirements, a broad spectrum of representatives from government, NGOs, faith-based organizations, the private sector, and people living with the diseases. This system has kept the Global Fund secretariat smaller than other international bureaucracies. The model has also raised concerns about conflict of interest, as some of the stakeholders represented on the Country Coordinating Mechanisms may also receive money from the Global Fund, either as grant recipients, sub-recipients, private persons (e.g. for travel or participation at seminars) or contractors.

Creation

At the end of the 20th century, international political will to improve coordinated efforts to fight the world's deadliest infectious diseases began to materialize. US Ambassador to the UN Richard Holbrooke recognized early on that diseases such as AIDS and Malaria posed as national security threat and advocated for policy that would shore up against those threats. [8] [9] [10] Through various multilateral fora, consensus around creating a new international financial vehicle to combat these diseases emerged. In this context the World Health Organization (WHO) called for a "Massive Attack on Diseases of Poverty" in December 1999. The original concept suggested tackling "malaria, tuberculosis, unsafe pregnancy, AIDS, diarrheal diseases, acute respiratory infections and measles". [11] This list would steadily narrow to only include the three diseases the Global Fund fights today: HIV/AIDS, TB, and malaria. [12] [13] [14]

In April 2001, in Abuja, Nigeria at a summit of African leaders, United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan made the first explicit public call by a highly visible global leader for this new funding mechanism, proposing "the creation of a Global Fund, dedicated to the battle against HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases". [15] Secretary General Annan made the first contribution to the Global Fund in 2001. Having just been named the recipient of the 2001 Philadelphia Liberty Medal, Annan announced he would donate his US$100,000 award to the Global Fund "war chest" he had just proposed creating. [16] In June 2001 the United Nations General Assembly endorsed the creation of a global fund to fight HIV/AIDS. [17]

The G8 formally endorsed the call for the creation of the Global Fund at its summit in July 2001 in Genoa, Italy, although pledges were significantly lower than the US$7 billion to US$10 billion annually Kofi Annan insisted was needed. [18] According to the G8's final communique, "At Okinawa last year, we pledged to make a quantum leap in the fight against infectious diseases and to break the vicious cycle between disease and poverty. To meet that commitment and to respond to the appeal of the UN General Assembly, we have launched with the UN Secretary-General a new Global Fund to fight HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis. We are determined to make the Fund operational before the end of the year. We have committed $1.3 billion. The Fund will be a public-private partnership and we call on other countries, the private sector, foundations, and academic institutions to join with their own contributions – financially, in kind and through shared expertise." [19]

The Global Fund's initial 18-member policy-setting board held its first meeting in January 2002, and issued its first call for proposals. [20] [21] The first secretariat was established in January 2002 with Paul Ehmer serving as team leader, soon replaced by Anders Nordstrom of Sweden who became the organization's interim executive director. By the time the Global Fund Secretariat became operational, the organization had received US$1.9 billion in pledges. [22] [23]

In March 2002, a panel of international public health experts was named to begin reviewing project proposals that same month. In April 2002, the Global Fund awarded its first batch of grants – worth US$378 million – to fight the three diseases in 31 countries. [24]

Fundraising

Since the Global Fund was created in 2002, public sector contributions have constituted 95 percent of all financing raised; the remaining 5 percent comes from the private sector or other financing initiatives such as Product Red. [25] The Global Fund states that from 2002 to July 2019, more than 60 donor governments pledged a total of US$51.2 billion and paid US$45.8 billion. [26] From 2001 through 2018, the largest contributor by far has been the United States, followed by France, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Japan. [26] [27] The donor nations with the largest percent of gross national income contributed to the fund from 2008 through 2010 were Sweden, Norway, France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Spain. [23]

The Global Fund typically raises and spends funds during three-year "replenishment" fund-raising periods. Its first replenishment was launched in 2005, the second in 2007, the third in 2010, the fourth in 2013, and the fifth in 2016. [28] As part of the public-private partnership, all stakeholders play an important role in resource mobilisation efforts - including communities and civil society organisations. In 2011, at the 4th Partnership Forum [29] held in São Paulo, Brazil, the Global Fund Advocates Network (GFAN) was founded. Following which regional entities - GFAN Africa and GFAN Asia-Pacific were also established.[ citation needed ]

Alarms were raised prior to the third replenishment meeting in October 2010 about a looming deficit in funding, which would have led to people undergoing ARV treatment losing access, increasing the chance of them becoming resistant to treatment. UNAIDS Executive Director Michel Sidibé dubbed the scenario of a funding deficit an "HIV Nightmare". [30] The Global Fund stated it needed at least US$20 billion for the third replenishment (covering programs 2011–2013), and US$13 billion just to "allow for the continuation of funding of existing programs". [31] Ultimately, US$11.8 billion was mobilized at the third replenishment meeting, with the United States being the largest contributor – followed by France, Germany, and Japan. The Global Fund stated the US$1.2 billion lack in funding would "lead to difficult decisions in the next three years that could slow down the effort to beat the three diseases". [31]

In November 2011, the organization's board cancelled all new grants for 2012, only having enough money to support existing grants. [32] However, following the Global Fund's May 2012 board meeting, it announced that an additional US$1.6 billion would be available in the 2012-2014 period for investment in programs. [33]

In December 2013, the fourth replenishment meeting was held in Washington, D.C. US$12 billion was pledged in contributions from 25 countries, as well as the European Commission, private foundations, corporations, and faith-based organizations for the 2014–2016 period. [34] It was the largest amount ever committed to fighting the three diseases. [35]

The fifth replenishment meeting took place in September 2016 in Montreal, Canada, and was hosted by Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau. Donors pledged US$12.9 billion (at 2016 exchange rates) for the 2017–2019 period. [36]

France held the sixth replenishment meeting in 2019 in Lyon, hosted by President Emmanuel Macron raising US$14.02 billion for 2020–2022. [37]

The seventh replenishment meeting was hosted by the United States on 19–21 September 2022 in New York City hosted by President Joe Biden, announced by Secretary of State Antony Blinken. [38] The final total was a new record amount of funding, US$15.7 billion. [39]

Leadership

Richard Feachem was named the Global Fund's first executive director in April 2002 [40] and faced early criticism from activists for stating the Global Fund has "plenty" of money to start. [41]

Feachem served from July 2002 through March 2007. Dr. Michel Kazatchkine was then selected as executive director over the Global Fund's architect, David Nabarro, even though Nabarro was "considered the strongest of three shortlisted candidates to head the Global Fund ... A selection committee has evaluated the three nominees' qualifications and ranked 'Nabarro first, Kazatchkine second and (Alex) Cotinho third,' according to a Fund source." [42]

In September 2011, the AIDS Healthcare Foundation called for Kazatchkine's resignation in the wake of isolated yet unprecedented reports of "waste, fraud, and corruption" in order that "reforms may begin in earnest". [43] In January 2012, Kazatchkine ultimately declared his resignation, following the decision made by the Global Fund board in November 2011 to appoint a general manager, leaving Kazatchkine's role to that of chief fund-raiser and public advocate. [44] Communications later disclosed by the United States government stated that Kazatchkine's performance was deemed unsatisfactory by the Global Fund board, notably in relation to the funding of activities related to the First Lady of France at the time, Carla Bruni-Sarkozy. [45]

Following Kazatchkine's resignation, the Global Fund announced the appointment of Gabriel Jaramillo, the former chairman and chief executive officer of Sovereign Bank, to the newly created position of general manager. Jaramillo, who had retired one year earlier, had since served as a Special Advisor to the Office of the Special Envoy for Malaria of the Secretary General of the United Nations, and was a member of the high-level independent panel that looked at the Global Fund's fiduciary controls and oversight mechanisms. Jaramillo reorganized and reduced Global Fund staff in response to the previous year's critics of the Global Fund. [46]

Dr. Mark R. Dybul was appointed executive director in November 2012. [47] He previously served as the United States Global AIDS Coordinator, leading the implementation of the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), and went on to be co-director of the Center for Global Health and Quality at Georgetown University Medical Center after he ended his appointment in 2017. [48]

A nominating process to find a successor to Dybul ran into trouble in 2017 because nominees had spoken out against Donald Trump as a candidate for president of the United States. [49] The Global Fund board named Global Fund Chief of Staff Marijke Wijnroks of the Netherlands as interim executive director while the nominating process restarted. [50]

The Global Fund board selected banker Peter Sands as executive director in 2017. [51] He assumed the role in 2018. [52]

Operations

The Global Fund was formed as an independent, non-profit foundation under Swiss law and hosted by the World Health Organization in January 2002. [53] In January 2009, the organization became an administratively autonomous organization, terminating its administrative services agreement with the World Health Organization. [54]

The initial objective of the Global Fund – to provide funding to countries on the basis of performance – was supposed to make it different from other international agencies at the time of its inception. Other organizations may have staff that assist with the implementation of grants. However, the Global Fund's five-year evaluation in 2009 concluded that without a standing body of technical staff, the Global Fund is not able to ascertain the actual results of its projects. [22] It has therefore tended to look at disbursements or the purchase of inputs as performance.[ citation needed ] It also became apparent shortly after the organization opened that a pure funding mechanism could not work on its own, and it began relying on other agencies – notably the World Health Organization – to support countries in designing and drafting their applications and in supporting implementation.[ citation needed ] The United Nations Development Programme, in particular, bears responsibility for supporting Global Fund-financed projects in a number of countries.[ citation needed ] As a result, the organisation is most accurately described as a financial supplement to the existing global health architecture rather than as a separate approach.

The Global Fund Secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland, employs about 1300 staff. [55] There are neither offices nor staff based in other countries. [56]

In 2013, the Global Fund adopted a new way of distributing its funds in countries to fight AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria. [57] Under this funding model, eligible countries receive an allocation of money every three years for possible use during the same three-year period. [58] The total amount of all allocations across all countries depends on the amount contributed by governments and other donors through the "replenishment" fundraising during the same three-year period. [59] The countries, through their Country Coordinating Mechanism (CCM)), submit applications outlining how they will use the allocation, [60] including selecting the main implementers of grants in countries called Principal Recipients (PR) to carry about programs within their respective countries. [61] An independent Technical Review Panel (TRP) reviews the applications [62] and there will be an iterative process towards the finalisation of the applications. Once the applications are approved, the Global Fund provides funding to the principal recipients based on achievement toward agreed indicators and actual expenses. [63] Performance and expenses are periodically reviewed by a "local fund agent", which in most countries is an international financial audit company. [64]

Governance

Board

The Global Fund board is the supreme governing body of the organisation and embodies the partnership approach to global health and incorporates leading stakeholders in an inclusive and effective way. The core functions of the Board include: strategy development; governance oversight; commitment of financial resources; assessment of organisational performance; risk management; and partnership engagement, resource mobilisation and advocacy. [65]

The Board includes 20 voting members, with equal representation by implementers and donors. Non-governmental organisations; communities living with and/or affected by HIV, TB and malaria; the private sector; and private foundations are also represented as voting members. There are also eight non-voting members, including the board chair and vice-chair; representatives of partner organisations including the World Health Organization and World Bank; as well as the Additional Public Donors constituency.[ citation needed ]

The chair and vice-chair of the Board (together the "Board Leadership") lead the Board's strategic focus on its core functions. Their primary role is to manage the affairs of the Board, including ensuring that the Board is organised properly, functions effectively, and meets its obligations and responsibilities. Prior to the end of the term of the Board Leadership, an ad hoc Board Leadership Nominations Committee (BLNC) is formed, and in 2018, for the first time, the BLNC implemented a process which interviewed finalised candidates in person for the Board Leadership.[ citation needed ]

The current Board Leadership is made up of Lady Roslyn Morauta and Bience Gawanas, who assumed their tenures in May 2023. [66]

Committees

The work of the Board operates through three committees where each constituency should be represented in at least one standing committee, [67] which are the Audit and Finance Committee (AFC), Ethics and Governance Committee (EGC), and the Strategy Committee (SC).

Corruption and misuse of funds

In January 2011, the Associated Press reported vast corruption in some programs financed by the Global Fund, citing findings of the Global Fund Office of the Inspector General – an auditing unit independent from the Global Fund Secretariat – that up to two-thirds of funds in some of the reviewed grants were lost to fraud. [68] The Office of the Inspector General report showed that systematic fraud patterns had been used across countries. [68] The Global Fund responded to the story with a news release, stating, "The Global Fund has zero tolerance for corruption and actively seeks to uncover any evidence of misuse of its funds. It deploys some of the most rigorous procedures to detect fraud and fight corruption of any organization financing development." [69]

After the Associated Press story, a number of op-eds, including one by Michael Gerson published in The Washington Post in February 2011, sought to put the controversy surrounding the misuse of Global Fund grants in perspective. Gerson stated, "The two-thirds figure applies to one element of one country's grant – the single most extreme example in the world. Investigations are ongoing, but the $34 million in fraud that has been exposed represents about three-tenths of 1 percent of the money the fund has distributed. The targeting of these particular cases was not random; they were the most obviously problematic, not the most typical." [70]

Global Fund spokesman Jon Liden told the Associated Press, "The messenger is being shot to some extent. We would contend that we do not have any corruption problems that are significantly different in scale or nature to any other international financing institution." [68]

Previous reviews of grants and the Global Fund had shown substantial misconduct in some programs, lack of adequate risk management, and operational inefficiency of the Global Fund. [71] Cases of corruption had also been found in several African countries such as Mali, Mauritania, Djibouti, and Zambia. [68]

Sweden, the Global Fund's 11th-biggest contributor at the time (2011), suspended its US$85 million annual donation until the corruption problems were resolved. [68] Germany, the third-biggest contributor at the time, also blocked any financing until a special investigation was complete. [72] Funding was eventually restored.

Other cases of abuse of funds, corruption and mismanagement in a series of grants forced the Global Fund to suspend or terminate the grants after such dealings became publicly known in Uganda, Zimbabwe, Philippines, and Ukraine.[ citation needed ]

In February 2011, Financial Times reported that the Global Fund board failed to act previously on concerns over accountability including on the conclusion of an external evaluation in 2009 that criticized the organization's weak procurement practices. [73] Warnings of inadequate controls had also been reported periodically. [74] Financial Times also reported that its own review found that neither Global Fund staff nor "local fund agents" (the entities entrusted with audit-like tasks at the country level) had noticed the deficiencies reported by the inspector general. [73]

After pushing countries to reclaim stolen funds from the parties responsible and recovering only about half, the organization began in 2014 as a last resort reducing future grants by twice the amount of misappropriated funds. [75] As of February 2016, this resulted in US$14.8 million of reductions (collectively) for Bangladesh, Guatemala, Nigeria and Sri Lanka.[ citation needed ][ needs update ]. Current status is reported to the Global Fund Board at least annually. [76] The Global Fund's Office of the Inspector General audited the recoveries process in 2020.

In 2020, the Global Fund rejected Kenya's application for US$114 million due to a lack of transparency in the selection of firms to manage the fund. [77]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">World Health Organization</span> Specialized agency of the United Nations

The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, and has six regional offices and 150 field offices worldwide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul</span> German politician (SPD)

Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul is a German politician and a member of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) since 1965.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief</span> United States governmental initiative

The United States President's Emergency Plan For AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) is a United States governmental initiative to address the global HIV/AIDS epidemic and help save the lives of those suffering from the disease. Launched by U.S. President George W. Bush in 2003, as of May 2020, PEPFAR has provided about $90 billion in cumulative funding for HIV/AIDS treatment, prevention, and research since its inception, making it the largest global health program focused on a single disease in history until the COVID-19 pandemic. PEPFAR is implemented by a combination of U.S. government agencies in over 50 countries and overseen by the Global AIDS Coordinator at the United States Department of State. As of 2023, PEPFAR has saved over 25 million lives, primarily in sub-Saharan Africa.

FHI 360 is a nonprofit human development organization based in North Carolina. FHI 360 operates in more than 70 countries and all U.S. states and territories. Established in 1971, the organization manages projects relating to family planning and reproductive health. In 1986 the organization began a worldwide response to HIV/AIDS. FHI 360's research and programs also address malaria, tuberculosis, and other infectious and chronic diseases and international agencies, governments, foundations, research institutions, and individual donors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Unitaid</span> Global health initiative

Unitaid is a global health initiative that works with partners to bring about innovations to prevent, diagnose and treat major diseases in low- and middle-income countries, with an emphasis on tuberculosis, malaria, and HIV/AIDS and its deadly co-infections. Founded in 2006, the organization funds the final stages of research and development of new drugs, diagnostics and disease-prevention tools, helps produce data supporting guidelines for their use, and works to allow more affordable generic medicines to enter the marketplace in low- and middle-income countries. Hosted by the World Health Organization (WHO) in Geneva, Unitaid was established by the governments of Brazil, Chile, France, Norway and the United Kingdom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mark R. Dybul</span> American diplomat

Mark R. Dybul is an American diplomat, physician and medical researcher. He served as the executive director of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria from 2012 until 2017. Since 2021, he has been the CEO of Renovaro Biosciences. Since 2022, he is the Executive Chairman of Purpose Life Sciences.

The Health Metrics Network (HMN) was a global health partnership focused on strengthening health information systems in low and middle income countries, launched in May 2005 during the 58th session of the World Health Assembly (WHA) and dissolved on 31 May 2013. Hosted by the World Health Organization (WHO) in Geneva, Switzerland, the HMN's stated purpose was to make available timely and accurate health information by encouraging joint funding and development of country health information systems, to improve health and save lives.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">William R. Steiger</span> American government official

William Raymond Steiger is a Public Policy Fellow at the Wilson Center in Washington, D.C.. He served as Chief of Staff at the United States Agency for international Development from 2017 to 2021. Previously, Steiger was the chief program officer at Pink Ribbon Red Ribbon, an organization affiliated with the George W. Bush Institute, which works to reduce deaths from cervical cancer and breast cancer in low- and middle-income countries. He was the Special Assistant to the Secretary for International Affairs and the Director of the Office of Global Health Affairs at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) during the George W. Bush administration, with a portfolio that included HIV/AIDS, malaria, avian flu and pandemic-influenza preparedness.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Awa Marie Coll-Seck</span> Senegalese infectious diseases specialist and politician

Awa Marie Coll-Seck is as Senegalese infectious diseases specialist and politician who served as Minister of Health of Senegal from 2001 to 2003 and again from 2012 to 2017. She also served as former Executive Director of the Roll Back Malaria Partnership and is on the board of directors of several notable global health organizations. She is an agenda contributor of the World Economic Forum.

Global Action for Children (GAC) was a highly effective nonpartisan coalition dedicated to improving the lives of orphans and vulnerable children in the developing world active from 2004 - 2010.

With less than 1 percent of the population estimated to be HIV-positive, Egypt is a low-HIV-prevalence country. However, between the years 2006 and 2011, HIV prevalence rates in Egypt increased tenfold. Until 2011, the average number of new cases of HIV in Egypt was 400 per year. But, in 2012 and 2013 it increased to about 600 new cases and in 2014 it reached 880 new cases per year. According to UNAIDS 2016 statistics, there are about 11,000 people currently living with HIV in Egypt. The Ministry of Health and Population reported in 2020 over 13,000 Egyptians are living with HIV/AIDS. However, unsafe behaviors among most-at-risk populations and limited condom usage among the general population place Egypt at risk of a broader epidemic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Karl W. Hofmann</span>

Karl William Hofmann is the President and CEO of the global humanitarian and health organization, Population Services International (PSI). Prior to joining PSI, he served as an American diplomat for 23 years. His missions included a two-year appointment to the Republic of Togo, where he served as the United States Ambassador. He also served as a member of President Clinton's National Security Council.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Millennium Foundation</span> Swiss non-profit organization

The Millennium Foundation for Innovative Finance for Health is an independent, non-profit Swiss organization, established in November 2008 in order to create new ways to finance health systems in low- and middle-income countries. Based in Geneva, Switzerland, the Millennium Foundation aims to ensure that international commitments on improving health care are met through the development of innovative financing projects. Its first such project – called MassiveGood – was launched on 4 March, and will give travelers the possibility to add a $2, £2 or €2 micro-contribution to the purchase of a travel reservation, with all proceeds going to the fight against HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis.

Innovative financing refers to a range of non-traditional mechanisms to raise additional funds for development aid through "innovative" projects such as micro-contributions, taxes, public-private partnerships and market-based financial transactions.

Global Health Initiatives (GHIs) are humanitarian initiatives that raise and disburse additional funds for infectious diseases – such as AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria – for immunizations and for strengthening health systems in developing countries. GHIs classify a type of global initiative, which is defined as an organized effort integrating the involvement of organizations, individuals, and stakeholders around the world to address a global issue.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Michel Kazatchkine</span> Michel Kazatchkine* - Special Envoy for HIV/AIDS in Eastern Europe and Central Asia

Michel Kazatchkine is a French physician, diplomat and advocate who is best known for his work in international AIDS treatment issues. From February 2007 to March 2012 he was director of The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. On July 20, 2012, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon appointed him as his United Nations Special Envoy for HIV/AIDS in Eastern Europe and Central Asia.

This page is a timeline of global health, including major conferences, interventions, cures, and crises.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Global AIDS and Tuberculosis Relief Act of 2000</span> US law

Global AIDS and Tuberculosis Relief Act of 2000 or Global AIDS Research and Relief Act of 2000 is a United States federal law establishing the World Bank AIDS Trust Fund for the care and prevention of HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis in overseas continents supporting substantial populations. The Act of Congress endorsed the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and International Development Association to govern the financial fund for the global opportunistic infection epidemics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mark P. Lagon</span> American political scientist and practitioner

Mark P. Lagon is an American political scientist and practitioner. His areas of expertise include human rights, global health, human trafficking, and global institutions and governance. Lagon is the Chief Policy Officer at Friends of the Global Fight Against AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria and a Distinguished Senior Scholar at Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service.

Dr. Winnie Mpanju-Shumbusho is a Tanzanian paediatrician and public health leader who until December 31, 2015, served as World Health Organization (WHO) Assistant Director General for HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases based in Geneva, Switzerland. From 2016 to 2019, she served as board chair of RBM Partnership To End Malaria. Before joining WHO in 1999, Mpanju-Shumbusho was Director General of The East, Central and Southern African Health Community (ECSA-HC) formerly known as the Commonwealth Regional Health Community for East, Central and Southern Africa (CRHC-ECSA).

References

  1. ↑ "Bylaws of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis & Malaria" (PDF). The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. Retrieved January 28, 2016.
  2. 1 2 "GFATM - The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria". Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation SDC. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
  3. ↑ Hood, Marlowe (May 19, 2011). "AFP: Global Fund faces billion-dollar gap". Archived from the original on January 24, 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2012.
  4. ↑ "Executive Order 13395". President George W. Bush. January 13, 2006.
  5. ↑ "Why The U.S. Is Pledging $4.3 Billion To The Global Fund". NPR. September 15, 2016. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
  6. ↑ "Financials". The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. Archived from the original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved July 6, 2019.
  7. ↑ "Results Report 2018" (PDF). The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. September 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 27, 2019. Retrieved September 27, 2019.
  8. ↑ "Recognizing the contributions of Ambassador Richard C Holbrooke - GF/B22/DP14". theglobalfund.org. The Global Fund. December 15, 2010. Retrieved August 3, 2022. In his position as the United States Ambassador to the United Nations and later as the founding President of the Global Business Coalition against AIDS, Ambassador Holbrooke played a ground-breaking role in ensuring that the world accepted HIV and AIDS as a threat to international security and global business as well as being a humanitarian catastrophe. He was one of the drivers behind the allocation of large, additional resources to fight HIV and AIDS and was a tireless advocate for the engagement of the private sector in the fight against the pandemic and for testing and prevention as a crucial part of this struggle. The fight against HIV and AIDS has lost one of its most influential and passionate ambassadors. Richard Holbrooke will be missed by all who knew him and the millions who benefitted from his work.
  9. ↑ Greg, Behrman (2004). Invisible People. New York: Free Press, Simon & Schuster, Inc. p. 372. ISBN   9781439157350. At the UN, Eddy tried to advance the notion that AIDS would overwhelm nation-states, begetting violence and disorder and possibly war. Only days before the planned session, Eddy found himself pitching the issue to an assemblage of African military attachés. The African generals took the presentation personally. They were offended that the United States would suggest that a disease was threatening to overwhelm their ability to rule their own countries. Walking out with a sinking feeling, Eddy thought the issue's prospects were bleak. When he checked back in with Holbrooke to relay the encounter, his boss assuaged his concerns, telling him that the meeting didn't really matter; the critical body was the Security Council. But Holbrooke and his team were having trouble convincing the members of the Council to give global AIDS a forum. "People were really scared to talk about this issue in a public setting, on the record, with implications," Bob Orr said. Russia, China, and France were all intransigent."
  10. ↑ "Specialized agencies - UNAIDS (Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS) - World AIDS Day and all AIDS-related matters" (PDF). un.org. United Nations. Retrieved July 15, 2022.
  11. ↑ Executive Director, Director-General's Office, "Massive Attack on Poverty – A Concept Paper" (paper to WHO Cabinet, Geneva, December 20, 1999.
  12. ↑ "Executive Director, Director-General's Office, "Massive Attack on Diseases of Poverty". (a paper to WHO Cabinet and Regional Offices), Geneva, March 14, 2000
  13. ↑ "G8 Experts' Meeting on Global Health Issues: Summary of Discussion". April 19–20, 2000.
  14. ↑ "Mofa: G8 Communiqué Okinawa 2000". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan) . Retrieved July 14, 2018.
  15. ↑ "Annan's call for a global AIDS war chest". United Nations. April 26, 2001. Retrieved January 26, 2012.
  16. ↑ "Global AIDS Fund should be up and running by year's end, Annan says". UN News. June 27, 2001. Retrieved July 10, 2018.
  17. ↑ "Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved July 14, 2018.
  18. ↑ "G8 Leaders Agree to Create AIDS Fund". The Washington Times. July 20, 2001. Retrieved January 26, 2012.
  19. ↑ "G8 Communique, July 22, 2001". University of Toronto. Retrieved January 26, 2012.
  20. ↑ Kapp, C. (February 2002). "Global fund on AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria holds first board meeting". Lancet. 359 (9304): 414. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07634-1. PMID   11844526. S2CID   7868412.
  21. ↑ Hanefeld, Johanna (February 1, 2014). "The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria: 10 years on". Clinical Medicine. 14 (1): 54–57. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.14-1-54. ISSN   1470-2118. PMC   5873622 . PMID   24532746. Archived from the original on June 2, 2018. Retrieved July 14, 2018.
  22. 1 2 "Global Fund Overview". www.theglobalfund.org. Archived from the original on May 18, 2020. Retrieved April 27, 2022.
  23. 1 2 "Overview of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria". Center for Global Development | Ideas to Action. Retrieved April 27, 2022.
  24. ↑ "Concept Note: The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria" . Retrieved July 14, 2018.
  25. ↑ "Government Donors". The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. May 23, 2018. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
  26. 1 2 "Pledges and Contributions". The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. August 8, 2019. Retrieved August 8, 2019.
  27. ↑ "Government Donors". The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. Retrieved August 8, 2019.
  28. ↑ "Replenishment Archive". The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
  29. ↑ "The Global Fund's 4th Partnership Forum 28th - 30th June". Harm Reduction International. Archived from the original on February 22, 2022. Retrieved February 22, 2022.
  30. ↑ Hellevik, Siri Bjerkrem: "Is an HIV Nightmare on the Way?" Archived 2016-06-24 at the Wayback Machine at NIBR International Blog, August 23, 2010
  31. 1 2 Hellevik, Siri Bjerkreim (October 14, 2020). "HIV Nightmare Averted - For Now". NIBR International Blog. Archived from the original on June 24, 2016.
  32. ↑ "Obama Embraces 'End of AIDS,' Promises To Accelerate HIV Treatment". NPR.org. Retrieved April 21, 2017.
  33. ↑ "Global Fund Forecasts $1.6 billion in Available Funds for 2012-2014". Archived from the original on August 30, 2012. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
  34. ↑ "Donors Pledge $12 Billion for Global Fund". VOA.
  35. ↑ "Historic Replenishment of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria Only a Starting Point". results.org.uk. Archived from the original on August 30, 2014.
  36. ↑ "Global fund raises $12.9 billion to fight AIDS, TB and malaria". Reuters. Retrieved September 17, 2016.
  37. ↑ "Global Fund raises its targeted €12 billion to fight pandemics". Euronews. Retrieved October 24, 2019.
  38. ↑ "United States to Host Global Fund's Seventh Replenishment Conference". United States Department of State. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
  39. ↑ "Global Fund board hails record breaking seventh replenishment". November 23, 2022. Retrieved October 29, 2023.
  40. ↑ "FUND: Executive Director Feecham, 4/25/02". Health GAP (Global Access Project). April 25, 2002. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved January 26, 2012.
  41. ↑ Disease-fighting group gets off to rocky start, The Boston Globe, July 1, 2002.
  42. ↑ "UN's Nabarro tipped to head global AIDS fund". Reuters Health Medical News. February 1, 2007.
  43. ↑ "AHF: Global Fund Head Must Step Down to Ensure Fund's Viability". AIDS Healthcare Foundation. Archived from the original on October 6, 2011.
  44. ↑ McNeil, Donald Jr. (January 25, 2012). "Director Quits After Changes at Global Fund". The New York Times.
  45. ↑ "Hillary Clinton Archives Reveal AIDS Fund Chief Pushed Out in 2012". NDTV.com.
  46. ↑ "Gabriel Jaramillo, former General Manager of The Global Fund". Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. April 3, 2014. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
  47. ↑ "Global Fund Board Selects Mark Dybul to Be the Fund's Next Executive Directo". Aidspan. Archived from the original on November 21, 2012. Retrieved November 16, 2012.
  48. ↑ "Former director optimistic Global Fund replenishment can be reached". June 27, 2019. Retrieved October 29, 2023.
  49. ↑ Donald G. McNeil Jr (February 15, 2017). "A Contentious List of Finalists for Global Aid Fund Group's Director". The New York Times. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
  50. ↑ Global Fund Names Interim Executive Diector Starting Juneip-watch.org March 4, 2017 Archived April 5, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
  51. ↑ Jr, Donald G. Mcneil (November 14, 2017). "Peter Sands Named Head of Global Disease-Fighting Agency". The New York Times. Retrieved November 14, 2017.
  52. ↑ "Executive Director". www.theglobalfund.org. Retrieved April 27, 2022.
  53. ↑ "Global Fund Overview". The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. Archived from the original on November 22, 2016. Retrieved November 22, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  54. ↑ "The Global Fund becomes an administratively autonomous institution as of 2009". The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  55. ↑ "Staff". The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. Retrieved April 12, 2023.
  56. ↑ "Overview". The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. Archived from the original on May 29, 2018. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
  57. ↑ Lopez Gonzalez, Laura. "A beginner's guide to the Global Fund's new funding model". Making Malaria History. Archived from the original on April 30, 2017. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  58. ↑ "The Global Fund launches new funding model to support countries in responding to HIV, TB and malaria". UNAIDS. March 1, 2013. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  59. ↑ "The Global Fund's New Funding Model:What it Might Mean for You and Your Country" (PDF). Eurasian Harm Reduction Network: 8. March 2013.
  60. ↑ "Understanding the New Funding Model: An Aidspan Guide" (PDF). April 30, 2014: 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 23, 2016. Retrieved August 16, 2017.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  61. ↑ "Understanding the New Funding Model: An Aidspan Guide" (PDF). April 30, 2014: 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 23, 2016. Retrieved August 16, 2017.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  62. ↑ "The Global Fund's New Funding Model: Early Outcomes for Regional Civil Society Applicants" (PDF). ICASO: 13. March 2014. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  63. ↑ The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (March 7, 2018). "Operational Policy Manual" (PDF). Retrieved May 28, 2018.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  64. ↑ Rivers, Bernard. "What is a Local Fund Agent?". Aidspan. Archived from the original on April 2, 2019. Retrieved January 23, 2003.
  65. ↑ "Board". www.theglobalfund.org. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
  66. ↑ "Global Fund Selects Roslyn Morauta as Board Chair and Bience Gawanas as Vice-Chair". www.theglobalfund.org. April 23, 2023. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
  67. ↑ "Global Fund Board Operating Procedures" (PDF). The Global Fund. November 11, 2019. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
  68. 1 2 3 4 5 "AP Enterprise: Fraud plagues global health fund". The Boston Globe. Associated Press. January 23, 2011. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
  69. ↑ "News Release: Global Fund statement on abuse of funds in some countries". The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. January 24, 2011. Archived from the original on August 30, 2012. Retrieved January 26, 2012.
  70. ↑ Gerson, Michael (February 4, 2011). "Putting fraud in global health spending in context". The Washington Post.
  71. ↑ Summary Paper on the Five-Year Evaluation Synthesis Report Archived 2010-02-10 at the Wayback Machine , 5-year review study paid by the GFATM pp 13, 2009
  72. ↑ Minister Niebel on Corruption at the GFATM Archived 2011-07-17 at the Wayback Machine , BMZ message, January 25, 2011 German only
  73. 1 2 Jack, Andrew (February 4, 2011). "UN health fund to review practices". Financial Times. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
  74. ↑ A spoonful of ingenuity, The Economist, January 7, 2010.
  75. ↑ Nurith, Aizenman (February 9, 2016). "Meet The Repo Man For Global Health: Skim Off A Grant, He'll Make You Pay". NPR. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
  76. ↑ Recoveries Report for 2021 available at Recoveries Report
  77. ↑ "Global Fund cancels Kenya's Sh12bn application". The Star. Retrieved September 14, 2020.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.