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Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a species of pathogenic bacteria in the family Mycobacteriaceae and the causative agent of tuberculosis. First discovered in 1882 by Robert Koch, M. tuberculosis has an unusual, waxy coating on its cell surface primarily due to the presence of mycolic acid. This coating makes the cells impervious to Gram staining, and as a result, M. tuberculosis can appear weakly Gram-positive. Acid-fast stains such as Ziehl–Neelsen, or fluorescent stains such as auramine are used instead to identify M. tuberculosis with a microscope. The physiology of M. tuberculosis is highly aerobic and requires high levels of oxygen. Primarily a pathogen of the mammalian respiratory system, it infects the lungs. The most frequently used diagnostic methods for tuberculosis are the tuberculin skin test, acid-fast stain, culture, and polymerase chain reaction.
Mycobacterium is a genus of Actinomycetota, given its own family, the Mycobacteriaceae. Over 190 species are recognized in this genus. This genus includes pathogens known to cause serious diseases in mammals, including tuberculosis and leprosy in humans. The Greek prefix myco- means 'fungus', alluding to the way mycobacteria have been observed to grow in a mold-like fashion on the surface of cultures. It is acid-fast and cannot be stained by the Gram stain procedure.
Mycobacterium bovis is a slow-growing aerobic bacterium and the causative agent of tuberculosis in cattle. It is related to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium which causes tuberculosis in humans. M. bovis can jump the species barrier and cause tuberculosis-like infection in humans and other mammals.
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is an obligate pathogenic bacterium in the genus Mycobacterium. It is often abbreviated M. paratuberculosis or M. avium ssp. paratuberculosis. It is the causative agent of Johne's disease, which affects ruminants such as cattle, and suspected causative agent in human Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis. The type strain is ATCC 19698.
Streptococcus bovis is a species of Gram-positive bacteria that in humans is associated with urinary tract infections, endocarditis, sepsis, and colorectal cancer. S. gallolyticus is commonly found in the alimentary tract of cattle, sheep, and other ruminants, and may cause ruminal acidosis or feedlot bloat. It is also associated with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, a frequent complication occurring in patients affected by cirrhosis. Equivalence with Streptococcus equinus has been contested.
Mycobacteroides abscessus is a species of rapidly growing, multidrug-resistant, nontuberculous mycobacteria that is a common soil and water contaminant. Although M. abscessus most commonly causes chronic lung infection and skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI), it can also cause infection in almost all human organs, mostly in patients with suppressed immune systems. Amongst NTM species responsible for disease, infection caused by M. abscessus complex are more difficult to treat due to antimicrobial drug resistance.
Mycobacterium africanum is a species of Mycobacterium that is most commonly found in West African countries, where it is estimated to cause up to 40% of pulmonary tuberculosis. The symptoms of infection resemble those of M. tuberculosis.
Mycobacterium avium is a species of the phylum Actinomycetota, belonging to the genus Mycobacterium.
Mycobacterium celatum is a species of the phylum Actinomycetota, belonging to the genus Mycobacterium.
Mycobacterium kansasii is a bacterium in the Mycobacterium genus. It is an environmental bacteria that causes opportunistic infections in humans, and is the one of the leading mycobacterial causes of human disease after tuberculosis and leprosy.
Mycobacterium canettii, a novel pathogenic taxon of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), was first reported in 1969 by the French microbiologist Georges Canetti, for whom the organism has been named. It formed smooth and shiny colonies, which is highly exceptional for the MTBC. It was described in detail in 1997 on the isolation of a new strain from a 2-year-old Somali patient with lymphadenitis. It did not differ from Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the biochemical tests and in its 16S rRNA sequence. It had shorter generation time than clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis and presented a unique, characteristic phenolic glycolipid and lipo-oligosaccharide. In 1998, Pfyffer described abdominal lymphatic TB in a 56-year-old Swiss man with HIV infection who lived in Kenya. Tuberculosis caused by M. canettii appears to be an emerging disease in the Horn of Africa. A history of a stay to the region should induce the clinician to consider this organism promptly even if the clinical features of TB caused by M. canettii are not specific. The natural reservoir, host range, and mode of transmission of the organism are still unknown.
Mycobacterium pinnipedii is a member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex which primarily infects seals. It is a slowly growing Mycobacterium. The species is named after the Pinnipeds, the organisms from which M. pinnipedii was first isolated.
Streptococcus equinus is a Gram-positive, nonhemolytic, nonpathogenic, lactic acid bacterium of the genus Streptococcus. It is the principal Streptococcus found in the alimentary canal of a horse, and makes up the majority of the bacterial flora in horse feces. Equivalence with Streptococcus bovis has been contested.
Staphylococcus is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria in the family Staphylococcaceae from the order Bacillales. Under the microscope, they appear spherical (cocci), and form in grape-like clusters. Staphylococcus species are facultative anaerobic organisms.
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex is a genetically related group of Mycobacterium species that can cause tuberculosis in humans or other animals.
Mycobacterium sphagni is a species of Mycobacterium.
Mycobacterium peregrinum is a species of Mycobacterium.
Mycobacterium novocastrense is a species of Mycobacterium.
Mycobacterium rhodesiae is a species of Mycobacterium.
Mycolicibacter engbaekii is a species of bacteria from the phylum Actinomycetota. It is susceptible to amikacin, clarithromycin, ethambutol, linezolid, and rifabutin. It has also been recovered from African tuberculosis patients, water treatment plant sludge, and dairy cattle.
References
- 1 2 Aranaz A, Cousins D, Mateos A, Domínguez L (November 2003). "Elevation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis subsp. caprae Aranaz et al. 1999 to species rank as Mycobacterium caprae comb. nov., sp. nov". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 53 (Pt 6): 1785–9. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.02532-0 . PMID 14657105.
- ↑ Aranaz, A.; Liebana, E.; Gomez-Mampaso, E.; Galan, J.C.; Cousins, D.; Ortega, A.; Blazquez, J.; Baquero, F.; Mateos, A.; Suarez, G.; Dominguez, L. (July 1, 1999). "Mycobacterium tuberculosis subsp. caprae subsp. nov.: A taxonomic study of a new member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolated from goats in Spain". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology.
- ↑ Rodríguez E, Sánchez LP, Pérez S, et al. (December 2009). "Human tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis and M. caprae in Spain, 2004–2007". Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. 13 (12): 1536–41. PMID 19919773.
- ↑ Kubica, T.; Rusch-Gerdes, S.; Niemann, S. (1 July 2003). "Mycobacterium bovis subsp. caprae Caused One-Third of Human M. bovis-Associated Tuberculosis Cases Reported in Germany between 1999 and 2001". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 41 (7): 3070–3077. doi:10.1128/JCM.41.7.3070-3077.2003. PMC 165304 . PMID 12843046.
- ↑ Rodríguez, Sabrina; Bezos, Javier; Romero, Beatriz; de Juan, Lucía; Álvarez, Julio; Castellanos, Elena; Moya, Nuria; Lozano, Francisco; Javed, M. Tariq; Sáez-Llorente, José L.; Liébana, Ernesto; Mateos, Ana; Domínguez, Lucas; Aranaz, Alicia; Tuberculosis, Monitoring of Animal (March 2011). "Mycobacterium caprae Infection in Livestock and Wildlife, Spain". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 17 (3): 532–535. doi:10.3201/eid1703.100618. PMC 3165998 . PMID 21392452.
- ↑ Pate, M.; Švara, T.; Gombač, M.; Paller, T.; Žolnir-Dovč, M.; Emeršič, I.; Prodinger, W. M.; Bartoš, M.; Zdovc, I.; Krt, B.; Pavlik, I.; Cvetnić, Ž.; Pogačnik, M.; Ocepek, M. (October 2006). "Outbreak of Tuberculosis Caused by Mycobacterium caprae in a Zoological Garden". Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B. 53 (8): 387–392. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0450.2006.01000.x. PMID 17010043.
