Mycobacterium kansasii

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Mycobacterium kansasii
Mycobacterium kansasii growing on Lowenstein-Jensen medium.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Actinomycetota
Class: Actinomycetia
Order: Mycobacteriales
Family: Mycobacteriaceae
Genus: Mycobacterium
Species:
M. kansasii
Binomial name
Mycobacterium kansasii
Hauduroy 1955, [1] ATCC 12478

Mycobacterium kansasii is a bacterium in the Mycobacterium genus. It is an environmental bacteria that causes opportunistic infections in humans, and is one of the leading mycobacterial causes of human disease after tuberculosis and leprosy. [2]

Contents

Description

Gram-positive, nonmotile, moderately-long to long, and acid-fast rods.

Colony characteristics

It forms smooth to rough colonies after 7 or more days of incubation and is considered a slow grower. Colonies grown in dark are nonpigmented, when grown in light or when young colonies are exposed briefly to light, colonies become brilliant yellow (photochromogenic) according to the Runyon classification of Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria. Oxygen is essential for the development of the pigment. If grown in a lighted incubator, most strains form dark red crystals of β-carotene on the surface and inside of colony.

Physiology

Its physiology is described as growth on Middlebrook 7H10 agar at 37°C within 7 days or more, resistant to pyrazinamide and susceptible to ethambutol.

Differential characteristics

It is closely related to the non-pathogenic, also slowly growing, nonpigmented, M. gastri . Both species share an identical 16S rDNA but differentiation is possible by differences in the ITS and hsp65 sequences. A commercial hybridisation assay (AccuProbe) to identify M. kansasii exists.

M. kansasii complex

Several former subtypes of M. kansasii have been reclassified as closely related species, and along with M. gastri form the M. kansasii complex (MKC). The species in the MKC are

Discovery

Mycobacterium kansasii was first described in 1952 after being identified as the cause of two cases of disease resembling human pulmonary tuberculosis at Kansas City General Hospital and the University of Kansas Medical Center. [6]

Pathogenesis

M. kansasii may cause chronic human pulmonary disease resembling tuberculosis. [7] Extrapulmonary infections, such as cervical lymphadenitis in children, cutaneous and soft tissues infections, and musculoskeletal system involvement are uncommon. Rarely it causes disseminated disease in patients with severely impaired cellular immunity (such as organ transplants or AIDS). Pre-existing lung disease such as silicosis is a risk factor. [8] Mycobacterium kansasii occasionally involves the skin in a sporotrichoid pattern. [9] : 341  It is unclear where people acquire the infection and person-to-person spread is not thought to occur. Tap water is believed to be the major reservoir associated with human disease. [10] Biosafety level 2 is indicated.

Type strain

First and most frequently isolated from human pulmonary secretions and lesions.

Strain ATCC 12478 = CIP 104589 = DSM 44162 = JCM 6379 = NCTC 13024.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tuberculosis</span> Infectious disease

Tuberculosis (TB), also known colloquially as the "white death", or historically as consumption, is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections show no symptoms, in which case it is known as latent tuberculosis. Around 10% of latent infections progress to active disease which, if left untreated, kill about half of those affected. Typical symptoms of active TB are chronic cough with blood-containing mucus, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Infection of other organs can cause a wide range of symptoms.

<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> Species of pathogenic bacteria that causes tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, also known as Koch's bacillus, is a species of pathogenic bacteria in the family Mycobacteriaceae and the causative agent of tuberculosis. First discovered in 1882 by Robert Koch, M. tuberculosis has an unusual, waxy coating on its cell surface primarily due to the presence of mycolic acid. This coating makes the cells impervious to Gram staining, and as a result, M. tuberculosis can appear weakly Gram-positive. Acid-fast stains such as Ziehl–Neelsen, or fluorescent stains such as auramine are used instead to identify M. tuberculosis with a microscope. The physiology of M. tuberculosis is highly aerobic and requires high levels of oxygen. Primarily a pathogen of the mammalian respiratory system, it infects the lungs. The most frequently used diagnostic methods for tuberculosis are the tuberculin skin test, acid-fast stain, culture, and polymerase chain reaction.

<i>Mycobacterium</i> Genus of bacteria

Mycobacterium is a genus of over 190 species in the phylum Actinomycetota, assigned its own family, Mycobacteriaceae. This genus includes pathogens known to cause serious diseases in mammals, including tuberculosis and leprosy in humans. The Greek prefix myco- means 'fungus', alluding to this genus' mold-like colony surfaces. Since this genus has cell walls with a waxy lipid-rich outer layer that contains high concentrations of mycolic acid, acid-fast staining is used to emphasize their resistance to acids, compared to other cell types.

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), also known as environmental mycobacteria, atypical mycobacteria and mycobacteria other than tuberculosis (MOTT), are mycobacteria which do not cause tuberculosis or leprosy/Hansen's disease. NTM are able to cause pulmonary diseases that resemble tuberculosis. Mycobacteriosis is any of these illnesses, usually meant to exclude tuberculosis. They occur in many animals, including humans and are commonly found in soil and water.

Mycobacterium xenopi is a slow-growing scotochromogenic species of Mycobacterium. It was first reported by Schwabacher in 1959, having been isolated in lesions found on a Xenopus laevis, but the possibility of human infection was not confirmed until 1965. It has been cultured from hot and cold water taps, hospital hot water generators and storage tanks, and other environmental sources.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mycobacteriophage</span> Virus infecting mycobacteria

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The Timpe and Runyon classification of nontuberculous mycobacteria based on the rate of growth, production of yellow pigment and whether this pigment was produced in the dark or only after exposure to light.

Lipoarabinomannan, also called LAM, is a glycolipid, and a virulence factor associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacteria responsible for tuberculosis. Its primary function is to inactivate macrophages and scavenge oxidative radicals.

<i>Mycobacteroides abscessus</i> Species of bacterium

Mycobacteroides abscessus is a species of rapidly growing, multidrug-resistant, nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) that is a common soil and water contaminant. Although M. abscessus most commonly causes chronic lung infection and skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI), it can also cause infection in almost all human organs, mostly in patients with suppressed immune systems. Amongst NTM species responsible for disease, infection caused by M. abscessus complex are more difficult to treat due to antimicrobial drug resistance.

<i>Mycolicibacter arupensis</i> Species of bacterium

Mycolicibacter arupensis is a slowly growing mycobacterium first isolated from soil and human sputum samples in Spain. Etymology: arupense, pertaining to the ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, where the type strain was characterized.

<i>Mycobacterium fortuitum</i> Species of bacterium

Mycobacterium fortuitum is a nontuberculous species of the phylum Actinomycetota, belonging to the genus Mycobacterium.

Mycobacterium gastri is a species of the phylum Actinomycetota, belonging to the genus Mycobacterium.

Mycobacterium gordonae is a species of Mycobacterium named for Ruth E. Gordon. It is a species of the phylum Actinomycetota, belonging to the genus Mycobacterium.

Mycobacterium hassiacum is a rapid-growing thermophilic mycobacterium that was isolated in human urine in 1997 by researchers at the German University of Regensburg. It's a species of the phylum Actinomycetota, belonging to the genus Mycobacterium.

Mycobacterium avium complex is a group of mycobacteria comprising Mycobacterium intracellulare and Mycobacterium avium that are commonly grouped because they infect humans together; this group, in turn, is part of the group of nontuberculous mycobacteria. These bacteria cause Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infections or Mycobacterium avium complex infections in humans. These bacteria are common and are found in fresh and salt water, in household dust and in soil. MAC bacteria usually cause infection in those who are immunocompromised or those with severe lung disease.

Mycobacterium malmoense is a Gram-positive bacterium from the genus Mycobacterium.

Mycobacterium canettii, a novel pathogenic taxon of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), was first reported in 1969 by the French microbiologist Georges Canetti, for whom the organism has been named. It formed smooth and shiny colonies, which is highly exceptional for the MTBC. It was described in detail in 1997 on the isolation of a new strain from a 2-year-old Somali patient with lymphadenitis. It did not differ from Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the biochemical tests and in its 16S rRNA sequence. It had shorter generation time than clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis and presented a unique, characteristic phenolic glycolipid and lipo-oligosaccharide. In 1998, Pfyffer described abdominal lymphatic TB in a 56-year-old Swiss man with HIV infection who lived in Kenya. Tuberculosis caused by M. canettii appears to be an emerging disease in the Horn of Africa. A history of a stay to the region should induce the clinician to consider this organism promptly even if the clinical features of TB caused by M. canettii are not specific. The natural reservoir, host range, and mode of transmission of the organism are still unknown.

Mycobacterium wolinskyi is a rapidly growing mycobacterium most commonly seen in post-traumatic wound infections, especially those following open fractures and with associated osteomyelitis. Mycobacterium wolinskyi is clearly clinically significant, and occurs in the same settings as Mycobacterium smegmatis and members of the Mycobacterium fortuitum complex; they differ from members of the Mycobacterium fortuitum complex in the type of chronic lung disease they produce, with essentially all cases occurring in the setting of chronic lipoid pneumonia, either secondary to chronic oil ingestion or chronic aspiration. Etymology: Wolinsky, named after Emanuel Wolinsky in honour of, and in recognition for, significant contributions to the study of the non-tuberculous mycobacteria.

Mycobacteria that form colonies clearly visible to the naked eye in more than 7 days on subculture are termed slow growers.

References

  1. ↑ Hauduroy P (1955). Derniers aspects du monde des mycobactéries. Paris: Masson et Cie. OCLC   876707134.
  2. ↑ Johnston JC, Chiang L, Elwood K (January 2017). Schlossberg D (ed.). "Mycobacterium kansasii". Microbiology Spectrum. 5 (1). doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0011-2016. PMID   28185617.
  3. ↑ Luo T, Xu P, Zhang Y, Porter JL, Ghanem M, Liu Q, et al. (May 2021). "Population genomics provides insights into the evolution and adaptation to humans of the waterborne pathogen Mycobacterium kansasii". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 2491. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.2491L. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22760-6. PMC   8093194 . PMID   33941780.
  4. ↑ Tagini F, Aeby S, Bertelli C, Droz S, Casanova C, Prod'hom G, et al. (June 2019). "Phylogenomics reveal that Mycobacterium kansasii subtypes are species-level lineages. Description of Mycobacterium pseudokansasii sp. nov., Mycobacterium innocens sp. nov. and Mycobacterium attenuatum sp. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 69 (6): 1696–1704. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003378 . PMID   30950782. S2CID   96435266.
  5. ↑ Jagielski T, Borówka P, Bakuła Z, Lach J, Marciniak B, Brzostek A, et al. (Jan 2020). "Genomic Insights Into the Mycobacterium kansasii Complex: An Update". Frontiers in Microbiology. 10 (1): 2918. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02918 . PMC   6974680 . PMID   32010067.
  6. ↑ Buhler VB, Pollak A (April 1953). "Human infection with atypical acid-fast organisms; report of two cases with pathologic findings". American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 23 (4): 363–374. doi:10.1093/ajcp/23.4.363. PMID   13040295.
  7. ↑ Mycobacterium Kansasii at eMedicine
  8. ↑ Webster Jr JR, Cugell DW, Bazley ES, Harrison III RW, Bugaieski SM, Buckingham WB (1969-06-01). "Silicosis and Mycobacterium Kansasii Infection". Diseases of the Chest. 55 (6): 479–482. doi:10.1378/chest.55.6.479.
  9. ↑ James WD, Berger TG, et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN   978-0-7216-2921-6.
  10. ↑ Vaerewijck MJ, Huys G, Palomino JC, Swings J, Portaels F (November 2005). "Mycobacteria in drinking water distribution systems: ecology and significance for human health". FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 29 (5): 911–934. doi: 10.1016/j.femsre.2005.02.001 . PMID   16219512.
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