Nocardiaceae

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Nocardiaceae
Nocardia asteroides.png
Nocardia asteroides colonies
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Actinomycetota
Class: Actinomycetia
Order: Mycobacteriales
Family: Nocardiaceae
Castellani and Chalmers 1919 (Approved Lists 1980) [1]
Type genus
Nocardia
Trevisan 1889 (Approved Lists 1980)
Genera [2]
Synonyms
  • HoyosellaceaeSalam et al. 2020
  • TomitellaceaeSalam et al. 2020

The Nocardiaceae are a family of aerobic, non-fastidious, high G+C, Gram-positive actinomycetes that are commonly found in soil and water. [3] Members of this family have been isolated from Antarctic soils. [4] Nocardiaceae present coccobacilli, filamentous or, rarely, fragmented and palisading forms, [5] and filamentous species grow in a branching morphological pattern similar to fungal hyphae. [6]

Contents

Genomics

The Nocardiaceae form a monophyletic clade within the Corynebacteriales in both 16S rRNA and protein-based phylogenetic trees. [7] [8] A number of conserved signature indels and conserved signature proteins have been identified which are uniquely found in the genera Nocardia and Rhodococcus , supporting a close relationship between the two genera. [8] Recent proposals have been made, based on 16S rRNA signature nucleotides and chemotaxonomic markers, to add the genera Gordonia, Skermania, Williamsia, Millisia, and Smaragdicoccus to the family Nocardiaceae. [7] [9] However, no conserved signature indels or proteins have been found that are commonly shared by Nocardia, Rhodococcus, and Gordonia, the fully sequenced members of the proposed Nocardiaceae revision. [8]

Pathogenic capacity

Some species colonize animals, and members of the Nocardia and Rhodococcus genera can cause infection in humans and livestock. [10] Nocardiosis represent also a serious health problem for fish (marine or not). [11] Many members of this family integrate mycolic acids into their cell wall, and as a result, Nocardia spp. may be mistaken for mycobacteria when viewed under a microscope following an acid-fast stain. [12]

Environmental effects

Wastewater foaming

Nocardia species are often responsible for the accumulation of foam that occurs in activated sludge during sewage treatment. [6] [13] [14] [15] Biological foaming can be problematic for the water treatment process, and foam accumulation is reduced by adding surfactants to the wastewater. [16] [17]

Bioremediation of hydrocarbons

Soil Nocardiaceae can degrade hydrocarbons (e.g. petroleum distillates) and have been proposed as bioremediation agents for environmental spills. [18]

Nomenclature changes

In the 1980s, all Nocardiaceae species assigned to the genus Micropolyspora were transferred to the genera Nocardia or Nonomuraea in family Streptosporangiaceae, or Saccharopolyspora in family Pseudonocardiaceae. [19] This effectively ended the official status of this genus, but the name persists in older research articles.

Related Research Articles

The Aquificota phylum is a diverse collection of bacteria that live in harsh environmental settings. The name Aquificota was given to this phylum based on an early genus identified within this group, Aquifex, which is able to produce water by oxidizing hydrogen. They have been found in springs, pools, and oceans. They are autotrophs, and are the primary carbon fixers in their environments. These bacteria are Gram-negative, non-spore-forming rods. They are true bacteria as opposed to the other inhabitants of extreme environments, the Archaea.

<i>Actinomyces</i> Genus of bacteria

Actinomyces is a genus of the Actinomycetia class of bacteria. They all are gram-positive. Actinomyces species are facultatively anaerobic and they grow best under anaerobic conditions. Actinomyces species may form endospores, and while individual bacteria are rod-shaped, Actinomyces colonies form fungus-like branched networks of hyphae. The aspect of these colonies initially led to the incorrect assumption that the organism was a fungus and to the name Actinomyces, "ray fungus".

<i>Nocardia</i> Genus of bacteria

Nocardia is a genus of weakly staining Gram-positive, catalase-positive, rod-shaped bacteria. It forms partially acid-fast beaded branching filaments. It contains a total of 85 species. Some species are nonpathogenic, while others are responsible for nocardiosis. Nocardia species are found worldwide in soil rich in organic matter. In addition, they are oral microflora found in healthy gingiva, as well as periodontal pockets. Most Nocardia infections are acquired by inhalation of the bacteria or through traumatic introduction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bifidobacteriaceae</span> Family of bacteria

The Bifidobacteriaceae are the only family of bacteria in the order Bifidobacteriales. According to the 16S rRNA-based LTP release 106 published by 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project, the order Bifidobacteriales is a clade nested within the suborder Micrococcineae, also the genus Bifidobacterium is paraphyletic to the other genera within the family, i.e. the other genera are nested within Bifidobacterium.

The Caryophanaceae is a family of Gram-positive bacteria. In 2020, the now defunct family Planococcaceae was merged into Caryophanaceae to rectify a nomenclature anomaly. The type genus of this family is Caryophanon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Streptomycetaceae</span> Family of bacteria

Streptomycetaceae is a family of Actinomycetota, making up the monotypic order Streptomycetales. It includes the important genus Streptomyces. This was the original source of many antibiotics, namely streptomycin, the first antibiotic against tuberculosis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pseudonocardiaceae</span> Family of bacteria

The Pseudonocardiaceae are a family of bacteria in the order Actinomycetales and the only member of the suborder Pseudonocardineae.

Adlercreutzia is a genus in the phylum Actinomycetota (Bacteria).

There are several models of the Branching order of bacterial phyla, one of these was proposed in 1987 paper by Carl Woese.

Beutenbergiaceae is an Actinomycete family.

The Selenomonadales are an order of bacteria within the class Negativicutes; unlike most other members of Bacillota, they are Gram-negative. The phylogeny of this order was initially determined by 16S rRNA comparisons. More recently, molecular markers in the form of conserved signature indels (CSIs) have been found specific for all Selenomonadales species. On the basis of these markers, the Selenomonadales are inclusive of two distinct families, and are no longer the sole order within the Negativicutes. Several CSIs have also been found specific for both families, Sporomusaceae and Selenomonadceae. Samples of bacterial strains within this order have been isolated from the root canals of healthy human teeth.

Thermomonosporaceae represents a Family of bacteria that share similar genotypic and phenotypic characteristics. The Family Thermomonosporaceae includes aerobic, Gram-positive, non-acid-fast, chemo-organotrophic Actinomycetota. They produce a branched substrate mycelium bearing aerial hyphae that undergo differentiation into single or short chains of arthrospores. All species of Thermomonosporaceae share the same cell wall type, a similar menaquinone profile in which MK-9(H6)is predominant, and fatty acid profile type 3a. The presence of the diagnostic sugar madurose is variable, but can be found in most species of this family. The polar lipid profiles are characterized as phospholipid type PI for most species of Thermomonospora, Actinomadura and Spirillospora. The members of Actinocorallia are characterized by phospholipid type PII.

Gordonia is a genus of gram-positive, aerobic, catalase-positive bacterium in the Actinomycetota, closely related to the Rhodococcus, Mycobacterium, Skermania, and Nocardia genera. Gordonia bacteria are aerobic, motile, and non-sporulating. Gordonia is from the same lineage that includes Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The genus was discovered by Tsukamura in 1971 and named after American bacteriologist Ruth Gordon.. Many species are often found in the soil, while other species have been isolated from aquatic environments. Gordonia species are rarely known to cause infections in humans.

Ureibacillus is a genus of gram-negative bacteria within the largely gram-positive Bacillota. Ureibacilli are motile and form spherical endospores. The type species of the genus is Ureibacillus thermosphaericus.

The Actinobacterial Phage Holin (APH) Family is a fairly large family of proteins between 105 and 180 amino acyl residues in length, typically exhibiting a single transmembrane segment (TMS) near the N-terminus. A representative list of proteins belonging to the APH family can be found in the Transporter Classification Database.

The Coriobacteriia are a class of Gram-positive bacteria within the Actinomycetota phylum. Species within this group are nonsporulating, strict or facultative anaerobes that are capable of thriving in a diverse set of ecological niches. Gordonibacter species are the only members capable of motility by means of flagella within the class. Several species within the Coriobacteriia class have been implicated with human diseases that range in severity. Atopobium, Olsenella, and Cryptobacterium species have responsible for human oral infections including periodontitis, halitosis, and other endodontic infections. Eggerthella species have been associated with severe blood bacteraemia and ulcerative colitis.

Solibacillus is a genus of Gram positive, rod shaped, spore-forming bacteria.

The Pectobacteriaceae are a family of Gram-negative bacteria which largely consist of plant pathogens. This family is a member of the order Enterobacterales in the class Gammaproteobacteria of the phylum Pseudomonadota. The type species of this family is Pectobacterium.

Natrialbales is an order of halophilic, chemoorganotrophic archaea within the class Haloarchaea. The type genus of this order is Natrialba.

Haloferacales is an order of halophilic, chemoorganotrophic or heterotrophic archaea within the class Haloarchaea. The type genus of this order is Haloferax.

References

  1. ↑ Castellani A, Chalmers AJ (1919). Manual of tropical medicine (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Williams, Wood and Co.
  2. ↑ Euzéby JP, Parte AC. "Nocardiaceae". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved June 25, 2022.
  3. ↑ Stackebrandt, E., Rainey, F.A. and N.L. Ward-Rainey. 1997. Proposal for a new hierarchic classification system, Actinobacteria classis nov . Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 1997, 47:479-491. Archived 2011-05-15 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ↑ Aislabie, J. Ecosystems Processes in Antarctic Ice-Free Landscapes. "Hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria in oil-contaminated soils near Scott Base, Antarctica." Page 257.
  5. ↑ Kulich, S.M. and W.A. Pasculle. Final Diagnosis - Pneumonia, Hilar Lymphadenitis and Sepsis Secondary to Rhodococcus equi. The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. Retrieved October 20, 2007.
  6. 1 2 Bitton, G. Wastewater Microbiology. "Foam Microbiology." page 229.
  7. 1 2 Ludwig, W.; Euzéby, J.; Schumann, P.; Busse, H. J. R.; Trujillo, M. E.; Kämpfer, P.; Whitman, W. B. (2012). "Road map of the phylum Actinobacteria". Bergey's Manual® of Systematic Bacteriology. p. 1. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-68233-4_1. ISBN   978-0-387-95043-3.
  8. 1 2 3 Gao, B.; Gupta, R. S. (2012). "Phylogenetic Framework and Molecular Signatures for the Main Clades of the Phylum Actinobacteria". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 76 (1): 66–112. doi:10.1128/MMBR.05011-11. PMC   3294427 . PMID   22390973.
  9. ↑ Zhi, X. -Y.; Li, W. -J.; Stackebrandt, E. (2009). "An update of the structure and 16S rRNA gene sequence-based definition of higher ranks of the class Actinobacteria, with the proposal of two new suborders and four new families and emended descriptions of the existing higher taxa". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 59 (3): 589–608. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.65780-0 . PMID   19244447.
  10. ↑ Castellani, A. and A.J. Chalmers. 1919. Manual of Tropical Medicine, 3rd ed., Williams Wood and Co., New York, p. 1040.
  11. ↑ Austin , Brian and Dawn A. Austin. 2016. Aerobic Gram-Positive Rods and Cocci - Nocardiaceae Representatives in Bacterial fish pathogens, Springer International Publishing Switzerland, p.125-135
  12. ↑ Nocardia: a serious matter for cows. Presentation images from: aids-images.ch. Retrieved October 20, 2007.
  13. ↑ Blackall, L.L., Tandoi, V., Jenkins, D. 1991. Continuous culture studies with Nocardia amarae from activated sludge and their implications for Nocardia foaming control. Archived 2011-05-20 at the Wayback Machine Res. J. Water Pollution Cont. Fed. 63:44-50.
  14. ↑ Pitt, P., and D. Jenkins. 1990. Causes and Control of Nocardia in Activated Sludge Archived 2011-05-20 at the Wayback Machine . Res. J. Water Pollution Cont. Fed. 62:143-150.
  15. ↑ Blackall, L.L. 1994. Microorganisms in activated sludge and biofilm processes Archived 2011-05-20 at the Wayback Machine . Water Sci. Technol. 29:35-44.
  16. ↑ Shao, Y.J., Starr, M., Kaporis, K., Kim, H.S., Jenkins, D. 1997. Polymer addition as a solution to Nocardia foaming problems. Water Enviro. Res., 69:25-27.
  17. ↑ Ho, C.F., Jenkins, D. 1991 Effect of surfactants on Nocardia foaming in activated sludge Archived 2011-05-20 at the Wayback Machine . Water Sci. Tech. 23:879-887.
  18. ↑ Aislabie, J., McLeod, M., and R. Fraser. Potential for biodegradation of hydrocarbons in soil from the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 49:210-214.
  19. ↑ Micropolyspora entry in LPSN ; Euzéby, J.P. (1997). "List of Bacterial Names with Standing in Nomenclature: a folder available on the Internet". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 47 (2): 590–2. doi: 10.1099/00207713-47-2-590 . PMID   9103655.
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