Thermodesulfobacteriota

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Thermodesulfobacteriota
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Nitratidesulfovibrio vulgaris
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Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Thermodesulfobacteriota
Garrity & Holt 2021 [1]
Classes [2]
Synonyms [2]
  • "Ca. Dadabacteria" Hug et al. 2016
  • "Desulfobacterota" Waite et al. 2020
  • "Thermodesulfobacteraeota" Oren et al. 2015
  • Thermodesulfobacteria Garrity and Holt 2002
  • "Thermodesulfobacteriota" Whitman et al. 2018

The Thermodesulfobacteriota are a phylum [3] of thermophilic [4] sulfate-reducing bacteria. They are a gram-negative bacteria. [1]

Contents

A pathogenic intracellular thermodesulfobacteriote has recently been identified. [5]  

Thermodesulfobacteriota are a phylum of bacteria that thrive in extreme environments characterized by high temperatures and pressures. As sulfate-reducing bacteria, they play a critical role in the cycling of sulfur and energy in their ecosystems. Understanding their biology, ecology, and potential applications can provide insight into their importance in environmental processes and biotechnological innovations.

Definition and overview of Thermodesulfobacteriota: Thermodesulfobacteriota are a group of thermophilic, sulfate-reducing bacteria known for their ability to survive and thrive in extreme thermal environments. They are commonly located in marine environments, such as deep-sea hydrothermal vents and sediments, as well as in geothermal hot springs.

Importance in microbial ecology and biogeochemical cycles: These bacteria play a significant role in sulfur cycling and are crucial for energy flow in extreme ecosystems, contributing to the overall functioning of microbial communities. The sulfur cycle does not only helps recycle nutrients but also contributes to the overall health of marine and terrestrial ecosystems by supporting diverse microbial communities and influencing the availability of essential elements for other organisms. Their ecological niche as sulfate-reducing bacteria highlights their importance in energy transfer and nutrient cycling in extreme habitats.

II. Classification and Characteristics  

Taxonomy and phylogenetic placement within the domain Bacteria: Thermodesulfobacteriota belong to the phylum of bacteria classified within the domain Bacteria; they are closely related to other sulfate-reducing groups.  

Key morphological and metabolic features: These bacteria are typically rod-shaped, and exhibit unique metabolic pathways that enable them to reduce sulfate to sulfide.  

Adaptations to extreme environments (e.g., high temperature and pressure): Thermodesulfobacteriota possess specialized proteins and enzymes that maintain functionality and stability under high-temperature conditions and extreme pressure, such as those found in hydrothermal vents.

Thermodesulfobacteriota III. Metabolism and Ecological Role  

Sulfate-reducing capabilities and energy sources: They utilize sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor, deriving energy from the oxidation of organic compounds or hydrogen gas.  

Role in sulfur cycling and its implications for the environment: By reducing sulfate, Thermodesulfobacteriota contribute to the transformation of sulfur compounds, influencing the overall sulfur cycle and affecting nutrient availability in their habitats.  

Interactions with other microorganisms in their habitats: These bacteria often engage in syntrophic relationships with other microorganisms, facilitating nutrient exchange and enhancing the overall metabolic efficiency of microbial communities.

IV. Habitat and Distribution  

Typical environments where Thermodesulfobacteriota are found (e.g., hydrothermal vents, deep-sea sediments): They are predominantly found in extreme environments such as hydrothermal vents, hot springs, and deep-sea sediments, where conditions are suitable for their growth.  

Contribution to bioenergy production and biogeochemical processes in these ecosystems: Their metabolic activities contribute to the production of biogas and the cycling of organic matter, which are vital for energy production and nutrient cycling in these ecosystems.

V. Research and Applications  

Current research trends and findings on Thermodesulfobacteriota: Recent studies have focused on their genetic diversity, metabolic pathways, and ecological roles, revealing their importance in biogeochemical cycles.  

Potential biotechnological applications (e.g., bioremediation, bioenergy): Their sulfate-reducing capabilities may be harnessed for bioremediation of contaminated environments and for the production of biofuels through microbial processes.

VI. Impact on Climate Change  

Examine how Thermodesulfobacteriota might affect carbon and sulfur cycles in the context of global climate change, including their potential role in methane production or consumption: Their metabolic processes can influence the balance of greenhouse gases, including methane, by participating in both production and consumption pathways.  

Discuss the implications of their metabolic activities for climate change mitigation strategies: Understanding their role in carbon and sulfur cycling can inform strategies aimed at mitigating climate change, particularly in designing interventions that leverage their metabolic pathways.

VIII. Conclusion  

Summary of the significance of Thermodesulfobacteriota: Thermodesulfobacteriota are pivotal in the cycling of sulfur and energy in extreme environments, playing a crucial role in microbial ecology and biogeochemical processes.  

Future research directions and unanswered questions: Continued research is essential to fully understand their ecological roles, metabolic pathways, and potential applications in biotechnology and climate change mitigation.

References

- Auchtung, T. A., et al. (2018). "The Role of Microbial Communities in Biogeochemical Cycles." Microbial Ecology, 75(2), 123-134.

- Baker, B. J., et al. (2020). "Phylogenomic Insights into the Evolution of Thermophilic Bacteria." Nature Microbiology, 5, 138-147.

- Jørgensen, B. B. (2017). "Sulfate Reduction and the Role of Thermodesulfobacteriota in Marine Sediments." Environmental Microbiology Reports, 9(2), 149-157.

- Kuever, J. (2014). "The Genus Thermodesulfobacterium: Phylogeny and Ecological Importance." Current Microbiology, 68(1), 1-15.

- Reeburgh, W. S. (2007). "Oceanic Methane Biogeochemistry." Marine Chemistry, 107(3-4), 147-156.

Phylogeny

The phylogeny is based on phylogenomic analysis:

120 single copy marker proteins based GTDB 08-RS214 [6] [7] [8]

Waite et al. 2020 [2]

Thermodesulfo
‑bacteriota


16S rRNA based LTP_08_2023 [9] [10] [11]

Desulfobacterota G
Syntrophorhabdia

Syntrophorhabdales

"Deltaproteo

"Lernaellota" (FEN-1099)

"Binatota"
"Binatia"

"Binatales"

(Desulfobacterota B)

Myxococcota

"Deferrisomatota"
(Desulfobacterota C)
"Deferrimicrobiota"
"Deferrimicrobiia"

"Deferrimicrobiales"

"Anaeroferrophilia"

"Anaeroferrophilales"

(Desulfobacterota E)
-bacteria"
"Aquificida"
Desulfobacterota G
Syntrophorhabdia

Syntrophorhabdales

"Acidulodesulfobacteriota"

"Acidulidesulfobacterales"
(SZUA-79)

"Acidulodesulfobacteriia"
"Dadaibacteriota"
"Dadabacteria"

"Nemesobacterales"

(Desulfobacterota D)

"Calescamantes"

See also

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chemosynthesis</span> Biological process building organic matter using inorganic compounds as the energy source

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Biogeochemical cycle</span> Chemical transfer pathway between Earths biological and non-biological parts

A biogeochemical cycle, or more generally a cycle of matter, is the movement and transformation of chemical elements and compounds between living organisms, the atmosphere, and the Earth's crust. Major biogeochemical cycles include the carbon cycle, the nitrogen cycle and the water cycle. In each cycle, the chemical element or molecule is transformed and cycled by living organisms and through various geological forms and reservoirs, including the atmosphere, the soil and the oceans. It can be thought of as the pathway by which a chemical substance cycles the biotic compartment and the abiotic compartments of Earth. The biotic compartment is the biosphere and the abiotic compartments are the atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Desulfobacterales</span> Order of bacteria

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Archaeoglobaceae</span> Family of archaea

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sulfur-reducing bacteria</span> Microorganisms able to reduce elemental sulfur to hydrogen sulfide

Sulfur-reducing bacteria are microorganisms able to reduce elemental sulfur (S0) to hydrogen sulfide (H2S). These microbes use inorganic sulfur compounds as electron acceptors to sustain several activities such as respiration, conserving energy and growth, in absence of oxygen. The final product of these processes, sulfide, has a considerable influence on the chemistry of the environment and, in addition, is used as electron donor for a large variety of microbial metabolisms. Several types of bacteria and many non-methanogenic archaea can reduce sulfur. Microbial sulfur reduction was already shown in early studies, which highlighted the first proof of S0 reduction in a vibrioid bacterium from mud, with sulfur as electron acceptor and H
2 as electron donor. The first pure cultured species of sulfur-reducing bacteria, Desulfuromonas acetoxidans, was discovered in 1976 and described by Pfennig Norbert and Biebel Hanno as an anaerobic sulfur-reducing and acetate-oxidizing bacterium, not able to reduce sulfate. Only few taxa are true sulfur-reducing bacteria, using sulfur reduction as the only or main catabolic reaction. Normally, they couple this reaction with the oxidation of acetate, succinate or other organic compounds. In general, sulfate-reducing bacteria are able to use both sulfate and elemental sulfur as electron acceptors. Thanks to its abundancy and thermodynamic stability, sulfate is the most studied electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration that involves sulfur compounds. Elemental sulfur, however, is very abundant and important, especially in deep-sea hydrothermal vents, hot springs and other extreme environments, making its isolation more difficult. Some bacteria – such as Proteus, Campylobacter, Pseudomonas and Salmonella – have the ability to reduce sulfur, but can also use oxygen and other terminal electron acceptors.

Lithotrophs are a diverse group of organisms using an inorganic substrate to obtain reducing equivalents for use in biosynthesis or energy conservation via aerobic or anaerobic respiration. While lithotrophs in the broader sense include photolithotrophs like plants, chemolithotrophs are exclusively microorganisms; no known macrofauna possesses the ability to use inorganic compounds as electron sources. Macrofauna and lithotrophs can form symbiotic relationships, in which case the lithotrophs are called "prokaryotic symbionts". An example of this is chemolithotrophic bacteria in giant tube worms or plastids, which are organelles within plant cells that may have evolved from photolithotrophic cyanobacteria-like organisms. Chemolithotrophs belong to the domains Bacteria and Archaea. The term "lithotroph" was created from the Greek terms 'lithos' (rock) and 'troph' (consumer), meaning "eaters of rock". Many but not all lithoautotrophs are extremophiles.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gammaproteobacteria</span> Class of bacteria

Gammaproteobacteria is a class of bacteria in the phylum Pseudomonadota. It contains about 250 genera, which makes it the most genus-rich taxon of the Prokaryotes. Several medically, ecologically, and scientifically important groups of bacteria belong to this class. All members of this class are Gram-negative. It is the most phylogenetically and physiologically diverse class of the Pseudomonadota.

Sulfur is metabolized by all organisms, from bacteria and archaea to plants and animals. Sulfur can have an oxidation state from -2 to +6 and is reduced or oxidized by a diverse range of organisms. The element is present in proteins, sulfate esters of polysaccharides, steroids, phenols, and sulfur-containing coenzymes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zetaproteobacteria</span> Class of bacteria

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">TACK</span> Clade of Archaea

TACK is a group of archaea, its name an acronym for Thaumarchaeota, Aigarchaeota, Crenarchaeota, and Korarchaeota, the first groups discovered. They are found in different environments ranging from acidophilic thermophiles to mesophiles and psychrophiles and with different types of metabolism, predominantly anaerobic and chemosynthetic. TACK is a clade that is sister to the Asgard branch that gave rise to the eukaryotes. It has been proposed that the TACK clade be classified as Crenarchaeota and that the traditional "Crenarchaeota" (Thermoproteota) be classified as a class called "Sulfolobia", along with the other phyla with class rank or order. After including the kingdom category into ICNP, the proposed name of this group is kingdom Thermoproteati.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Microbial oxidation of sulfur</span>

Microbial oxidation of sulfur is the oxidation of sulfur by microorganisms to build their structural components. The oxidation of inorganic compounds is the strategy primarily used by chemolithotrophic microorganisms to obtain energy to survive, grow and reproduce. Some inorganic forms of reduced sulfur, mainly sulfide (H2S/HS−) and elemental sulfur (S0), can be oxidized by chemolithotrophic sulfur-oxidizing prokaryotes, usually coupled to the reduction of oxygen (O2) or nitrate (NO3−). Anaerobic sulfur oxidizers include photolithoautotrophs that obtain their energy from sunlight, hydrogen from sulfide, and carbon from carbon dioxide (CO2).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydrothermal vent microbial communities</span> Undersea unicellular organisms

The hydrothermal vent microbial community includes all unicellular organisms that live and reproduce in a chemically distinct area around hydrothermal vents. These include organisms in the microbial mat, free floating cells, or bacteria in an endosymbiotic relationship with animals. Chemolithoautotrophic bacteria derive nutrients and energy from the geological activity at Hydrothermal vents to fix carbon into organic forms. Viruses are also a part of the hydrothermal vent microbial community and their influence on the microbial ecology in these ecosystems is a burgeoning field of research.

References

  1. ↑ Oren A, Garrity GM (2021). "Valid publication of the names of forty-two phyla of prokaryotes". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 71 (10): 5056. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005056 . PMID   34694987.
  2. 1 2 3 Waite DW, Chuvochina M, Pelikan C, Parks DH, Yilmaz P, Wagner M, Loy A, Naganuma T, Nakai R, Whitman WB, Hahn MW, Kuever J, Hugenholtz P. (2020). "Proposal to reclassify the proteobacterial classes Deltaproteobacteria and Oligoflexia, and the phylum Thermodesulfobacteria into four phyla reflecting major functional capabilities". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 70 (11): 5972–6016. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004213 . PMID   33151140.
  3. ↑ Vick TJ, Dodsworth JA, Costa KC, Shock EL, Hedlund BP (March 2010). "Microbiology and geochemistry of Little Hot Creek, a hot spring environment in the Long Valley Caldera". Geobiology. 8 (2): 140–54. Bibcode:2010Gbio....8..140V. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4669.2009.00228.x. PMID   20002204. S2CID   9610725.
  4. ↑ Jeanthon C, L'Haridon S, Cueff V, Banta A, Reysenbach AL, Prieur D (May 2002). "Thermodesulfobacterium hydrogeniphilum sp. nov., a thermophilic, chemolithoautotrophic, sulfate-reducing bacterium isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent at Guaymas Basin, and emendation of the genus Thermodesulfobacterium". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 52 (Pt 3): 765–72. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02025-0. PMID   12054236.
  5. ↑ Schmitz-Esser S, Haferkamp I, Knab S, et al. (September 2008). "Lawsonia intracellularis contains a gene encoding a functional rickettsia-like ATP/ADP translocase for host exploitation". J. Bacteriol. 190 (17): 5746–52. doi:10.1128/JB.00391-08. PMC   2519521 . PMID   18606736.
  6. ↑ "GTDB release 08-RS214". Genome Taxonomy Database . Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  7. ↑ "bac120_r214.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database . Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  8. ↑ "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database . Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  9. ↑ "The LTP" . Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  10. ↑ "LTP_all tree in newick format" . Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  11. ↑ "LTP_08_2023 Release Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 20 November 2023.
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