Negativicutes

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Negativicutes
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Bacillota
Class: Negativicutes
Marchandin et al. 2010
Orders and families
Synonyms
  • "Selenomonadia" Oren, Parte & Garrity 2016
  • "Selenobacteria" Cavalier-Smith 1992 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 2006

The Negativicutes are a class of bacteria in the phylum Bacillota, whose members have a peculiar cell wall with a lipopolysaccharide outer membrane which stains gram-negative, unlike most other members of the Bacillota. [1] Although several neighbouring Clostridia species (firmicute bacteria) also stain gram-negative, the proteins responsible for the unusual diderm structure of the Negativicutes may have actually been laterally acquired from Pseudomonadota (formerly Proteobacteria). [1] [2] [3] [4] Additional research is required to confirm the origin of the diderm cell envelope in the Negativicutes.

Contents

Most members of this class are obligate anaerobes, and occur in habitats such as rivers, lakes, and the intestines of vertebrates. They range from spherical forms, such as Megasphaera and Veillonella , to curved rods, as typified by the selenomonads. Selenomonas has a characteristic crescent shape, with flagella inserted on the concave side, while Sporomusa is similar, but nonmotile. Their names refer to this distinctive morphology: selene means moon, and musa means banana. [5]

Taxonomy

The class currently consists of 32 validly named genera across three orders and four families. [6] [7] The orders Veillonellales and Acidaminococcales each contain a single family, Veillonellaceae and Acidaminococcaceae, respectively, while the order Selenomonadales contains two families, Selenomonadaceae and Sporomusaceae. [7]

Molecular signatures

Historically, the Negativicutes consisted of a single order, the Selenomonadales, and two families, Veillonellaceae and Acidaminococcaceae based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. [8] [5] However, these groupings did not include several members within the Negativicutes that branched outside of the two families. The current taxonomic view is inclusive of these members who have been validly assigned to the families Selenomonadaceae and Sporomusaceae within the emended Selenomonadales order. [7] Molecular markers in the form of conserved signature indels (CSIs) and proteins (CSPs) justify the present taxonomic divisions. These molecular markers are found at each taxonomic rank, and their distribution is in agreement with the observed phylogenetic branching. [9] [10]

Many works have implicated that the Negativicutes should be reclassified as an order within the class Clostridia, based on close phylogenetic branching, and the observation that the spore-forming members of the Negativicutes share similar sporulation genes as the Clostridia, and that both stain gram-negative. [9] [10] However, the heterogeneity of members within the Negativicutes, as well as the distribution of molecular signatures, supports the view that the Negativicutes are in fact an independent class within the Bacillota, with Clostridia as their closest phylogenetic neighbours. [5] [10] [11] [12] Additionally, several CSIs and CSPs have been found to be uniquely shared among all Negativicutes, while no CSIs have been found to be shared by both Negativicutes and Clostridia. [7]

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) [13] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) [14]

16S rRNA based LTP_06_2022 [15] [16] [17] 120 single copy marker proteins based GTDB 08-RS214 [18] [19] [20]
Acidaminococcales
Acidaminococcaceae

Succinispira

Acidaminococcus

Phascolarctobacterium

Phascolarctobacterium wakonense Shigeno et al. 2019

Succiniclasticum

Selenomonadales

Anaeromusa

Anaeroarcus

Sporomusaceae

Anaerosporomusa

Acetonema

Pelosinus

Methylomusa

Sporomusa

Lucifera

Sporolituus

Thermosinus

Propionispora

Anaerospora

Dendrosporobacter

Anaerosinus Strömpl et al. 1999

Veillonellaceae

Veillonella

Megasphaera [incl. Anaeroglobus ]

Negativicoccus

Dialister [incl. Allisonella ]

Selenomonadaceae

Propionispira

Megamonas

Pectinatus

Selenomonas lacticifex Schleifer et al. 1990

Selenomastix

Selenomonas species-group 2

Mitsuokella

Anaerovibrio

Schwartzia

Selenomonas

Centipeda

Selenomonas species-group 3

Acidaminococcales
"Succinispiraceae"

Succinispira Janssen and O'Farrell 1999

Acidaminococcaceae

"Ca. Avacidaminococcus" Gilroy et al. 2021

Acidaminococcus Rogosa 1969

Phascolarctobacterium Del Dot et al. 1994

Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens Watanabe et al. 2012

Succiniclasticum van Gylswyk 1995

Veillonellales
"Negativicoccaceae"

Negativicoccus Marchandin et al. 2010

"Dialisteraceae"

Dialister Bergey et al. 1923 ex Moore & Moore 1994 [incl. Allisonella ]

"Megasphaeraceae"

Megasphaera paucivorans Juvonen & Suihko 2006

Anaeroglobus Carlier et al. 2002

" Caecibacter " Ricaboni et al. 2017

Megasphaera Rogosa 1971

Veillonellaceae

Veillonella Prévot 1933

Sporomusales_A
"Acetonemaceae"

Anaerosporomusa Choi et al. 2016

Acetonema Kane and Breznak 1992

Sporomusales C
DSM15969

Anaerospora Woo et al. 2005

"Thermosinaceae"

Thermosinus Sokolova et al. 2004 [ Sporolituus Ogg and Patel 2009]

"Sporomusales"
"Luciferaceae"

Lucifera Sanchez-Andrea et al. 2018

Sporomusaceae

Methylomusa Amano et al. 2018

Sporomusa Möller et al. 1985

"Anaeromusales"
"Anaeromusaceae"

Anaeromusa Baena et al. 1999 (incl. Anaeroarcus Strömpl et al. 1999)

UMGS1260
UMGS1260

Pelorhabdus Grässle et al. 2022

"Propionisporales"
"Propionisporaceae"

Propionispora Biebl et al. 2001

"Pelosinaceae"

Pelosinus Shelobolina et al. 2007

"Dendrosporobacterales"
"Dendrosporobacteraceae"

Dendrosporobacter Strömpl et al. 2000

Selenomonadales
"Massilibacillaceae"

" Massilibacillus " Tidjani Alou et al. 2017

Selenomonadaceae

Propionispira arboris Schink et al. 1983

Megamonas Shah and Collins 1983

Pectinatus Lee et al. 1978

Selenomonas von Prowazek 1913

Anaerovibrio Hungate 1966

Schwartzia Gylswyk et al. 1997

Quinella Krumholz et al. 1993

Centipeda Lai et al. 1983

Selenomonas species-group 2

Selenomastix Woodcock & Lapage 1913

Mitsuokella Shah & Collins 1983

See also

Related Research Articles

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In bacteriology, gram-positive bacteria are bacteria that give a positive result in the Gram stain test, which is traditionally used to quickly classify bacteria into two broad categories according to their type of cell wall.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gram-negative bacteria</span> Group of bacteria that do not retain the Gram stain used in bacterial differentiation

Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method of bacterial differentiation. They are characterized by their cell envelopes, which are composed of a thin peptidoglycan cell wall sandwiched between an inner membrane (cytoplasmic), and an outer membrane.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bacillota</span> Phylum of bacteria

The Bacillota are a phylum of bacteria, most of which have gram-positive cell wall structure. The renaming of phyla such as Firmicutes in 2021 remains controversial among microbiologists, many of whom continue to use the earlier names of long standing in the literature.

The Chloroflexia are a class of bacteria in the phylum Chloroflexota. Chloroflexia are typically filamentous, and can move about through bacterial gliding. It is named after the order Chloroflexales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Deinococcota</span> Phylum of Gram-negative bacteria

Deinococcota is a phylum of bacteria with a single class, Deinococci, that are highly resistant to environmental hazards, also known as extremophiles. These bacteria have thick cell walls that give them gram-positive stains, but they include a second membrane and so are closer in structure to those of gram-negative bacteria.

The Thermomicrobia is a group of thermophilic green non-sulfur bacteria. Based on species Thermomicrobium roseum and Sphaerobacter thermophilus, this bacteria class has the following description:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chlamydiota</span> Phylum of bacteria

The Chlamydiota are a bacterial phylum and class whose members are remarkably diverse, including pathogens of humans and animals, symbionts of ubiquitous protozoa, and marine sediment forms not yet well understood. All of the Chlamydiota that humans have known about for many decades are obligate intracellular bacteria; in 2020 many additional Chlamydiota were discovered in ocean-floor environments, and it is not yet known whether they all have hosts. Historically it was believed that all Chlamydiota had a peptidoglycan-free cell wall, but studies in the 2010s demonstrated a detectable presence of peptidoglycan, as well as other important proteins.

Mollicutes is a class of bacteria distinguished by the absence of a cell wall. The word "Mollicutes" is derived from the Latin mollis, and cutis. Individuals are very small, typically only 0.2–0.3 μm in size and have a very small genome size. They vary in form, although most have sterols that make the cell membrane somewhat more rigid. Many are able to move about through gliding, but members of the genus Spiroplasma are helical and move by twisting. The best-known genus in the Mollicutes is Mycoplasma. Colonies show the typical "fried-egg" appearance.

The Thermotogota are a phylum of the domain Bacteria. The phylum Thermotogota is composed of Gram-negative staining, anaerobic, and mostly thermophilic and hyperthermophilic bacteria.

Members of the genus Selenomonas are referred to trivially as selenomonads. The genus Selenomonas constitutes a group of motile crescent-shaped bacteria and includes species living in the gastrointestinal tracts of animals, in particular the ruminants. A number of smaller forms discovered with the light microscope are now in culture but many, especially the large selenomonads are not, owing to their fastidious and incompletely known growth requirements.

The Gemmatimonadota are a phylum of bacteria established in 2003. The phylum contains two classes Gemmatimonadetes and Longimicrobia.

Veillonella are Gram-negative bacteria anaerobic cocci, unlike most Bacillota, which are Gram-positive bacteria. This bacterium is well known for its lactate fermenting abilities. It is a normal bacterium in the intestines and oral mucosa of mammals. In humans they have been implicated in cases of osteomyelitis and endocarditis, for example with the species Veillonella parvula.

The Synergistota is a phylum of anaerobic bacteria that show Gram-negative staining and have rod/vibrioid cell shape. Although Synergistota have a diderm cell envelope, the genes for various proteins involved in lipopolysaccharides biosynthesis have not yet been detected in Synergistota, indicating that they may have an atypical outer cell envelope. The Synergistota inhabit a majority of anaerobic environments including animal gastrointestinal tracts, soil, oil wells, and wastewater treatment plants and they are also present in sites of human diseases such as cysts, abscesses, and areas of periodontal disease. Due to their presence at illness related sites, the Synergistota are suggested to be opportunistic pathogens but they can also be found in healthy individuals in the microbiome of the umbilicus and in normal vaginal flora. Species within this phylum have also been implicated in periodontal disease, gastrointestinal infections and soft tissue infections. Other species from this phylum have been identified as significant contributors in the degradation of sludge for production of biogas in anaerobic digesters and are potential candidates for use in renewable energy production through their production of hydrogen gas. All of the known Synergistota species and genera are presently part of a single class (Synergistia), order (Synergistiales), and family (Synergistaceae).

The Chloroflexota are a phylum of bacteria containing isolates with a diversity of phenotypes, including members that are aerobic thermophiles, which use oxygen and grow well in high temperatures; anoxygenic phototrophs, which use light for photosynthesis ; and anaerobic halorespirers, which uses halogenated organics as electron acceptors.

The Veillonellaceae are a family of the Clostridia, formerly known as Acidaminococcaceae. Bacteria in this family are grouped together mainly based on genetic studies, which place them among the Bacillota. Supporting this placement, several species are capable of forming endospores. However, they differ from most other Bacillota in having Gram-negative stains. The cell wall composition is peculiar.

Acidaminococcus is a genus in the phylum Bacillota (Bacteria), whose members are anaerobic diplococci that can use amino acids as the sole energy source for growth. Like other members of the class Negativicutes, they are gram-negative, despite being Bacillota, which are normally gram-positive.

Sporomusa is a genus of Bacillota bacteria classified within the class Negativicutes.

The Selenomonadales are an order of bacteria within the class Negativicutes; unlike most other members of Bacillota, they are Gram-negative. The phylogeny of this order was initially determined by 16S rRNA comparisons. More recently, molecular markers in the form of conserved signature indels (CSIs) have been found specific for all Selenomonadales species. On the basis of these markers, the Selenomonadales are inclusive of two distinct families, and are no longer the sole order within the Negativicutes. Several CSIs have also been found specific for both families, Sporomusaceae and Selenomonadceae. Samples of bacterial strains within this order have been isolated from the root canals of healthy human teeth.

Negativicoccus is a Gram-negative and anaerobic genus of bacteria from the family of Veillonellaceae.

Negativicoccus succinicivorans is a Gram-negative and anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Negativicoccus which has been isolated from a human toe wound in France.

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