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The Clostridia are a highly polyphyletic class of Bacillota, including Clostridium and other similar genera. They are distinguished from the Bacilli by lacking aerobic respiration. They are obligate anaerobes and oxygen is toxic to them. Species of the class Clostridia are often but not always Gram-positive and have the ability to form spores. Studies show they are not a monophyletic group, and their relationships are not entirely certain. Currently, most are placed in a single order called Clostridiales, but this is not a natural group and is likely to be redefined in the future.
The Deferribacteraceae are a family of gram-negative bacteria which make energy by anaerobic respiration.
The Bacillaceae are a family of gram-positive, heterotrophic, rod-shaped bacteria that may produce endospores. Motile members of this family are characterized by peritrichous flagella. Some Bacillaceae are aerobic, while others are facultative or strict anaerobes. Most are not pathogenic, but Bacillus species are known to cause disease in humans.
The Gemmatimonadota are a phylum of bacteria established in 2003. The phylum contains two classes Gemmatimonadetes and Longimicrobia.
The Chloroflexota are a phylum of bacteria containing isolates with a diversity of phenotypes, including members that are aerobic thermophiles, which use oxygen and grow well in high temperatures; anoxygenic phototrophs, which use light for photosynthesis ; and anaerobic halorespirers, which uses halogenated organics as electron acceptors.
The Veillonellaceae are a family of the Clostridia, formerly known as Acidaminococcaceae. Bacteria in this family are grouped together mainly based on genetic studies, which place them among the Bacillota. Supporting this placement, several species are capable of forming endospores. However, they differ from most other Bacillota in having Gram-negative stains. The cell wall composition is peculiar.
Veillonella parvula is a strictly anaerobic, Gram-negative, coccus-shaped bacterium in the genus Veillonella. It is a normal part of the oral flora but can be associated with diseases such as periodontitis and dental caries as well as various systemic infections, including meningitis and osteomyelitis. It has also been isolated from women with bacterial vaginosis and has been associated with hypertension together with Campylobacter rectus and Prevotella melaninogenica.
Nitrospirota is a phylum of bacteria. It includes multiple genera, such as Nitrospira, the largest. The first member of this phylum, Nitrospira marina, was discovered in 1985. The second member, Nitrospira moscoviensis, was discovered in 1995.
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Methanogens are a group of microorganisms that produce methane as a byproduct of their metabolism. They play an important role in the digestive system of ruminants. The digestive tract of ruminants contains four major parts: rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum. The food with saliva first passes to the rumen for breaking into smaller particles and then moves to the reticulum, where the food is broken into further smaller particles. Any indigestible particles are sent back to the rumen for rechewing. The majority of anaerobic microbes assisting the cellulose breakdown occupy the rumen and initiate the fermentation process. The animal absorbs the fatty acids, vitamins and nutrient content on passing the partially digested food from the rumen to the omasum. This decreases the pH level and initiates the release of enzymes for further breakdown of the food which later passes to the abomasum to absorb remaining nutrients before excretion. This process takes about 9–12 hours.
Caldanaerobacter is a Gram-positive or negative and strictly anaerobic genus of bacteria from the family of Thermoanaerobacteraceae.
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References
- ↑ Megrian D, Taib N, Witwinowski J, Gribaldo S (2020). "One or two membranes? Diderm Firmicutes challenge the Gram-positive/Gram-negative divide". Molecular Microbiology . 113 (3): 659–671. doi: 10.1111/mmi.14469 . PMID 31975449.
- ↑ Mitsui T, Saito M, Harasawa R (2018). "Salivary nitrate-nitrite conversion capacity after nitrate ingestion and incidence of Veillonella spp. in elderly individuals". Journal of Oral Science . 60 (3): 405–410. doi: 10.2334/josnusd.17-0337 . PMID 30101819.
- ↑ Di Bella, Stefano; Antonello, Roberta Maria; Sanson, Gianfranco; Maraolo, Alberto Enrico; Giacobbe, Daniele Roberto; Sepulcri, Chiara; Ambretti, Simone; Aschbacher, Richard; Bartolini, Laura; Bernardo, Mariano; Bielli, Alessandra (June 2022). "Anaerobic bloodstream infections in Italy (ITANAEROBY): A 5-year retrospective nationwide survey". Anaerobe. 75: 102583. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2022.102583. hdl: 11368/3020691 . PMID 35568274. S2CID 248736289.
- ↑ Scheiman, Jonathan; Luber, Jacob M.; Chavkin, Theodore A.; MacDonald, Tara; Tung, Angela; Pham, Loc-Duyen; Wibowo, Marsha C.; Wurth, Renee C.; Punthambaker, Sukanya; Tierney, Braden T.; Yang, Zhen; Hattab, Mohammad W.; Avila-Pacheco, Julian; Clish, Clary B.; Lessard, Sarah; Church, George M.; Kostic, Aleksandar D. (24 June 2019). "Meta-omics analysis of elite athletes identifies a performance-enhancing microbe that functions via lactate metabolism". Nature Medicine. 25 (7): 1104–1109. doi:10.1038/s41591-019-0485-4. PMC 7368972 . PMID 31235964.
- ↑ J.P. Euzéby. "Veillonella". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2022-09-09.
- ↑ Sayers; et al. "Veillonella". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2022-09-09.
- ↑ "The LTP" . Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- ↑ "LTP_all tree in newick format" . Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- ↑ "LTP_01_2022 Release Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- ↑ "GTDB release 07-RS207". Genome Taxonomy Database . Retrieved 20 June 2022.
- ↑ "bac120_r207.sp_labels". Genome Taxonomy Database . Retrieved 20 June 2022.
- ↑ "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database . Retrieved 20 June 2022.
- Brook I (May 1996). "Veillonella infections in children". J. Clin. Microbiol. 34 (5): 1283–5. doi:10.1128/JCM.34.5.1283-1285.1996. PMC 228999 . PMID 8727920.
