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Spinosad is an insecticide based on chemical compounds found in the bacterial species Saccharopolyspora spinosa. The genus Saccharopolyspora was discovered in 1985 in isolates from crushed sugarcane. The bacteria produce yellowish-pink aerial hyphae, with bead-like chains of spores enclosed in a characteristic hairy sheath. This genus is defined as aerobic, Gram-positive, nonacid-fast actinomycetes with fragmenting substrate mycelium. S. spinosa was isolated from soil collected inside a nonoperational sugar mill rum still in the Virgin Islands. Spinosad is a mixture of chemical compounds in the spinosyn family that has a generalized structure consisting of a unique tetracyclic ring system attached to an amino sugar (D-forosamine) and a neutral sugar (tri-Ο-methyl-L-rhamnose). Spinosad is relatively nonpolar and not easily dissolved in water.
Saccharopolyspora erythraea, formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus, is a species of actinomycete bacteria within the genus Saccharopolyspora.
Saccharopolyspora spinosa is a species of bacteria first isolated from a sugar mill rum still. Its pale yellowish pink aerial hyphae bear long chains of spores encased in spiny spore sheaths. Its type strain is A83543.1.
Saccharopolyspora antimicrobia is a Gram-positive, aerobic and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Saccharopolyspora which has been isolated from soil in Beijing and Sichuan in China.
Saccharopolyspora cavernae is a Gram-positive, aerobic and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Saccharopolyspora which has been isolated from cave-wall soil from the Swallow Cave, Yunnan Province, China.
Saccharopolyspora cebuensis is a bacterium from the genus of Saccharopolyspora which has been isolated from the marine sponge Haliclona on Cebu on the Philippines.
Saccharopolyspora dendranthemae is a halotolerant bacterium from the genus of Saccharopolyspora which has been isolated from the stem of the plant Dendranthema indicum in Nantong in China.
Saccharopolyspora flava is a Gram-positive and aerobic bacterium from the genus of Saccharopolyspora which has been isolated from garden soil in China.
Saccharopolyspora gloriosae is a bacterium from the genus of Saccharopolyspora which has been isolated from the stem of the plant Gloriosa superba from the tropical rainforest in Xishuangbanna in China.
Saccharopolyspora gregorii is a bacterium from the genus of Saccharopolyspora which has been isolated from fodder.
Saccharopolyspora halophila is a halophilic bacterium from the genus of Saccharopolyspora which has been isolated from a salt lake from Xinjiang in China.
Saccharopolyspora halotolerans is a halophilic bacterium from the genus of Saccharopolyspora which has been isolated from soil from the salt lake Lop Nur in Xinjiang in China.
Saccharopolyspora hordei is a bacterium from the genus of Saccharopolyspora which has been isolated from hay.
Saccharopolyspora phatthalungensis is a bacterium from the genus of Saccharopolyspora. It is closely related to Saccharopolyspora shandongensis and Saccharopolyspora spinosa, but was determined to be a unique species in 2010. It was collected by being isolated from rhizospheric soil from the tree Hevea brasiliensis in Phatthalung on Thailand.
Saccharopolyspora qijiaojingensis is a halophilic bacterium from the genus of Saccharopolyspora which has been isolated from a salt lake in Xinjiang in China.
Saccharopolyspora shandongensis is a bacterium from the genus of Saccharopolyspora which has been isolated from wheat field soil in Shandong in China.
Saccharopolyspora spinosporotrichia is a Gram-positive and aerobic bacterium from the genus of Saccharopolyspora which has been isolated from soil in Jiangxi in China.
Saccharopolyspora subtropica is a thermophilic bacterium from the genus of Saccharopolyspora which has been isolated from a sugar cane field in Guangxi in China.
Saccharopolyspora taberi is a bacterium from the genus of Saccharopolyspora which has been isolated from soil in Texas in the United States.
Saccharopolyspora hattusasensis is a bacterium from the genus of Saccharopolyspora which has been isolated from soil from Sungurlu in Turkey.
References
- 1 2 3 4 "Genus Saccharopolyspora". List of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
- ↑ Parte, A.C. "Saccharopolyspora". LPSN .
- ↑ Mertz, Frederick; Raymond C. Yao (Jan 1990). "Saccharopolyspora spinosa sp. nov. Isolated from soil Collected in a Sugar Mill Rum Still". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 40 (1): 34–39. doi: 10.1099/00207713-40-1-34 .