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Babesiosis or piroplasmosis is a malaria-like parasitic disease caused by infection with a eukaryotic parasite in the order Piroplasmida, typically a Babesia or Theileria, in the phylum Apicomplexa. Human babesiosis transmission via tick bite is most common in the Northeastern and Midwestern United States and parts of Europe, and sporadic throughout the rest of the world. It occurs in warm weather. People can get infected with Babesia parasites by the bite of an infected tick, by getting a blood transfusion from an infected donor of blood products, or by congenital transmission . Ticks transmit the human strain of babesiosis, so it often presents with other tick-borne illnesses such as Lyme disease. After trypanosomes, Babesia is thought to be the second-most common blood parasite of mammals. They can have major adverse effects on the health of domestic animals in areas without severe winters. In cattle the disease is known as Texas cattle fever or redwater.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, also known as Koch's bacillus, is a species of pathogenic bacteria in the family Mycobacteriaceae and the causative agent of tuberculosis. First discovered in 1882 by Robert Koch, M. tuberculosis has an unusual, waxy coating on its cell surface primarily due to the presence of mycolic acid. This coating makes the cells impervious to Gram staining, and as a result, M. tuberculosis can appear weakly Gram-positive. Acid-fast stains such as Ziehl–Neelsen, or fluorescent stains such as auramine are used instead to identify M. tuberculosis with a microscope. The physiology of M. tuberculosis is highly aerobic and requires high levels of oxygen. Primarily a pathogen of the mammalian respiratory system, it infects the lungs. The most frequently used diagnostic methods for tuberculosis are the tuberculin skin test, acid-fast stain, culture, and polymerase chain reaction.
Mycobacterium is a genus of over 190 species in the phylum Actinomycetota, assigned its own family, Mycobacteriaceae. This genus includes pathogens known to cause serious diseases in mammals, including tuberculosis and leprosy in humans. The Greek prefix myco- means 'fungus', alluding to this genus' mold-like colony surfaces. Since this genus has cell walls with a waxy lipid-rich outer layer that contains high concentrations of mycolic acid, acid-fast staining is used to emphasize their resistance to acids, compared to other cell types.
Bartonellosis is an infectious disease produced by bacteria of the genus Bartonella. Bartonella species cause diseases such as Carrión's disease, trench fever, cat-scratch disease, bacillary angiomatosis, peliosis hepatis, chronic bacteremia, endocarditis, chronic lymphadenopathy, and neurological disorders.
Auramine O is a diarylmethane dye used as a fluorescent stain. In its pure form, Auramine O appears as yellow needle crystals. It is insoluble in water and soluble in ethanol and DMSO.
A subclinical infection—sometimes called a preinfection or inapparent infection—is an infection by a pathogen that causes few or no signs or symptoms of infection in the host. Subclinical infections can occur in both humans and animals. Depending on the pathogen, which can be a virus or intestinal parasite, the host may be infectious and able to transmit the pathogen without ever developing symptoms; such a host is called an asymptomatic carrier. Many pathogens, including HIV, typhoid fever, and coronaviruses such as COVID-19 spread in their host populations through subclinical infection.
Sporothrix schenckii, a fungus that can be found worldwide in the environment, is named for medical student Benjamin Schenck, who in 1896 was the first to isolate it from a human specimen. The species is present in soil as well as in and on living and decomposing plant material such as peat moss. It can infect humans as well as animals and is the causative agent of sporotrichosis, commonly known as "rose handler's disease." The most common route of infection is the introduction of spores to the body through a cut or puncture wound in the skin. Infection commonly occurs in otherwise healthy individuals but is rarely life-threatening and can be treated with antifungals. In the environment it is found growing as filamentous hyphae. In host tissue it is found as a yeast. The transition between the hyphal and yeast forms is temperature dependent making S. schenckii a thermally dimorphic fungus.
Mycobacterium bohemicum is a species of the phylum Actinomycetota, belonging to the genus Mycobacterium.
Mycobacterium caprae is a species of bacteria in the genus Mycobacterium and a member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. The species is named after the caprines, the organisms from which M. caprae was first isolated. Prior to 2003, the species was referred to as Mycobacterium tuberculosis subsp. caprae. It is also synonymous with the name Mycobacterium bovis subsp. caprae.
Löwenstein–Jensen medium, more commonly known as LJ medium, is a growth medium specially used for culture of Mycobacterium species, notably Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex is a genetically related group of Mycobacterium species that can cause tuberculosis in humans or other animals.
Mycobacterium triplex is a species of Mycobacterium.
Mycobacterium thermoresistibile is a species of Mycobacterium.
Mycobacterium senegalense is a species of Mycobacterium.
Mycobacterium peregrinum is a species of Mycobacterium.
Legionella anisa is a Gram-negative bacterium, one of more than 40 species in the family Legionellaceae. After Legionella pneumophila, this species has been isolated most frequently from water samples. This species is also one of the several pathogenic forms of Legionella having been associated with rare clinical cases of illness including Pontiac fever and Legionnaires' disease.
Mycobacteroides franklinii is a species of bacteria from the phylum Actinomycetota belonging to the genus Mycobacteroides. Most of the original strains were isolated from clinical specimens in Pennsylvania, but some have been found in conduit water in the Netherlands. In general, human M. franklinii infections present with symptoms similar to an infection with Mycobacteroides abscessus, but it can also be associated with tattoo infections. M. franklinii is also associated with outbreaks of mycobacteriosis in farmed fish. M. fanklinii is susceptible to cefoxitin and bedaquiline.
Mycobacteroides salmoniphilum is a species of bacteria from the phylum Actinomycetota belonging to the genus Mycobacteroides. It was first identified as the causative agent of mycobacteriosis in chinook salmon and steelhead trout, but has since been found to cause disease in Atlantic cod, Atlantic salmon, burbot, coho salmon, freshwater ornamental fish, and Russian sturgeon. It has also been isolated from tap water. It is not known to infect humans. M. salmoniphilum is susceptible to amikacin.
"Mycolicibacter virginiensis" is a species of bacteria from the phylum Actinomycetota. It is susceptible to clarithromycin, ethambutol, rifabutin, and TMP-SMX. It has been isolated from cases of tenosynovitis, swine farm mud, bovine feces, sputum, and diseased dromedaries.
"Mycolicibacter sinensis" is a species of bacteria from the phylum Actinomycetota that was isolated from a human manifesting tuberculosis-like disease. It is susceptible to ethambutol but is resistant to most other anti-tuberculosis drugs. It has also been isolated from domestic and wild animals.
References
- ↑ Wells, A Q (1937). "Tuberculosis in wild voles". Lancet. 229 (5934): 1221. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)83505-9. S2CID 2364438.
- ↑ Emmanuel, FX (Dec 2007). "Human and animal infections with Mycobacterium microti, Scotland". Emerg Infect Dis. 13 (12): 1924–1927. doi:10.3201/eid1312.061536. PMC 2876740 . PMID 18258049 . Retrieved 26 August 2015.
- ↑ van Soolingen, D (Jul 1998). "Diagnosis of Mycobacterium microti infections among humans by using novel genetic markers". J Clin Microbiol. 36 (7): 1840–5. doi:10.1128/JCM.36.7.1840-1845.1998. PMC 104938 . PMID 9650922.
- Reed, G. (1957). "Genus Mycobacterium (species affecting warm-blooded animals except those causing leprosy)". In Breed, R.S.; Murray, E.G.D.; Smith, N.R. (eds.). Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (7th ed.). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. pp. 703–4.
- van Soolingen D, van der Zanden AG, de Haas PE, et al. (July 1998). "Diagnosis of Mycobacterium microti infections among humans by using novel genetic markers". J. Clin. Microbiol. 36 (7): 1840–5. doi:10.1128/JCM.36.7.1840-1845.1998. PMC 104938 . PMID 9650922.
- "Mycobacterium microti". NCBI Taxonomy Browser. 1806.
