HIV/AIDS in the United Kingdom

Last updated

HIV/AIDS was first diagnosed in 1981. As of year-end 2018, 160,493 people have been diagnosed with HIV in the United Kingdom and an estimated 7,500 people are living undiagnosed with HIV. [1] New diagnoses are highest in gay/bisexual men, with an estimated 51% of new diagnosis reporting male same-sex sexual activity as the probable route of infection. Between 2009 and 2018 there was a 32% reduction in new HIV diagnosis, attributed by Public Health England (PHE) to better surveillance and education. [1] PHE has described an "outbreak" in Glasgow amongst people who inject drugs, [1] and has campaigns targeting men who have sex with men in London and other major cities. [2] London was the first city in the world to reach the World Health Organization target for HIV, set at 90% of those with HIV diagnosed, 90% of those diagnosed on HAART and 90% of those on HAART undetectable. [2] [3] The UK as a whole later achieved the same target. [3] Under the Equality Act 2010, it is illegal to discriminate against someone based on their HIV status in the UK. [4] [5]

Contents

Demographics

In 2017, 93,385 people (64,472 men and 28,877 women) living with diagnosed HIV infection received HIV care in the UK. 42,739 of those are gay or bisexual. [6]

In 2017, the prevalence of HIV in the United Kingdom was estimated at 101,600 (credible interval 99,300 to 106,400) with 92% (credible interval 88 to 94%) diagnosed. [6] Prevalence is highest in gay/bisexual men in London with an estimated 83 (credible interval 73 to 96) per 1000 gay and bisexual men aged 15 to 74 years. HIV prevalence in this group was higher in London compared with the rest of England (134/1,000 CrI 113 to 156 and 63/1,000 CrI 53 to 76, respectively). [6] However, the 2017 statistics showed a tremendous decrease in the number of newly HIV infected gay men during 2015-17. The number of newly HIV infected gay men decreased by a third in just two years. [7]

2995 people were newly diagnosed during 2021 [8] An estimated 42% of diagnoses were late (likely to have been living with the virus for over three years). Late diagnosis is associated with a 10-fold increase in the chance of death during the first year after diagnosis. [9] [10] Risk groups have been identified by various organisations, including National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, National Health Service and the IMPACT trial for pre-exposure prophylaxis. They are:

Risk groups identified by UK health organisations
NHS for HIV [11] [12] NICE for HIV testing [13] IMPACT for PrEP access [14]
From a country with high rates of HIVHeterosexual people at risk
People who share needlesPeople who inject drugs
People who have received a blood transfusion abroad
Heterosexual with black African ethnicityX mark.svgX mark.svg
Men who have sex with men
Trans women who have sex with menTrans men and trans women
People who participate in chemsexX mark.svg
People diagnosed with any other STIX mark.svg
Sexual contact with any other risk groupHIV-negative people with HIV-positive partners

Treatment and prognosis

HIV & AIDS Diagnoses and Deaths by Year in the UK HIV Diagnoses Yearly UK.png
HIV & AIDS Diagnoses and Deaths by Year in the UK

HIV treatment is available free of charge in the UK and as a result 96% of diagnosed are receiving treatment and of those 94% have a suppressed viral load making them very unlikely to pass on the infection. [15] [9] [16] In 2015, less than 1% of people living with a diagnosed HIV infection in the UK died (cause of death is uncertain and may not be HIV-related). All-cause mortality for ages 15–59 in people living with HIV was 5.7 per 1000 compared to 1.7 for the UK population as a whole. [9] People newly diagnosed with HIV today can expect to have a normal life expectancy if they are diagnosed on time and on effective treatment. [17]

In 2017, 39% adults seen for HIV care were 50 years of age or older. [6] This is partly due to improvements to life expectancy for people living with HIV as well as increasing numbers of people acquiring HIV later in life.[ citation needed ]

Pre-exposure prophylaxis

Access to pre-exposure prophylaxis ("PrEP"), using a drug which can prevent HIV infection, on the National Health Service is partially limited. It was available to high-risk individuals in England through the IMPACT trial, which had a cohort size of 26,000. [18] This was made available following the PROUD trial, a randomised control trial and a high-court battle in 2016. [19] [20] Use of PrEP in London, both as part of a trial and from private purchases, was partially credited in a drop in diagnoses among men who have sex with men, after a five-year plateau in diagnoses. [21] [22] [23]

In Scotland, England, Wales and Northern Ireland PrEP is available free on the NHS from sexual health clinics for those deemed at high risk of acquisition. [1]

Sexual health specialist Mags Portman was credited in making PrEP more accessible to gay and bisexual men in the UK. In October 2018, the Terrence Higgins Trust established the Mags Portman PrEP Access Fund to provide PrEP to those in England and Northern Ireland who cannot afford it. [24] The fund has a maximum size of 1,000 users and was available until the end of 2020. [25]

Timeline

1979, June: a sample shows a UK transmission to a haemophiliac in the UK. [26]

1981, 12 December: The Lancet publishes a case report of a 49-year-old man who had died in Brompton hospital due to an AIDS related illness in October - the first death in the UK. [27] [28] He was homosexual and a frequent visitor to the United States. [29]

It was finally revealed in November 2021, by the ITV Tonight programme that this first patient was called John Eaddie, a 49 year old guest house proprietor from Harrogate - 40 years after the first mention of a case in a medical journal. [30] Painstaking work from the ITV Tonight team matched a death certificate from 1981, which included the same details revealed in the Lancet - a 49 year old man, dying in the Royal Brompton Hospital of Pneumocystis Pneumonia.[ citation needed ]

1982, 4 July: Terry Higgins dies of an AIDS related illness - leading to the establishment of the Terrence Higgins Trust. [31] [32]

1983: Scottish AIDS Monitor founded to monitor and raise awareness of HIV/AIDS in Scotland. [33]

1983, 25 April: BBC broadcasts "Killer in the Village" as part of its Horizon series. The documentary describes the illnesses affecting patients and looks at theories and early research into AIDS. It includes interviews with Linda Laubenstein, Alvin Friedman-Kien, James W. Curran, Michael S. Gottlieb and Bobbi Campbell.

1985: 58 AIDS-related deaths had been recorded in Britain, [34] according to the current affairs series TV Eye, broadcast in 1985. In October, a man with AIDS is detained under the Public Health (Infectious Diseases) Regulations 1985, marking their first and only use. [35]

1986, 24 March: BBC broadcasts "AIDS: A Strange and Deadly Virus" as part of its Horizon series. The documentary looks at early work to identify the virus and experimental use of AZT.

1987, 9 April: Diana, Princess of Wales, opens the Broderip Ward, a dedicated ward at Middlesex Hospital for the treatment of HIV patients, and notably shakes the hands of AIDS patients without wearing gloves. [36] [37] [38]

1987: The UK Government launched "AIDS: Don't Die of Ignorance", a major public information campaign. A leaflet about AIDS was delivered to every household in the UK, which warned that it is impossible to tell who is infected with the virus. [39]

1991, 24 November: Queen star Freddie Mercury dies of AIDS, just one day after he announced he had the condition. [40]

1994: Scottish Voluntary HIV and AIDS Forum (HIV Scotland) set up in Edinburgh to make policy and advocacy changes and provide support for people living with HIV in Scotland. [41]

1995: Project for HIV and Aids Care and Education (PHACE West) established to provide HIV support, advice and health services for the West of Scotland. [42]

1996: Triple combination therapy (HAART) becomes standard treatment, reducing the death rate. [43] [44]

2003, March : The National AIDS Trust launched a campaign challenging HIV stigma. [45]

2010, 8 April: The Equality Act 2010 qualifies anyone with HIV as disabled and so gives protection against discrimination. [4] [5]

2012: 1 October: Free HIV treatment in England extended to include non-resident overseas visitors. [46] [47]

2012, 23 November: First National HIV Testing Week. [48] [49]

2013, April: HIV Prevention England started a two-year campaign funded by the Department of Health communicating messages about HIV testing and condoms to Africans and MSM.

2015, April: First home testing kits become available, after being legalised in April 2014. [50]

2015, 9 September: Results announced of PROUD study, testing the effectiveness of PrEP on reducing HIV infections in 544 participants. [51] [52]

2016: Results of PARTNER Study show that a person living with HIV, who is on treatment and whose virus is undetectable cannot pass the virus on to anyone else. The 'U=U' campaign and Terrence Higgins Trust's 'Can't Pass It On' campaigns followed shortly after. The PARTNER Study followed other research and studies, such as the Swiss Statement, which provided similar evidence of HIV not being able to be passed on under these stated circumstances. [53]

2017, July: PrEP made available free on the NHS in Scotland. [54]

2017, 3 August: NHS announced trial of PrEP for 10,000 people over three years. [55]

2019, 1 January: NHS announced to increase IMPACT trial size to 26,000.

2019, 22 July: Independent HIV Commission to end new HIV transmissions in England by 2030 launches. [56]

2020, March: UK government announces PrEP will be made freely available in England from April 2020 to anyone at risk. [57]

2021, 1 December: the UK Ministry of Defence announces a commitment to ensuring being HIV+ no longer excludes anyone from joining the armed forces. Any candidates taking PrEP would be welcomed and serving armed forces personnel with HIV are recognised as fully fit. [58]

2022: Accident and Emergency treatment will have opt out testing for blood bourne viruses, piolot identified 65 with HIV not undergoing treatment. in 2023 it was decided to extend this to all hospital settings. [59]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Safe sex</span> Ways to reduce the risk of acquiring STIs

Safe sex is sexual activity using methods or contraceptive devices to reduce the risk of transmitting or acquiring sexually transmitted infections (STIs), especially HIV. "Safe sex" is also sometimes referred to as safer sex or protected sex to indicate that some safe sex practices do not eliminate STI risks. It is also sometimes used colloquially to describe methods aimed at preventing pregnancy that may or may not also lower STI risks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HIV/AIDS in the United States</span> HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United States

The AIDS epidemic, caused by HIV, found its way to the United States between the 1970s and 1980s, but was first noticed after doctors discovered clusters of Kaposi's sarcoma and pneumocystis pneumonia in homosexual men in Los Angeles, New York City, and San Francisco in 1981. Treatment of HIV/AIDS is primarily via the use of multiple antiretroviral drugs, and education programs to help people avoid infection.

Men who have sex with men (MSM) refers to all men who engage in sexual activity with other men, regardless of sexual identity. The term was created by epidemiologists in the 1990s, to better study and communicate the spread of sexually transmitted infections such as HIV/AIDS between all sexually active males, not strictly those identifying as gay or bisexual, but also for example male prostitutes. The term is often used in medical literature and social research to describe such men as a group. It does not describe any specific kind of sexual activity, and which activities are covered by the term depends on context. An alternative term, males who have sex with males is sometimes considered more accurate in cases where those described may not be legal adults.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Terrence Higgins Trust</span> British HIV and sexual health charity

Terrence Higgins Trust is a British charity that campaigns about and provides services relating to HIV and sexual health. In particular, the charity aims to end the transmission of HIV in the UK; to support and empower people living with HIV, to eradicate stigma and discrimination around HIV, and to promote good sexual health.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Emtricitabine/tenofovir</span> Drug combination for HIV/AIDS prophylaxis and treatment

Emtricitabine/tenofovir, sold under the brand name Truvada among others, is a fixed-dose combination antiretroviral medication used to treat and prevent HIV/AIDS. It contains the antiretroviral medications emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil. For treatment, it must be used in combination with other antiretroviral medications. For prevention before exposure, in those who are at high risk, it is recommended along with safer sex practices. It does not cure HIV/AIDS. Emtricitabine/tenofovir is taken by mouth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention</span> HIV prevention strategy using preventative medication for HIV-negative individuals

Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention, commonly known as PrEP, is a form of pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent HIV infection, the cause of HIV/AIDS.

The history of HIV/AIDS in Australia is distinctive, as Australian government bodies recognised and responded to the AIDS pandemic relatively swiftly, with the implementation of effective disease prevention and public health programs, such as needle and syringe programs (NSPs). As a result, despite significant numbers of at-risk group members contracting the virus in the early period following its discovery, Australia achieved and has maintained a low rate of HIV infection in comparison to the rest of the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HIV/AIDS in Canada</span>

HIV/AIDS was first detected in Canada in 1982. In 2018, there were approximately 62,050 people living with HIV/AIDS in Canada. It was estimated that 8,300 people were living with undiagnosed HIV in 2018. Mortality has decreased due to medical advances against HIV/AIDS, especially highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).

The National AIDS Trust is a United Kingdom charity with the purpose to stand alongside and defend the rights of everyone living with, affected by or at risk of HIV. Its expertise, research and advocacy secure lasting change to the lives of people living with and at risk of HIV. The charity's key strategic goals are:

Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS or serophobia is the prejudice, fear, rejection, and stigmatization of people with HIV/AIDS. Marginalized, at-risk groups such as members of the LGBTQ+ community, intravenous drug users, and sex workers are most vulnerable to facing HIV/AIDS discrimination. The consequences of societal stigma against PLHIV are quite severe, as HIV/AIDS discrimination actively hinders access to HIV/AIDS screening and care around the world. Moreover, these negative stigmas become used against members of the LGBTQ+ community in the form of stereotypes held by physicians.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Men who have sex with men blood donor controversy in the United Kingdom</span>

The MSM blood donor controversy in the United Kingdom refers to the former deferral policy of men who have had sex with men (MSM) in the United Kingdom who wish to donate their blood to UK blood donation services. Since June 2021, there is no deferral period in all four home nations. This followed an announcement in December 2020 that blood donation policies specific to MSM would be scrapped in favour of personalised risk assessment based on sexual behaviour.

Since reports of emergence and spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the United States between the 1970s and 1980s, the HIV/AIDS epidemic has frequently been linked to gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) by epidemiologists and medical professionals. It was first noticed after doctors discovered clusters of Kaposi's sarcoma and pneumocystis pneumonia in homosexual men in Los Angeles, New York City, and San Francisco in 1981. The first official report on the virus was published by the Center for Disease Control (CDC) on June 5, 1981, and detailed the cases of five young gay men who were hospitalized with serious infections. A month later, The New York Times reported that 41 homosexuals had been diagnosed with Kaposi's sarcoma, and eight had died less than 24 months after the diagnosis was made.

National AIDS Trust v NHS Commissioning Board, [2016] EWHC 2005 (Admin), was a court case before the High Court of Justice seeking judicial review regarding National Health Service funding for pre-exposure prophylaxis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">56 Dean Street</span> Sexual health clinic in London

56 Dean Street, based in Dean Street in London's Soho district, is a sexual health clinic. Part of the Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, it also has a second branch, Dean Street Express, at 34 Dean Street, which offers a fast-turnaround testing service. As of 2017, the clinic was the largest HIV clinic in Europe. In addition to its specialism in HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases, it also offers general sexual health care services, including contraception. The clinic also runs TransPlus - the UK’s first integrated NHS gender dysphoria, sexual health and HIV service.

Margaret Denise Portman was a British medical doctor who specialised in sexual health. She was an advocate for pre-exposure prophylaxis medication (PrEP) to prevent new HIV cases.

Greg Owen is a UK-born activist who started a website to make generic pre-exposure prophylaxis medication (PrEP) accessible to prevent HIV infection.

Scottish AIDS Monitor (SAM) was a Scottish HIV and AIDS awareness organisation that was active between 1983 and 1996.

Project for HIV and AIDS Care and Education (PHACE) West was Scottish HIV and AIDS awareness organisation that was active in the West of Scotland between 1995 and 2006.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jonathan Blake (activist)</span> British gay rights activist

Jonathan Blake is a British gay rights activist and former member of Lesbians and Gays Support the Miners (LGSM). He was one of the first people diagnosed with HIV in the United Kingdom and is one of the country's oldest surviving people with the illness.

HIV/AIDS in Hong Kong was first reported in 1984. As of the end of 2021, 11,232 people have been diagnosed with HIV in Hong Kong. New diagnoses are highest in gay and bisexual men, with 53.5% of new diagnoses occurring in men who have sex with men. The rate of reported transmissions peaked in 2015, and has since decreased by 49.1%.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Public Health England (December 2019). "HIV in the UK (2019 Report)" (PDF). gov.uk. Retrieved 2020-02-21.
  2. 1 2 Gulland, Anne (2019-09-09). "London praised for record on HIV but more needs to be done to tackle late diagnosis". The Telegraph. ISSN   0307-1235 . Retrieved 2020-02-21.
  3. 1 2 "UK HIV Statistics | National AIDS Trust - NAT". www.nat.org.uk. Retrieved 2020-02-21.
  4. 1 2 Trust, Terrence Higgins. "Equality Act 2010 | Terrence Higgins Trust". Tht.org.uk. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  5. 1 2 "Equality Act 2010". Legislation.gov.uk. Expert Participation. Retrieved 2017-08-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  6. 1 2 3 4 "Progress towards ending the HIV epidemic in the United Kingdom 2018 report )" (PDF). Public Health England. 2018. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
  7. ↑ "HIV diagnoses in gay men in the UK decreased by a third in two years". Aidsmap.com. 4 September 2018. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
  8. ↑ TheGuardian.com https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/oct/22/no-new-hiv-cases-by-2030-england-hopes-to-become-first-country-in-the-world-to-defeat-virus. Retrieved 22 October 2022.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  9. 1 2 3 "HIV in the UK" (PDF). UK Government. Public Health England. 2016-12-01. Retrieved 2017-08-27.
  10. ↑ "HIV: surveillance, data and management". Gov.uk. 25 January 2018. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
  11. ↑ "HIV and AIDS - Causes". nhs.uk. 2017-10-23. Retrieved 2020-02-21.
  12. ↑ "HIV and AIDS". nhs.uk. 2017-10-23. Retrieved 2020-02-21.
  13. ↑ "Quality statement 4: Regular HIV testing | HIV testing: encouraging uptake | Quality standards | NICE". www.nice.org.uk. 7 September 2017. Retrieved 2020-02-21.
  14. ↑ "Can I take part?". PrEP Impact. Retrieved 2020-02-21.
  15. ↑ Trust, Terrence Higgins. "Effective HIV treatment means 'zero' risk of transmitting virus | Terrence Higgins Trust". Tht.org.uk. Retrieved 2017-08-27.
  16. ↑ Trust, Terrence Higgins. "Can't Pass It On | Terrence Higgins Trust". Tht.org.uk. Retrieved 2017-08-27.
  17. ↑ Roxby, Philippa (2017-05-11). "HIV life expectancy 'near normal' thanks to new drugs". BBC News. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
  18. ↑ "PrEP | The PrEP Impact Trial". PrEP Impact. Retrieved 2020-02-21.
  19. ↑ Gallagher, James (2017-08-03). "Prep: HIV 'game-changer' to reach NHS in England from September". BBC News. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
  20. ↑ "HIV campaigners win NHS drug battle". BBC News. 2016-08-02. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
  21. ↑ "Meet The Man Who Stopped Thousands Of People Becoming HIV-Positive". BuzzFeed. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
  22. ↑ "'Remarkable' drop in new HIV cases among men". BBC News. 2017-06-22. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
  23. ↑ editor, Sarah Boseley Health (2017-06-22). "Fall in HIV among gay men could spell end for Britain's epidemic, say experts". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2017-08-27.{{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  24. ↑ Ledward, James (30 October 2018). "THT launch 'Access Fund' for PrEP". Gscene.com. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
  25. ↑ "The Mags Portman PrEP Access Fund | Terrence Higgins Trust". www.tht.org.uk. Retrieved 2020-02-21.
  26. ↑ "Final Report: Chapter 9 - Knowledge of the Geographical Spread and Prevalence of HIV/AIDS 1". www.penroseinquiry.org.uk. Retrieved 2020-02-21.
  27. ↑ Bois, R. M. Du; Branthwaite, M. A.; Mikhail, J. R.; Batten, J. C. (1981-12-12). "Primary Pneumocystis Carinii and Cytomegalovirus Infections". The Lancet. Originally published as Volume 2, Issue 8259. 318 (8259): 1339. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(81)91353-2. PMID   6118728. S2CID   38202095.
  28. ↑ "The Timeline: Aids". The Independent . 2011-06-03. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  29. ↑ "Final Report: Chapter 9 - Knowledge of the Geographical Spread and Prevalence of HIV/AIDS 1". www.penroseinquiry.org.uk.
  30. ↑ "Solved: The 40-year mystery of the first man to die of AIDS in Britain". 9 November 2021.
  31. ↑ "How It All Began". Terrance Higgins Trust. Retrieved 2016-08-29.
  32. ↑ Prior, Neil (2012-07-05). "Terrence Higgins' legacy, 30 years after death". BBC News. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  33. ↑ "1980s". Terrance Higgins Trust. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  34. ↑ "Watch AIDS: The Victims 1985". BFI. Retrieved 2021-01-27.
  35. ↑ "Public Health (Infectious Diseases) Regulations 1985". Europach. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
  36. ↑ "How Princess Diana changed attitudes to Aids". BBC News. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  37. ↑ "BBC NEWS | Health | Timeline: 25 years of HIV/Aids". News.bbc.co.uk. 4 June 2006. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  38. ↑ "Prince Harry invokes image of Princess Diana holding hand of dying Aids patient as he warns of HIV complacency threat". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  39. ↑ Hildrew, Peter. "From the archive, 9 January 1987: TV and cinema Aids campaign launches". The Guardian . Retrieved 24 October 2014.
  40. ↑ "Queen star dies after Aids statement | 1990-1999 | Guardian Century". Theguardian.com. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  41. ↑ "Our history". HIV Scotland. Retrieved 2021-02-02.
  42. ↑ "Back in the hot seat". Gay Scotland. No. 20. 1985.
  43. ↑ Trust, Terrence Higgins. "Terrence Higgins Trust in the 1990s | Terrence Higgins Trust". Tht.org.uk. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  44. ↑ "HIV treatment has come a long way – but there's still work to do". The Guardian. 2017-07-12. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  45. ↑ "Are you HIV prejudiced?" . Retrieved 2014-05-06.
  46. ↑ "HIV treatment for overseas visitors in England from 1 October 2012". Gov.uk. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  47. ↑ "Free HIV treatment on NHS for foreign nationals". BBC News. 2012-02-28. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  48. ↑ "Ready to Be Tested? England's First National HIV Testing Week Starts Today". Huff Post. 23 November 2012. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  49. ↑ Tom Hayes (2012-11-23). "National HIV Testing Week". Beyondpositive. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  50. ↑ Mundasad, Smitha (2015-04-27). "HIV home test kit goes on sale in UK". BBC News. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  51. ↑ McCormack, Sheena; Dunn, David T.; Desai, Monica; Dolling, David I.; Gafos, Mitzy; Gilson, Richard; Sullivan, Ann K.; Clarke, Amanda; Reeves, Iain (2016-01-02). "Pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent the acquisition of HIV-1 infection (PROUD): effectiveness results from the pilot phase of a pragmatic open-label randomised trial". The Lancet. 387 (10013): 53–60. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00056-2. ISSN   0140-6736. PMC   4700047 . PMID   26364263.
  52. ↑ "PROUD PrEP study results published". Aidsmap.com. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  53. ↑ "HIV & AIDS Information :: NAM endorses Undetectable equals Untransmittable (U=U) consensus statement". Archived from the original on 2018-07-17. Retrieved 2018-07-17.
  54. ↑ National Services Scotland, NHS (February 2019). "Implementation of HIV PrEP in Scotland: first year report".
  55. ↑ "NHS England » NHS England announces world's largest single PrEP implementation trial to prevent HIV infection". England.nhs.uk. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  56. ↑ Guerra, Luis (2019-07-22). "New independent HIV Commission to end HIV transmissions in England by 2030 launches with Government endorsement". HIV Commission. Retrieved 2020-06-18.
  57. ↑ "PrEP: Preventative HIV drug available in England from April". BBC News. March 15, 2020.
  58. ↑ "Armed Forces make major changes to end HIV being a barrier to service". gov.uk. December 1, 2021. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
  59. ↑ "Emergency department opt out testing for HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C: The first 100 days". November 22, 2023. Retrieved Jan 1, 2024.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.