Human Rights Day

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Human Rights Day
HumanRightsLogo.svg
Human Rights Logo, unveiled in New York on 23 September 2011
Also calledHRD
Observed by UN Members
CelebrationsWorldwide
Begins1948;76 years ago (1948)
Date 10 December
FrequencyAnnual

Human Rights Day (HRD) is celebrated annually around the world on 10 December every year.

Contents

The date was chosen to honor the United Nations General Assembly's adoption and proclamation, on 10 December 1948, of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the first global enunciation of human rights and one of the first major achievements of the new United Nations. The formal establishment of Human Rights Day occurred at the 317th Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on 4 December 1950, when the General Assembly declared resolution 423(V), inviting all member states and any other interested organizations to celebrate the day as they saw fit. [1] [2]

The day is normally marked both by high-level political conferences and meetings and by cultural events and exhibitions dealing with human rights issues. Besides, it is traditionally on 10 December that the five-yearly United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights and Nobel Peace Prize are awarded. Many governmental and non-governmental organizations active in the human rights field also schedule special events to commemorate the day, as do many civil and social-cause organisations.

History

Turkish journalists protesting imprisonment of their colleagues, 10 December 2016 Turkish journalists protesting imprisonment of their colleagues in 2016.jpg
Turkish journalists protesting imprisonment of their colleagues, 10 December 2016

Human Rights Day is the day in 1948 the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. [3]

The formal inception of Human Rights Day dates from 1950, after the Assembly passed resolution 423(V) inviting all States and interested organisations to adopt 10 December of each year as Human Rights Day. [4] The popularity of the day can be shown by the fact that the commemorative Human Rights Day stamp issued by the United Nations Postal Administration in 1952, received approximately 200,000 advance orders. [5]

A 1963 postage stamp from Soviet Union, commemorating the 15th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights USSR stamp 1963 CPA 2963.jpg
A 1963 postage stamp from Soviet Union, commemorating the 15th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

When the General Assembly adopted the Declaration, with 48 states in favor and eight abstentions, it was proclaimed as a "common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations", towards which individuals and societies should "strive by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance". The measure was received by both advocates and critics alike as "being more declarative than legislative, more suggestive than binding." [6]

Although the Declaration with its broad range of political, civil, economic, social and cultural rights is not a binding document, it inspired more than 60 human rights instruments which together constitute an international standard of human rights. Today the general consent of all United Nations Member States on the basic Human Rights laid down in the Declaration makes it even stronger and emphasizes the relevance of Human Rights in our[ who? ] daily lives.[ according to whom? ]

The High Commissioner for Human Rights, as the main United Nations rights official and his Office plays a major role in coordinating efforts for the yearly observation of Human Rights Day:

Today, poverty prevails as the gravest human rights challenge in the world. Combating poverty, deprivation and exclusion is not a matter of charity, and it does not depend on how rich a country is. By tackling poverty as a matter of human rights obligation, the world will have a better chance of abolishing this scourge in our lifetime... Poverty eradication is an achievable goal.

—  UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Louise Arbour, 10 December 2006

The 60th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights occurred on 10 December 2008, and the UN Secretary-General launched a year-long campaign leading up to this anniversary. [7] Because the UDHR holds the world record as the most translated document (except for the Bible), organizations around the globe used the year to focus on helping people everywhere learn about their rights.

On 9 December 2001, President George W. Bush made a Presidential proclamation that Human Rights Week began on 9 December. [8] He also made the same proclamation on 10 December 2008. [9]

Past observances

A 1998 postage stamp from Faroe Islands Faroe stamp 332 human rights.jpg
A 1998 postage stamp from Faroe Islands
YearActions
1979 Shih Ming-teh organized a human rights campaign in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. This led to the Kaohsiung Incident characterized by three rounds of arrests and mock trials of political opponents of the ruling Kuomintang party and their subsequent imprisonment.
1983 President Raúl Alfonsin, of Argentina, decided to assume office on 10 December 1983, ending the military dictatorship that had ruled the country since 1976. The election of that day for his inauguration was related to human rights violations committed during the dictatorship. From then on, all presidential inaugurations have taken place on 10 December.
2004
2006In an interesting coincidence, former Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet, known for human rights violations committed during his authoritarian rule, died of a heart attack on 10 December 2006, at the age of 91. [13]
2008
  • Gay rights activists in the U.S. state of California urged people to support equal rights by "calling in 'gay'" to work. [14] This was in response to the renewed ban on gay marriage when Proposition 8 passed earlier in the year.
  • Several people were detained in China after around 300 people signed an online petition titled Charter 08 for the government to improve human rights in the country. In Beijing, a small protest was broken up that took place outside the foreign ministry. [15]
  • UNYA Australia celebrated Human Rights Day with the write4rights campaign, asking young people to contribute a message about human rights by phone or on a website for display in Australian State capital cities. [16]
  • Amnesty International organised a large event in Paris, France, to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the UN resolution. [17]
  • Celebrations took place in Phnom Penh and around Cambodia, including a march by 5000 people, and a further 1000 people releasing balloons, organised by NGOs. [18]
  • Other celebrations and events took place in Russia [19] and India. [20]
200910 December 2009 marked as 61st anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Tom Malinowski from Human Rights Watch in Washington, D.C., commented that there had been progress in human rights over the last 40 years: "I think there is greater awareness around the world that people have fundamental rights and that those rights are enshrined in both law domestically and internationally". [21]
2011Following a year of protest in many countries, from Tunisia to Cairo to the Occupy movement, the theme of 2011 recognised the significance of social media and technology in assisting human rights defenders in new ways. [22]
2012Inclusion and the right to participate in public life was the theme of 2012 Human Rights Day. The focus in 2012 was on all people to make their voices heard and be included in political decision making. ″ My Voice Counts″ slogan was seen in the occupy movement around the world in protest of economic, political and social inequality. [23]
2013Celebrating twenty years working for your rights was the theme of the 2013 Human Rights Day celebration. Twenty Years ago the creation of the position of the High Commissioner for Human Rights was established which empowered an official, independent voice to speak worldwide for human rights. [24]
2014Every day is Human Rights Day is the slogan for the year 2014. Human Rights 365 celebrates the Universal Declaration on Human Rights which states that everyone, everywhere, at all times are entitled to their human rights. Human Rights belong to everyone equally and "binds us together as a global community with the same ideals and values." [25]
2015The theme for 2015 is "Our Rights, Our Freedoms, Always." [3]
2016The theme for 2016 is "Stand up for someone's rights today!" [26]
2017The theme for 2017 is "Let's stand up for equality, justice and human dignity" [27]
2018 [28] The theme for 2018 is "stand up for the human rights"
2019 Civil Human Rights Front organised a rally in Hong Kong on the Sunday, 8 December to mark the Human Rights Day two days away. The organiser estimated about 800,000 people took part, while the police had an estimate of 183,000 people. [29] The march started from Victoria Park in Causeway Bay and was the biggest of its kind since the march in mid-August as part of 2019–20 Hong Kong protests movement in 2019. [30] Citizens were calling for their five demands, including an independent inquiry into Police misconduct allegations during the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests that occurred in the city during the past 6 months, and also universal suffrage.
2020 [31] The theme for 2020 is "Recover Better – Stand Up for Human Rights".
2021The theme for 2021 is "Equality - Reducing inequalities, advancing human rights". [32] [33]
2022The theme for 2022 is "Dignity, Freedom and Justice for All". [34]
2023The theme for 2023 is "Freedom, Equality and Justice for All". [35]

Date variance

In South Africa, Human Rights Day is celebrated on 21 March, in remembrance of the Sharpeville massacre which took place on 21 March 1960. This massacre occurred as a result of protests against the Apartheid regime in South Africa. [36] South African Human Rights Day was declared a national holiday when the ANC was elected as the government with Nelson Mandela as the first democratically elected leader. [37] Parliament's role on this day is to empower the people so that the democratic processes becomes known to all South Africans. [38]

It is celebrated on 11 December in Kiribati.[ citation needed ]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human rights</span> Fundamental rights belonging to all humans

Human rights are moral principles or norms that establish standards of human behaviour and are regularly protected as substantive rights in municipal and international law. They are commonly understood as inalienable, fundamental rights "to which a person is inherently entitled simply because he or she is a human being" and which are "inherent in all human beings", regardless of age, ethnic origin, location, language, religion, ethnicity, or any other status. They are applicable everywhere and at all times in the sense of being universal, and they are egalitarian in the sense of being the same for everyone. They are regarded as requiring empathy and the rule of law, and imposing an obligation on individuals to respect the human rights of others; it is generally considered that they should not be taken away except as a result of due process based on specific circumstances.

International human rights instruments are the treaties and other international texts that serve as legal sources for international human rights law and the protection of human rights in general. There are many varying types, but most can be classified into two broad categories: declarations, adopted by bodies such as the United Nations General Assembly, which are by nature declaratory, so not legally-binding although they may be politically authoritative and very well-respected soft law;, and often express guiding principles; and conventions that are multi-party treaties that are designed to become legally binding, usually include prescriptive and very specific language, and usually are concluded by a long procedure that frequently requires ratification by each states' legislature. Lesser known are some "recommendations" which are similar to conventions in being multilaterally agreed, yet cannot be ratified, and serve to set common standards. There may also be administrative guidelines that are agreed multilaterally by states, as well as the statutes of tribunals or other institutions. A specific prescription or principle from any of these various international instruments can, over time, attain the status of customary international law whether it is specifically accepted by a state or not, just because it is well-recognized and followed over a sufficiently long time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</span> UN Secretariat department that promotes human rights under international law

The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) is a department of the United Nations Secretariat that works to promote and protect human rights that are guaranteed under international law and stipulated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948. The office was established by the United Nations General Assembly on 20 December 1993 in the wake of the 1993 World Conference on Human Rights.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</span> Declaration adopted in 1948 by the UN General Assembly

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is an international document adopted by the United Nations General Assembly that enshrines the rights and freedoms of all human beings. Drafted by a UN committee chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt, it was accepted by the General Assembly as Resolution 217 during its third session on 10 December 1948 at the Palais de Chaillot in Paris, France. Of the 58 members of the United Nations at the time, 48 voted in favour, none against, eight abstained, and two did not vote.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</span> Treaty adopted by United Nations General Assembly in 1965

The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) is a multilateral treaty that commits nations to respect the civil and political rights of individuals, including the right to life, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, electoral rights and rights to due process and a fair trial. It was adopted by United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2200A (XXI) on 16 December 1966 and entered into force on 23 March 1976 after its thirty-fifth ratification or accession. As of June 2024, the Covenant has 174 parties and six more signatories without ratification, most notably the People's Republic of China and Cuba; North Korea is the only state that has tried to withdraw.

International human rights law (IHRL) is the body of international law designed to promote human rights on social, regional, and domestic levels. As a form of international law, international human rights law is primarily made up of treaties, agreements between sovereign states intended to have binding legal effect between the parties that have agreed to them; and customary international law. Other international human rights instruments, while not legally binding, contribute to the implementation, understanding and development of international human rights law and have been recognized as a source of political obligation.

The United Nations Prizes in the Field of Human Rights were instituted by United Nations General Assembly in 1966. They are intended to "honour and commend people and organizations which have made an outstanding contribution to the promotion and protection of the human rights embodied in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in other United Nations human rights instruments".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Nations Human Rights Council</span> United Nations body tasked with the promotion of human rights

The United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) is a United Nations body whose mission is to promote and protect human rights around the world. The Council has 47 members elected for staggered three-year terms on a regional group basis. The headquarters of the Council are at the United Nations Office at Geneva in Switzerland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</span> Covenant adopted in 1966 by United Nations General Assembly resolution

The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) is a multilateral treaty adopted by the United Nations General Assembly (GA) on 16 December 1966 through GA. Resolution 2200A (XXI), and came into force on 3 January 1976. It commits its parties to work toward the granting of economic, social, and cultural rights (ESCR) to all individuals including those living in Non-Self-Governing and Trust Territories. The rights include labour rights, the right to health, the right to education, and the right to an adequate standard of living. As of February 2024, the Covenant has 172 parties. A further four countries, including the United States, have signed but not ratified the Covenant.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">International Bill of Human Rights</span> UN General Assembly resolution

The International Bill of Human Rights was the name given to UN General Assembly Resolution 217 (III) and two international treaties established by the United Nations. It consists of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights with its two Optional Protocols and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The two covenants entered into force in 1976, after a sufficient number of countries had ratified them.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human right to water and sanitation</span>

The human right to water and sanitation (HRWS) is a principle stating that clean drinking water and sanitation are a universal human right because of their high importance in sustaining every person's life. It was recognized as a human right by the United Nations General Assembly on 28 July 2010. The HRWS has been recognized in international law through human rights treaties, declarations and other standards. Some commentators have based an argument for the existence of a universal human right to water on grounds independent of the 2010 General Assembly resolution, such as Article 11.1 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR); among those commentators, those who accept the existence of international ius cogens and consider it to include the Covenant's provisions hold that such a right is a universally binding principle of international law. Other treaties that explicitly recognize the HRWS include the 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and the 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC).

Human rights education (HRE) is the learning process that seeks to build up knowledge, values, and proficiency in the rights that each person is entitled to. This education teaches students to examine their own experiences from a point of view that enables them to integrate these concepts into their values, decision-making, and daily situations. According to Amnesty International, HRE is a way to empower people, training them so their skills and behaviors will promote dignity and equality within their communities, societies, and throughout the world.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was drafted between early 1947 and late 1948 by a committee formed by the United Nations Commission on Human Rights. Further discussion and amendments were made by the Commission on Human Rights, the Economic and Social Council and the General Assembly of the United Nations. Representatives of the UN Commission on the Status of Women participated in the meetings of the UN Commission on Human Rights, debating for a gender inclusive language in the Declaration.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights at the United Nations</span>

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The Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women was adopted without a vote by the United Nations General Assembly in the 48/104 resolution of 20 December 1993. Contained within it is the recognition of "the urgent need for the universal application to women of the rights and principles with regard to equality, security, liberty, integrity and dignity of all human beings". It recalls and embodies the same rights and principles as those enshrined in such instruments as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and Articles 1 and 2 provide the most widely used definition of violence against women.

The right to sexuality incorporates the right to express one's sexuality and to be free from discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation. Although it is equally applicable to heterosexuality, it also encompasses human rights of people of diverse sexual orientations, including lesbian, gay, asexual and bisexual people, and the protection of those rights. the inalienable nature of rights belonging to every person by virtue of being human.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination</span> 1969 United Nations human rights instrument

The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) is a United Nations convention. A third-generation human rights instrument, the Convention commits its members to the elimination of racial discrimination and the promotion of understanding among all races. The Convention also requires its parties to criminalize hate speech and criminalize membership in racist organizations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human rights and development</span>

Development is a human right that belongs to everyone, individually and collectively. Everyone is “entitled to participate in, contribute to, and enjoy economic, social, cultural and political development, in which all human rights and fundamental freedoms can be fully realized,” states the groundbreaking UN Declaration on the Right to Development, proclaimed in 1986.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Right to a healthy environment</span> Human right proposed by environmental groups

The right to a healthy environment or the right to a sustainable and healthy environment is a human right advocated by human rights organizations and environmental organizations to protect the ecological systems that provide human health. The right was acknowledged by the United Nations Human Rights Council during its 48th session in October 2021 in HRC/RES/48/13 and subsequently by the United Nations General Assembly on July 28, 2022 in A/RES/76/300. The right is often the basis for human rights defense by environmental defenders, such as land defenders, water protectors and indigenous rights activists.

The Human Rights Economy (HRE) envisages economies that are consistent with human rights laws. It is a conceptual framework introduced by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) indicating that all individuals and organs of society need to respect human rights (preamble, art 29). The OHCHR advocates for the adoption of the Human Rights Economy to ensure that economic and social decision-making are guided by human rights law. The concept posits that by applying human rights law to all aspects of society, a more equitable and sustainable economy will be created. The Human Rights Economy, like human rights, applies to all political and economic systems.

References

  1. ↑ United Nations General Assembly Session 5 Resolution423(V). A/RES/423(V) 4 December 1950. Retrieved 29 October 2009.
  2. ↑ Office of the High Commission for Human Rights (2009). "The History of Human Rights Day" . Retrieved 29 October 2009.
  3. 1 2 James, Anu (9 December 2015). "Human Rights Day: Best Quotes By Famous Personalities to Mark UN Day". International Business Times. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
  4. ↑ Lawson, Edward (1996). Encyclopedia of Human Rights. Research and contributing editor, Jan K. Dargel (2nd ed.). Taylor & Francis. pp. 722–724. ISBN   9781560323624.
  5. ↑ Green, James Frederick (1956). United Nations and Human Rights. The Brookings Institution. p. 676.
  6. ↑ Cohen, G. Daniel (2011). "The 'Human Rights Revolution' at Work: Displaced Persons in Postwar Europe". In Hoffmann, Stefan-Ludwig (ed.). Human Rights in the Twentieth Century . Cambridge University Press. pp.  49–50. ISBN   9780521194266.
  7. ↑ "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: 1948–2008". United Nations. 2008. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
  8. ↑ Office of the Press Secretary (12 December 2001). "Human Rights Day, Bill of Rights Day, and Human Rights Week, 2001". Federal Register . Washington, D.C.: Federal Government of the United States. Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2017. Alt URL
  9. ↑ Office of the Press Secretary (19 December 2008). "Human Rights Day, Bill of Rights Day, and Human Rights Week, 2008". Federal Register . Washington, D.C.: Federal Government of the United States. Archived from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2017. Alt URL
  10. ↑ "A global campaign against Internet censorship and the long-term imprisonment of journalists in Asia". PEN American Center. Archived from the original on 9 December 2006. Retrieved 15 December 2006.
  11. ↑ "On the occasion of Human Rights Day, the UN, Inter-American and African protection mechanisms call on governments to protect human rights defenders" (Press release). Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. 10 December 2004. Retrieved 15 December 2006.
  12. ↑ "Satellite Imagery for Conflict Prevention and Human Rights: An Event in Honor of Human Rights Day 2006". The American Association for the Advancement of Science, Science and Human Rights Program. 16 June 2006. Retrieved 15 December 2006.
  13. ↑ Catan, Thomas; Crooks, Nathan (11 December 2006). "General Pinochet, 91, dies awaiting trial for murder". The Times . London. Retrieved 11 December 2006.[ dead link ]
  14. ↑ ""Calling in 'Gay' to Work Is Latest Form of Protest" ABC News". ABC News . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
  15. ↑ "Chinese police detain protesters", BBC, 10 December 2008.
  16. ↑ "Write4Rights". Archived from the original on 9 February 2009. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
  17. ↑ "Abuses persist as UN rights declaration turns 60", AFP, 10 December 2008.
  18. ↑ "Inequality is fuelling rights violations, UN warns govt", 10 December 2008.
  19. ↑ "International Human Rights Day marked in Russia" Archived 15 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine , ITAR-TASS, 10 December 2008.
  20. ↑ "Students celebrate Human Rights Day", Times of India, 10 December 2008.
  21. ↑ "International Human Rights Day Marks Progress and Setbacks". VOA. 10 December 2009.
  22. ↑ "Human Rights Day 2011". Archived from the original on 5 December 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2011. "Human Rights Day 2011"
  23. ↑ United Nations. "Human Rights Day, 10 December". United Nations Department of Public Information. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  24. ↑ Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). "HUMAN RIGHTS DAY 2013". United Nations Human Rights. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  25. ↑ Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). "Human Rights Day 2014 #Rights 365". United Nations Human Rights. OHCHR. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  26. ↑ Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. "Stand up for someone's rights today" . Retrieved 10 December 2015.
  27. ↑ Human Rights Day 2017
  28. ↑ Rupali Pruthi (10 December 2018). "Human Rights Day 2018 observed around the world". Jagran Prakashan Ltd. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  29. ↑ Chan, Cathy; McNicholas, Aaron (8 December 2019). "Protesters Mount Largest Rally in Six Months: Hong Kong Update". Bloomberg. Bloomberg L P. Retrieved 8 December 2019. , Bloomberg, 8 December 2019
  30. ↑ "Hong Kong protesters keep up pressure with mass march". CNN. 8 December 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  31. ↑ "Human Rights Day 2020: Theme, History, Quotes, Observed, Celebration". S A NEWS. 9 December 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  32. ↑ Human Rights Day 2021
  33. ↑ "Human Rights Day | Stand up for human rights". 9 December 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
  34. ↑ Human Rights Day 2022
  35. ↑ Human Rights Day 2023
  36. ↑ "Human Rights Day". South African Human Rights Commission. Archived from the original on 23 September 2006. Retrieved 15 December 2006.
  37. ↑ "Human Rights Day – 21 March – South Africa". My Public Holidays. Archived from the original on 7 November 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  38. ↑ "Human Rights Day". Parliament of the Republic of South Africa. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
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